高考英语语法词汇专项突破：11直接引语和间接引语六大要点全解读+巩固练习+答案

这是一份高考英语语法词汇专项突破：11直接引语和间接引语六大要点全解读+巩固练习+答案，共13页。
【考点导航】
1. (XXXX重庆卷) The ld lady’s hand shk frequently. She explained t her dctr _____ this shaking had begun half a year befre, and ______, nly because f this, she had been frced t give up her jb.
A. when; hw B. hw; when C. hw; hw D. why; why
2. (XXXX北京卷) The teacher asked us __________ s much nise.
A. dn’t make B. nt make C. nt making D. nt t make
【答案解读】
1. C。从后面的explain知道是间接引语形式，可以还原成直接引语：The dctr said, “Hw did this shaking begin half a year ag, and hw, nly because f this, was yu frced t give up yur jb?”。由于前一个问句中有时间状语a year ag，所以不再用when，排除A；而作为医生问原因也不符合逻辑，医生应该分析原因，排除D；后一空根据主句的谓语动词“解释”知道是“怎样，如何”。故选C。
2. D。根据题干的谓语动词asked的提示可以看出是有关祈使句的间接引语，祈使句由直接引语变为间接引语通常用不定式作宾语补足语，本题用ask sb. t d sth.形式。故选D。
【高考热点】
1. 间接引语中的时态。
2. 祈使句的间接引语。
3. 疑问句间接引语中的引导词和语序。
4. 间接引语中保持时态不变的特例。
【基本概念】
在日常生活中引述别人的话通常有两种形式，一种是原封不动地引用原话，把它引在括号内，叫直接引语(Direct Speech)；另一种是用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不在括号内，叫间接引语（Indirect/Reprted Speech）。如：
1. “I'm ging t twn,” he said. “我要去城里了”，他说。（直接引语）
→ He said he wanted t g t twn. 他说他想去城里。（间接引语）
2. He said t me, “I've left my bk in yur rm.” 他对我说：“我把书放在你的房间里了。”（直接引语）
→ He tld me that he had left his bk in my rm.他告诉我他把书放在我的房间里了。（间接引语）
【考点解读】
一、引语中的人称、指示代词和动词的变化
在直接引语变为间接引语时，直接引语中的人称代词、指示代词和表示趋向的动词要作相应的变化，具体情况见下表：
如：1. He said, “We lve ur hmetwn.”→ He said they lved their hmetwn.
2. He said, “This was bught by her sister” →He said that had been bught by her sister.
3. Hs said, “Cme here.” →He asked me t g there.
对于代词的变化也可以用下面有一句顺口溜“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”。 “一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。如：
1. She said,” My brther wants t g with me.” →She said her brther wanted t g with her.
2. He said t Kate, “Hw is yur sister nw?” → He asked Kate hw her sister was then.
3. Mr. Smith said, “Jack is a gd wrker.” → Mr. Smith said Jack was a gd wrker.
注意：在当地转述时cme不需要变为g；如果说话人转述自己的话，人称则不变。如：I said t him, “I have finished it.” → I tld him I had finished it.
二、引语中的时间和地点的变化情况
直接引语改为间接引语时，如果引述动词是现在时，则间接引语中的时间和动词的时态的形式不变。例如：
She says, “I’ll never frget the mment.”→ She says that she’ll never frget the mment.
但是如引述动词为过去时，间接引语中的时间和地点一般要作相应的变化。具体情况见下表：
如果就在当地转述, here不必变为there，如果就在当天转述，则tday, yesterday, tmrrw等状语也不必变化。如：
She said t us, “I’ll cme here tmrrw.”→ She tld us she wuld cme here tmrrw.
三、引语中的时态变化情况
当引述动词为过去时，间接引语中的谓语动词的时态变化基本原则是往前推一个时态，即现在变过去、过去变过去完成、一般将来变过去将来等。但是表示客观真理时，时态不变。详见下表：
如：1. She said, “I have lst a pen.” → She said she had lst a pen
2. She said, “We hpe s.” → She said they hped s.
3. She said, “He will g t see his friend.” →She said he wuld g t see his friend.
4.The teacher said, “The earth mves arund the sun and the mn mves arund the earth”
→ The teacher tld me the earth mves arund the sun and the mn mves arund the earth.
但是在下列情况下直接引语时态不需要变：1）是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯的工作以及格言等内容时；2）直接引语是过去进行时，时态可以不变；3）有明确表示过去时间的状语；4）没有过去时形式的情态动词（例：ught t，must, need, had better,）和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：culd, shuld, wuld, might ,used t）；5）如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：
1. “The earth mves arund the sun and the mn mves arund the earth,” the teacher tld me.
→The teacher tld me the earth mves arund the sun and the mn mves arund the earth.
2. Jack said, “Jhn, where were yu ging when I met yu in the street?”
→Jack asked Jhn where he was ging when he met him in the street.
3. Xia Wang said, “I was brn n April 2l, 1988.”
→Xia Wang said he was brn n April 20, 1988.
4. He said, “I get up at six every mrning.” →He said he gets up at six every mrning。
5. He said, “Yu mustn’t smke in the rm.” → He said I mustn’t smke in the rm.
【考例】“What d yu want t be?” asked Mrs. Crawfrd. “Oh, I ________ president,” said the by, with a smile. (XXXX湖南卷)
A. have beenB. amC. wasD. will be
【答案与解析】D。题干是直接引语，根据前面的want t be看出答句应该是“将来成为总统”，所以用一般将来时。根据题干的asked和said两个过去时的谓语动词，如果变为间接引语则是：Mrs. Crawfrd asked what he wanted t be. The by said with a smile that he wuld be president. 。
【考例】I wasn't able t hide my eagerness when I ________, “What d yu wish me t d nw?” (XXXX·湖南卷)
A. askB. have askedC. am askingD. asked
【答案与解析】D。直接引语用的是一般现在时，根据I wasn't able t看出是过去的提问，所以ask用一般过去时。改为间接引语则是：I wasn't able t hide my eagerness when I asked what he wished me t d then.。
四、疑问句（一般疑问句/特殊疑问句）的间接引语
疑问句的间接引语实际上就是变成了宾语从句，原来疑问句的语序也随之改为陈述语序。主句的谓语动词say 改为ask,或改为wnder, d nt knw, want t knw, be nt sure, be puzzled等。直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句；反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句；特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问词引导的宾语从句。疑问句主要分以下三种情况：1）一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句 2）选择疑问句变为whether….r 宾语从句。3）特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。如：
1. She said, “D yu ften cme here t surf the Internet?”
→She asked me if (whether) I ften went there t surf the Internet.
2. I asked him, “Will yu watch TV r g t a film tnight?”
→I asked him whether he wuld watch TV r g t a film that night.
3. He said, “Why didn’t yu stp her?” →He asked why I hadn’t stpped her.
【考例】Tm asked the candy makers_______ they culd make the chclate easier t break int small pieces. (改编自XXXX·安徽卷)
【答案与解析】if/whether。题干是间接引语，根据asked看出后面的宾语从句是由直接引语的一般疑问句变来的，所以用if或whether引导。还原成直接引语则是：Tm asked the candy makers, “Can yu make the chclate easier t break int small pieces? ”
五、陈述句和感叹句的间接引语
陈述句的间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think, add, declare, deny, insist, remind, cmplain, annunce, admit, believe, suggest, remark等。感叹句间接引语为what 或hw 引导，也可以用that 引导。如：
He said, “Yu are yunger than I.” → He said (that) I was yunger than him.
He said, “What a lvely huse!” → He remarked what a lvely huse it was.
→ He remarked that it was a lvely huse.
六、祈使句的间接引语
如果引述的是祈使句，我们通常用带有不定式t的复合宾语形式来表示这个请求、建议或命令。引述动词主要有tell, ask, rder, warn等。否定形式是在t前直接加nt。以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动名词（或从句）。它没有时态的变化。其它的变化和直接引语是陈述句的情况相同。如：
1. He said, “Dn’t make s much nise, bys.” →He tld the bys nt t make s much nise.
2.The teacher said t the students, “Dn’t waste yur time.” → The teacher tld the students nt t waste their time.
3. He said，“Get everything ready in tw hurs.” →He rdered us t get everything ready in tw hurs.
【典题1】Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _____ after drinking.
A. never t drive B. t never drive C. never driving D. never drive
解读 ：选A 。根据语境可以看出原直接引语为Mrs. Smith said t her daughter, “Dn’t drive after drinking.”，因此是一个命令型直接引语，间接引语应使用tell/ask/rder/warn… sb. (nt/never) t d sth.句子结构。故选A。
【典题2】 The by wanted t ride his bicycle in the street, but his mther tld him ______.
A. nt t B. nt t d C. nt d it D. d nt t
解读：选A。后半句还原为直接引语就是but his mther said t him, “Dn’t ride yur bike in the street.” 这是一个表示要求或命令的直接引语。根据不定式省略原则知道t 后d要去掉。故选A。
【考例】It was the middle f the night when my father wke me up and tld me _______ (watch) the ftball game. (改编自XXXX江西卷)
【答案与解析】t watch。tell 跟不定式作宾语补足语，还原成直接引语则是：…and said, “Watch the ftball game.”。
【考例】—What a mistake!
—Yes.I had suggested his ______ (d) it anther way, but withut success. (改编自XXXX·四川卷)
【答案与解析】ding。
【考例】My mm suggests that we eat ut fr a change this weekend. (改编自XXXX陕西卷12)
A. shuld B. might C. culd D. wuld
【答案与解析】A。suggest表示“建议”，宾语从句用虚拟语气shuld d形式。还原成直接引语则是：My mm says, “Let’s eat ut fr a change this weekend.”。
有时为了语言显得生动、灵活一些或表达得更准确，还可以用下列动词，如：advise sb (nt) t d sth., prmise sb. t d sth., remind sb. t d sth., suggest ding (that sb. shuld d sth.)等。如：
1. She said, “Dn’t leave yur watch.” → She reminded me nt t leave my watch.
2. He said, “Give it back t yu this afternn.” →He prmised me t give it back t me that afternn.
3. “Let's g t the theatre.” he said. → He suggested ging t the theatre.
【典题】The patient was warned ____ ily fd after the peratin.
A. t eat nt B. eating nt C. nt t eat D. nt eating
解读：选C。 通过分析语境逻辑可推断出原直接引语为The dctr said t the patient, “Dn’t eat ily fd after the peratin.” 该句为命令型直接引语，否定形式在t前直接加上nt。故选C。
注意：引语中祈使句的呼语可改成宾语，如果祈使句的引语中有please ，变为间接引语时则要去掉。如：
The mther said, “Tm, get up early, please.”→ The mther asked Tm t get up early.
【牛刀小试】
一、从所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案。
1. He rdered us _________ everything ready in tw hurs.
A. getting B. get C. t getting D. t get
2. --- Let's ask her abut it.
--- What did he say?
--- He suggested ________ her abut it.
A. we asking B. we t ask C. us asking D. us t ask
3. Last night it was very ht, s he wanted t sleep utside, but his mther tld him ______.
A. nt t B. dn’t t C. nt t d D. dn’t t d
4. “Yu’ve already gt well, haven’t yu?” she asked.
→She asked ________.
A. if I have already gt well, hadn’t yu B. whether I had already gt well
C. have I already gt well D. had I already gt well.
5. They asked me t have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I ______ a gd drink.
A. had enjyed B. was enjying C. enjyed D. had been enjying
6. It is said that he _______ t Australia t imprve his English next year.
A. wuld be sent B. will be sent C. had been sent D. sends
7. Can yu tell me _____the railway statin?
A. hw I can get t B. hw can I get t C. where I can get t D. where can I get t
8. I. Having seen the film, he said what a wnderful film he ______.
A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. wuld see
9. Can yu tell me____?
A. wh is that gentleman B. that gentleman is wh
C. wh that gentleman is D. whm is that gentleman
10. On his way hme frm Beijing he tld me he ________ Beijing again.
A. had visited B. has visited C. wuld visit D. will visit
11. I asked my lawyer _____say in curt.
A. what I shuld B. what shuld I C. hw I shuld D. hw shuld I
12. Last night at twelve ’clck, he phned me and said he _______ TV.
A. still watches B. was still watching C. has still watched D. had still watched
13. That man insisted that he ____ there.
A. shuld send B. wuld be sent C. be sent D. sent
14. I wnder if she ____us, but I think if she ____us we will be able t cmplete the take ahead f time.
A. helps; helps B. will help; has helped C. helps; will help D. will help; helps
15. He asked me ________ with me.
A. what the matter is B. what the mater was
C. what’s the matter D. what was the matter
16. Jim asked Lucy ________ feed their cat.
A. didn't frget t B. isn't frget t C. nt t frget t D. nt frget t
17. He asked me again the next day.
A. t g there B. t please g there C. t cme there D. t cme here please
Keys: 1-5 DCA BA 6-10 BACCC 11-15 A BCDD 16-17 CA
二、根据上一句完成下一句的句型转换，每空一词。
1. She said t me, “I’m studying English these days.”
→She tld me ________ ______ _______ _______ English _______ days.
2. “Shall we meet at the theatre?” he said.
→He suggested _______ _______ ________ at the theatre.
→He suggested ur _________ at the theatre.
3. He asked, “Which ne d yu like best？”
→He asked _______ _______ ______ ________ best.
4. This mrning he said, “I’m leaving fr Beijing tmrrw.”
→This mrning he said that _______ ________ ________ fr Beijing ________.
5. He said, “Will yu d it?” and I said, “Yes.”
→He asked _______ _______ _______ _______ it and I said that _______ ________.
6. The teacher said, “Light travels much faster than sund.”
→The teacher said _______ _______ much faster than sund．
7. “Have they tasted the mixture?” he asked.
→He asked ________ _______ _______ ________ the mixture.
Keys:
1. that she was studying; thse 2. we shuld meet; meeting 3. which ne I liked
4. he was leaving; tmrrw 5. if I wuld d; I wuld 6. light travels
7. if they had tasted
三、在横线上填上适当的词或用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. Eye dctrs suggest that a child’s first eye exam _____ (be) at the age f six mnths ld.
2. Mst envirnmental prblems exist because enugh measures fr preventing them _______ (nt take) in the past.
3. S far, English ________ (study) fr 3 years by us.
4. Mre than 100 tractrs _______ (prduce) by the end f last year.
5. The persn wh wns the gun may try t deny(否认) that he has used it. But anyne seeing the smke knws the gun has just ______ (fire).
6. By last December three ships _______ (build) by them.
7. she added, it ______ (steal) frm her desk at schl mre than a year befre.
8. I asked her _______ many English bks she wuld read the next term.
9. He asked her _______ was the matter with her.
10. Peter said that it was a fine day and asked me______(g) t the cuntry fr a picnic with him.
11. He said Clumbus _______ (discver) America in 1492.
12. The pliceman warned the children ______ (nt play) ftball in the middle f the street.
13. He says that he likes singing and_______ he wants t be a singer.
14. She said that their bus _________ (arrive) in five minutes.
15. He asked me _________ I had any difficulty with my prnunciatin.
16. He said that practice ________ (make) perfect.
Keys:
1. shuld be/be 2. were nt taken 3. has been studied
4. had been prduced 5. been fired 6. had been built
7. had been stlen 8. hw 9. what
10. t g 11. discvered 12. nt t play
13. that 14. wuld arrive 15. whether/if 16. makes
四、 从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入句中空白处的最佳答案。
1. My mther_____ me that I shuld finish my hmewrk first and then I culd g ut and play with my friends.
A. saidB. explained/C. tldD. agreed
2. Li ping's father asked him if he remembered what his aunt had tld him _____.
A. that nightB. this nightC. the night ag/D. the night befre
3. He asked me ____.
A. hw wuld the weather be like tmrrw /B. what the weather wuld be like the next day
C. hw the weather wuld be like tmrrw D. what wuld the weather be like the next day
4. I believe that n the first night I went t Gatsby's huse I was ne f the few guests wh _______.
A. have actually invited B. actually invited
/C. had actually been invited D. wuld actually be invited
5. She asked ________.
A. whether I have already gt well, B. whether have I already gt well
/C. if I had already gt well D. that I had already gt well.
6. S far all the preparatins fr the task ________, and we're ready t start.
A. was cmpleted B. have cmpleted C. will have cmpleted /D. have been cmpleted
7. By the end f last year, anther new gymnasium _______ in my hmetwn, Beijing.
A. was built B. had built /C. had been built D. built
8. She said _________.
/A. what a lvely day it wasB. it was what a lvely day
C. hw a lvely day it wasD. hw lvely a day was it
9. He said that when he _________ a child, he usually played ftball after schl.
/A. wasB. had beenC. isD. has been
10. Mrs. Smith felt less wrried when she learned that her husband ______.
A. has been saved/B. had been savedC. has been saved D. was saving
五、 根据汉语提示完成下列句子。
1. 小王说，他出生于1994年2月18日。
Xia Wang said he _______________.
2. 汤姆说昨天的这个时候他们正在进行一个会议。(hld)
Tm said that they _______________that time the day befre.
3. 他问玛丽是否已被送进医院。(send)
He asked _______________.
4. 这书已译成多种语言。(translate)
The bk _______________ many languages.
5. 已经多次告诉你不要触摸这些照片。(tell)
Yu _______________ the pictures.
6. 他说这些书将发给学生。(give)
He said that the bks _______________ t the students.
7. 有人建议她吃这种药。(advise)
She was _______________.
8. 他说他的第一位老师至少十年前就去世了。
He said his first teacher_______________.
9. 到去年末，大约二百万个汉字翻译成了英语。
____________, abut 2 millin Chinese characters _______________ English .
10. 警察发现该房已被非法闯入，很多东西失窃。(break int)
The plice fund that the huse_______________ and a lt f things _____________.
11. 这个城市已经发生了很大变化，已建了很多工厂。(take place, set up)
Great changes_______________ in the city, and a lt f factries _______________.
12. 当飓风结束时，有多少建筑物被摧毁？(destry)
Hw many buildings_______________ when the hurricane ended?
13.当他到学校的时候，第一课时已经结束了。(finish)
By the time he gt t the schl, the first perid_________.
14. 老师来之前教室根本没有打扫。(clean)
The classrm _______________ befre the teacher came.
15. 媒体报道说，在地震中有1,000人死亡。(kill)
The media reprted mre than 1,000 peple_______________ in the earthquake.
Keys: I. 1—5 CDBCC 6—10 DCAAB
II. 1. was brn n February 18, 1994
2. were hlding a meeting
3. if /whether Mary had been sent t hspital
4. has already been translated int
5. have been tld many times nt t tuch
6. wuld be given
7. advised t take the medicine
8. had died at least 10 years befre
9. By the end f last year, had been translated int
10. had been brken int , stlen
11. have taken place，have been set up
12. had been destryed
13. had been finished
14. hadn’t been cleaned
15. had been killed
项目
在直接引语中
在间接引语中
人称代词
I/we
she (he )/ they
me /us
her (him) / them
yu
they/we
yu
them/us
my /ur
his(her)/their
yur
their/ur
mine/urs
his(hers)/theirs
yurs
theirs/urs
指示代词
this
that
these
thse
动词
cme
g
在直接引语中
在间接引语中
nw
then
ag
befre
tday
that day
yesterday
the day befre; the previus day
tmrrw
the next day; the fllwing day
next week/mnth, etc
the next week/mnth, etc.
last week/mnth, etc.
the week/mnth befre
the day after tmrrw
tw days later
the day befre yesterday
tw days befre
at the mment
at that mment
here
there
在直接引语中
在间接引语中
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去进行时
过去完成进行时/过去进行时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
现在完成进行时
过去完成进行时
will/can/shall/ be ging t
wuld/culd/shuld/was(were) ging t