2020届新高考英语二轮教师用书：第四板块第三部分概要写作

第三部分　概要写作[浙江卷三年考情分析]年份写作类型信息提示体裁话题题材内容字数要求2019年6月概要写作汉语提示议论文社会生活父母对孩子的表扬60字左右2018年11月概要写作汉语提示说明文学校生活申请大学之前应对其了解60字左右命题者说1.考纲要求提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。概要写作或读后续写，两种形式在不同考次不定期交换使用。2.考查特点概要写作属于限制性写作。主要考查考生凝缩大段阅读文字的概括能力，如考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力。同时，考查考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。3.选材特点(1)所需阅读的短文词数在350以内；(2)所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。4.题型特点简言之，概要写作就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。因此，概要写作基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。5.命题趋势自从2016年10月以来，浙江省在高考中2018年11月和2019年6月都考查了概要写作，考虑到高考的延续性和稳定性，不可忽视该题型。(2019·浙江卷6月概要写作)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they're building their children's confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.Still, don't go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue，author of Parenting Without Fear：Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters.“One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters.”Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case­by­case basis and be proportionate(相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________[范文欣赏]Nowadays, parents tend to offer considerate praise to their children, hoping to boost their confidence, but it may produce the opposite effect. However, no praise from parents also does harm to their self­confidence. Therefore, experts claim that sincere praise should be given for the process not for the result. Meanwhile, kids do deserve praise if they strive to do their duty. Anyway, the amount of praise you give depends on how hard they work.[名师点评]本文的要点可以归纳如下：要点1，如今，父母总是给孩子们太多的赞扬，希望增强他们的自信，但是这可能会产生相反的效果；要点2，然而，父母不表扬他们的孩子同样有损孩子的自信心；要点3，因此，专家认为，父母应该因为努力过程而赞扬孩子，而不是因为事情的结果；要点4，同时，孩子如果做事尽职尽责，确实值得被赞扬。总之，你能给的赞扬程度应取决于他们的努力程度。一、文本解读1．细读所给材料可知，文章以议论为主，主题是父母表扬孩子过多或者过少都会带来不良的影响，对孩子的表扬应着重于孩子努力的过程而非结果。2．文章从表扬过多、表扬过少、表扬的正确方式以及要根据实际情况进行表扬等方面进行了论述。3．文章一共有4段，每一段就是一个意义段，因此确定需归纳的要点为4个。二、剪枝存精1．第一段第一句首先揭示现状：父母到处表扬孩子。第二句通过引用其他人的话对第一句传达的信息表达了看法。第三句给出了作者的观点：父母认为给孩子很多表扬能培养他们的自信心，但事实上可能事与愿违。第四句进一步表明了作者的观点：过多不诚恳的表扬会让孩子害怕自己不能与表扬相匹配，从而不敢尝试新事物。2．第二段第一句强调不要走向另一个极端：表扬过少。第二句指出表扬太少和表扬太多一样会产生不良影响。第三句说明不良影响的具体表现。3．第三段第一句首先提出疑问：多少表扬才是合适的？然后陈述专家们的观点：表扬的质量比数量更重要。第三句对该观点进一步作出阐述：假如表扬是真诚的，关注孩子的努力而不是结果，那么可以在孩子做了值得表扬的事情的时候多表扬。最后引用Donahue的话，强调努力的过程很重要。4．第四段前两句提出：你儿子也许不是篮球队里面最好的运动员，但是假如他每天打球很努力，那么不管他的球队输还是赢，你都应该表扬他的努力。第三句指出，表扬努力的过程而不是结果也意味着当他们努力清扫庭院、做饭或完成读书报告时，你也要认可他们。最后一句总结观点：表扬应该视情况而定，与孩子付出的努力相称。三、归纳要点各段的要点明确了，段落大意也已经很清楚。通过同义转述和句子结构重组就可以用自己的语言完成写作。四、修正定稿初稿完成后，检查4个要点是否齐全，各要点是否表述准确，检查是否有语法错误、拼写错误及标点符号错误等，最后检查词数是否符合要求。[满分作文]Contrary to the past, parents give too much praise to their kids. (要点1) However, praising them too much or too little can be damaging. (要点2) When giving praise, parents should be genuine and focus on the effort rather than the result. (要点3) They are supposed to give praise according to how much effort their kids have put into the work they chose to do. (要点4)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Mother's Day is the time to comfort your mom with your pure love for her and make her feel special for the fact that she shows you the light of this world. It is that day when you should hand over to her something very personal, something that is a product of your own labor. Take a look at these craft ideas provided here. Use these splendid craft­making tips to make awesome crafts designed for Mother's Day and gift them to your mom or even use them to decorate your home during the occasion. If you find these Mother's Day craft ideas useful for your purpose, click here and refer this page to your friends and dear ones.There is one more interesting section for all you kids out there on Mother's Day. Here is a collection of six images to color. Just click on any of the thumbnails(小图), and you will get the full image in a new window. Then print that page, and start coloring!This is a grand way to say thanks to mothers and make them feel special. We have Mother's Day certificates that you can print out and personalize. We even have a blank certificate so that you can fill in whatever you like. Just click on any certificate thumb, and it will open in a new window. Then print it out.It is more than an invitation card, and here you can be a designer! Design your own Mother's Day invitation card, and save the image to your device. You can also choose to send the link only by e­mail or messenger. Feel free to choose a given text, or add/edit your own text. Clicking/touching on the images will give you all the options.[参考范文]Mother's Day deserves your special expression of love for your mother，and you can make some gifts for her by yourself.(要点1)You can download some images，print them and color them for your mom.(要点2)Besides，you can say thanks to your mother by printing out Mother's Day certificates from the website.(要点3)You can also design your own Mother's Day invitation card and show your love by the given text or your own text.(要点4)Writing 1阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。In 1971, China's first subway line in Beijing was formally put into operation. By December 2017, there were 171 subway lines stretching over 5,083 km in 35 cities on the Chinese mainland. Currently, China has the longest urban railway network in the world, which is predicted to surpass 6,000 km by 2020.The rapid development of China's urban railway system reflects the country's growing economic strength. The system has experienced the fastest growth over the past 15 years due to the investment of wealth accumulated from the reform and opening up in urban infrastructure construction. An urban railway system is expensive to build, with one kilometer of subway costing approximately 700 million yuan (about $110 million). A city without economic strength cannot develop such an expensive system.The progress in urban railway construction technologies has also contributed to the fast expansion of the infrastructure.  Subway construction involves building underground tunnels,  laying rails, manufacturing trains and the operation and management of subways. It is a systematic project which not only covers traditional infrastructure building but also modern electronics and information technology. China's railway construction technologies are the best in the world, with Chinese subway trains now exported to developed countries including the United States.The expansion of Chinese cities has made it necessary to develop urban railway systems. Since the start of the reform and opening up, a large number of people have migrated to cities and the number of private cars has increased dramatically, resulting in serious traffic congestion. Building subways has become an important way to solve this problem.This year marks the 41st anniversary of the launch of China's reform and opening up, and the rapid development of China's urban railway system exemplifies the achievements made by the policy. As China furthers its opening up, it will continue to maintain steady and rapid economic growth and railway systems will be available in more and more cities.Writing 1The past few decades has witnessed the fast development of Chinese urban railways both in number and length, which is a reflection of China's prosperous economy. (要点1) Actually, not only the growing construction technologies but also the expansion  of  Chinese  cities  with  booming population and heavy traffic, stimulates the urban railway construction. (要点2) With the deepening of the reform and opening up policy, more urban railways will come into use. (要点3)Writing 2阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。If you're anything like us, it seems that your stomach starts to grumble (隆隆响) as soon as McDonald's golden arches come into view. The reason behind that isn't the mouthwatering taste of their delicious fries－this is how they get them to taste so good by the way－it's actually psychological, and it has to do with the colors of their logo.The colors red and yellow were chosen for a specific reason－and no, it wasn't because they looked nice with Ronald McDonald's clown­like face. It actually has to do with science. The color red is stimulating and is associated with being active. It also increases heart rate, which helps to jump­start your appetite. The color yellow is associated with happiness and is the most visible color in daylight, so that's why a McDonald's sign is so easy to spot on a crowded road.The brain processes color before it processes words or shapes, so that's why the fast­food chain chose these two colors for their logo and brand. Red and yellow make you hungry, encouraging you to want to buy the product they sell, while also making you feel happy.McDonald's has started to use this color philosophy to influence and change the way people currently think about their brand as well. Many franchises(授权经销商) in Europe have started to incorporate more of the color green into their storefronts and interior design because it's associated with nature and being environmentally friendly, something McDonald's has been criticized for not being in the past. The company has been working to become greener by using environmentally friendly refrigeration and converting used oil into biodiesel(生物柴油) fuel.So, next time you pass a McDonald's, don't be surprised if you find it really hard to resist going in and getting a burger and coke.Writing 2The reason why people can't resist the temptation of McDonald's is psychologically connected with colors of the logo. (要点1)Yellow and red are chosen to help increase people's appetite and make the store sign easy to spot. (要点2) Another reason is that the human brain processes color before words or shapes. (要点3) Nowadays McDonald's takes advantage of the color philosophy to become more environmentally friendly by incorporating more green color into its store design. (要点4)Writing 3阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。According to a new study carried out by Brigham Young University undergrad student Alex Jensen and his mentor，Laura Walker，there is a direct link between the use of video games by young adults and their poor relationships with parents and friends. The study and its results were published in the latest issues of the Journal of Youth and Adolescence.For their study，researchers gathered information from 813 college students throughout the country.They noticed that the more young adults played video games，the poorer the quality of their relationships with friends and family was. College students involved in the study had to report about the amount of time they spent playing video games. At the same time they were interviewed about the quality of their relationships with peers and parents. In particular, they answered about the amount of trust，support and friendliness they shared with their friends and parents.Still, the researchers mention that the connection they found is pretty modest，so playing video games does not mean the end of relationships.“The most striking part is that everything we found gathered around video game use is negative，”stated Walker. In addition，statistical analyses showed that the young adults who spent time playing video games were more likely to get involved in risky activities such as drinking and drug abuse.Besides，those who played video games each day reported smoking pot(大麻)about twice as often as young adults who played video games occasionally and almost three times as often as youngsters who didn't play.Researchers also found that young women had lower self­esteem if they spent a lot of time playing video games.They also look forward to analyzing the impact of video games on young couples.Writing 3A new study finds a direct link between young adults' playing video games and their poor relationships with parents and friends. (要点1)813 college students were interviewed about these two factors.(要点2) The young adults who spent time playing video games were more likely to take part in risky activities. (要点3) Young women had lower self­esteem if they spent a lot of time playing video games.(要点4)Writing 4阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。There's a fine line between arrogance (自负) and confidence in the workplace. There are many websites which help us to find out how to stay on the right side. Why do some people appear confident and capable, while others seem arrogant? And how can you make sure you're the former, rather than the latter, especially when you are letting interviewers and employers know about your abilities? The key is confidence.What's the difference between arrogance and confidence in the workplace? Arrogance is very off­putting for other people. It's where people feel that they are superior and they always know best. Workplace confidence is very different as it's about having faith in yourself without assuming that yours is the only way or that you're the best. Confident people will know what they can do, but won't rub other people's noses in it. If they need a bit of help with something, it won't cause fear of getting fired because everyone is not perfect and that's OK. Confidence in the workplace is much calmer and nicer to be around.Not feeling confident in the workplace or during a job interview can cause arrogant behavior, as insecurity can motivate people to prove they're better than everyone around them.Generally speaking, feeling confident in the workplace is a good safety barrier against arrogance. If you feel happy and competent, you're unlikely to enjoy feeling superior to others. People who are confident in their abilities and knowledge will engage on the audience's agenda(日程安排), not their own. They will spend twice as much time listening and responding to the audience's agenda and building on it, rather than telling people how competent they are. The way to show people your capabilities is to actively listen to them and get on their wavelength. Only then should you talk about your own knowledge and capabilities.Writing 4In the workplace, the key to being confident and capable rather than arrogant is confidence.(要点1) Different from arrogance, confidence in the workplace means having faith in yourself without thinking too highly of yourself.(要点2) However, not feeling confident may make people arrogant. (要点3) Finally, if you feel confident, you're unlikely to enjoy feeling superior to others.(要点4)Writing 5阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Over the past few years，scientists have been researching and designing cars that can actually drive themselves.Driverless cars are safe because they provide safety for the people in them while they are driving anywhere.These self­driving cars are safe for the people in them.The car will stop for a weed that can be huge because the car can break for an animal even though no one is going to stop for a bird on the road.I believe that the driverless car is a great idea. The people in them can be doing whatever they like and they will get home safely because the car won't be drunk.The accidents the driverless cars have been in were human­caused accidents.People should not have to check their phones until they stop driving completely. They can pull off the road and make a phone call if it is needed in an emergency. Inside the self­driving cars you will be able to text and call and not have to pay attention. There is no possible way to stop people from using their phones while they're driving because they have done if for so long，but they don't know that anything can happen to anyone at any given time.The driverless cars have a hard time handling traffic signals and do really poorly in bad weather conditions. The cars have sensors on one side to stay in the lane，but with rain and snow on the road，things will be really tough because sometimes no one clears the road.The cars won't be texting people or making phone calls，but they can keep people safe on the road.They won't have the problem of hitting any animals or anything on the road. Therefore, I think the driverless car is a great invention and will bring the death rate from driving down a lot to zero.Writing 5Driverless cars are safe because they provide safety for the people in them. (要点1) In the driverless car, you can text and call and not have to pay any attention.(要点2) However, the driverless cars have difficulty handling traffic signals and do really poorly in bad weather conditions.(要点3) Despite the disadvantages, the driverless car is a great invention and will greatly reduce the death rate from driving.(要点4)Writing 6阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Children are amazing. Each one is so different and they all surprise you. Sometimes it takes a bit of trial and error to get them going. This boy I visited this morning was so shy, and he wouldn't say a word. That's my job as a home visitor－to model ways that parents can use to unlock their children's potential and get them ready for learning.Originally from the US, the Parent Child Home Program (PCHP) at NCI helps parents engage in their children's early learning and supports them in preparing their children for school. The home visitors, all local people, act as ambassadors for education in the community. There are currently 75 families in the PCHP program in Dublin's Docklands.Every Monday morning I meet with the other 17 home visitors working in Docklands and we compare notes. We all arrive in the blue uniforms that have become so recognizable in this part of the city. In fact, we have people come up to us now in streets as we make our daily rounds asking if we would come to their houses and help their children or someone they know. Twice a week I go to each of nine houses and the three of us－mother, child and me－sit down on the floor and play. Sometimes it's a dad or a grandparent, but the child is always at the center.Our job is to give parents ideas on how to play with their children in ways that will develop their learning, language skills and imagination. We let the children take the lead. All teachers of small kids will tell you that they can spot the ones whose parents read to them and play with them at home. We're helping families in this area who need a bit of confidence to get going.Writing 6I work as a home visitor to model ways to unlock children's potential and get them ready for learning.(要点1) The home visitors of the PCHP are all local people and there're 75  families participating in the program.(要点2) We compare notes and visit different families, gradually winning popularity in Docklands.(要点3) We aim to help parents to play with their children so as to encourage improvements.(要点4)