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专题38 阅读理解主旨大意题满分对策-备战2024年高考英语一轮复习高效复习（全国通用）
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这是一份专题38 阅读理解主旨大意题满分对策-备战2024年高考英语一轮复习高效复习（全国通用），文件包含专题38阅读理解主旨大意题满分对策-高考英语一轮复习知识清单全国通用原卷版docx、专题38阅读理解主旨大意题满分对策-高考英语一轮复习知识清单全国通用解析版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共18页， 欢迎下载使用。
说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍、解释或阐述的文章。主旨大意题是高考阅读理解主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对段落大意或文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。
一、设问方式
1、文章主旨大意题的主要设问方式
①What is the passage mainly abut?
②What is the main idea f the passage?
2、段落大意题的主要设问方式
①What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
②What is the main idea f Paragraph 1?
3、标题归纳题的主要设问方式
①What is the best title fr this passage?
②Which can be the best title fr the text?
二、技巧点拨
1. 寻找主题句
抓住段落主题的捷径之一是在段落中寻找主题句。所谓主题句，是指能表达或概括段落主题或主要内容的句子，它通常是一个简洁、完整、具有概括性的句子，较多出现在说明文和议论文中，段落中的其他句子则围绕着主题句进行说明、解释或扩展。抓住了主题句，就等于抓住了段落的中心。
1)读首句抓大意。说明文、议论文等文章的主题句多放在文章开头，抓住了主题句就抓住了文章的中心，因此要寻找这类文章的主旨大意就需要研究文章的首句。
2)读尾句抓大意。有时文章的主题句安排在文章的结尾，作为全篇的总结。
3)读首尾抓大意。有些文章开头和结尾部分都有主题句，这种结构是为了突出主题思想而使用的“首尾照应”的写作方法。通常后面点题是进一步的总结，是引申，是发展。
4)从段中抓大意。有些文章或段落的主题句居中，这种文章或段落往往以一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。
5)归纳分析抓大意。有些文章或段落无明显的主题句，但字里行间无不体现主题。这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意。
2. 捕捉关键词
略读是概括和归纳文章或段落主旨大意的基本方法。略读时要快，把注意力集中在关键词（即实词）上，非关键词（即虚词）则一带而过。分析归纳筛选出最能表达文章主旨或作者意图的关键词（例如有的词在文中反复多次出现，这个词很可能就是最关键的词），继而确定文章的主旨大意。
3. 仔细推敲选项
主旨大意题的干扰项往往有三种情况：一是“以偏概全”，选项范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意；二是概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容；三是“无中生有”，即文章中根本未提到或者不是指定段落的大意。
三、精华摘要
1.说明文段落主旨大意题：①借助段落中心句归纳②借助主题词或关键词归纳
2.说明文文章主旨大意题：①看首段和尾段，以首段为主②借助主题词或关键词归纳
3.说明文文章最佳标题题：①结合写作对象看首段和尾段，以首段为主②借助各个段落主题句归纳
③借助主题词或关键词归纳
阅读理解主旨大意题分类点拨
题型一：利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。
典例1: Smetimes an animal has a plant partner. The relatinship develps until the tw partners cannt manage withut each ther. This is s in the crals f the sea. In their skins they have tiny plants which act as “dustman”, taking sme f the waste prducts frm the cral and giving in return xygen which the animal needs t breathe. If the plants are killed, r are even prevented frm light s that they cannt live nrmally, the crals will die.
1. What des the paragraph mainly discuss?
A. Sme animals and plants depend n each ther fr existence.
B. Sme animals and plants develp their relatinship easily.
C. Sme plants depend n each ther fr fd.
D. Sme animals live better tgether.
1. A。本段主题句位于句首。文章首句提出主题--Smetimes an animal has a plant partner.”，第二句进一步阐述，接着就以珊瑚为例，说明有些动物和植物如何相互依存。故A项为正确答案。
题型二：利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。
典例2: Alaska’s ice water teems with fish. Fishing industry is the leading industry. The value f prducts prepared every year fr market is abut $ 1000,000,000. This frm the imprtant part f Alaska’s wealth.
2. The passage deals with ___________.
A. gegraphy f Alaska
B. fishing industry f Alaska
C. fish market f Alaska
D. Alaska’s wealth
2. B。本段主题句出现在段中。文章首先举出事例：Alaska’s ice water teems with fish。紧接着就做出结论：Fishing industry is the leading industry。接着又举出更为详细的事实进一步支撑其结论。故最佳答案为B。
题型三：利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词: in brief/ shrt, all in all, in cnclusin, in a wrd等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。
典例3: If yu hadn't knwn them, yu wuld have thught Je and Jim were quite alike. They were bth tall and wre lng and fair hair. They bth walked with a steady stride（坚定的步伐）. They bth spke in a deep vice that made themselves seem much lder than they really were. Bth f them wre dark clthes as a rule, and they liked light clured ties. But that was all the likeness they had. In ther things they were sharply different. Je was cnsiderate and helpful, and everyne liked him. Jim, hwever, was very selfish and ften flared int terrible anger at little things that displeased him. In cnclusin, Alike as Je and Jim were n the surface, they were really very different in nature.
3. 主题句：Alike as Je and Jim were n the surface, they were really very different in nature.
题型四：利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。
典例4: Driving a car is nt just handling cntrls and judging speed and distance. It requires yu t predict what ther rad users will d and get ready t react t smething unexpected. When alchl is cnsumed, it enters yur bldstream and acts as a depressant(抑制药), damaging eyesight, judgment and c-rdinatin (协调), slwing dwn reactin time and greatly increasing the risk f accidents. Even belw the drink driving link, driving will be affected.
4. The paragraph is mainly abut_____________.
A. the intrductins f driving skills
B. the damage f drinking t yur bdy
C. the effect f drinking n driving
D. the prcess f alchl being absrbed
4. C。本段没有出现主题句，需要考生自己归纳。本段前两句讲述开车不仅仅是控制方向，判断速度和距离，还需要司机预测路况及时做出反应。然后第三句提到喝酒之后，酒精损害视力、判断力和协调力，降低反应时间，进而增加事故概率。由此可知，本段主要讲述酒后驾车对司机的影响，故C项为最佳答案。关键词是driving, alchl,余项脱离“开车”这一主旨，应予以排除。
题型五：利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题
技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。
典例5: 【2020全国III卷C篇】With the yung unable t affrd t leave hme and the ld at risk f islatin(孤独), mre families are chsing t live tgether.
…
It’s hard t tell exactly hw many peple agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising fr sme time. Official reprts suggest that the number f husehlds with three generatins living tgether had risen frm 325,000 in 2002 t 419,000 in 2013.
…
5. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Lifestyles in different cuntries.
B. Cnflicts between generatins.
C. A husing prblem in Britain.
D. A rising trend f living in the UK.
5. D。主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“With the yung unable t affrd t leave hme and the ld at risk f islatin(孤独), mre families are chsing t live tgether.”可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。所以短文主要是关于英国生活方式的一种上升趋势。
典例6: Camping wild is a wnderful way t experience the natural wrld and ,at its best, it makes little envirnmental influence. But with increasing numbers f peple wanting t escape int the wilderness, it is becming mre and mre imprtant t camp unbtrusively(不引人注目地)and leave n mark.
Wild camping is nt permitted in many places, particularly in crwded lwland Britain. Wherever yu are, find ut abut rganizatins respnsible fr managing wild spaces, and cntact them t find ut their plicy n camping and shelter building. Fr example, it is fine t camp wild in remte parts f Sctland, but in England yu must ask the landwner’s permissin, except in natinal parks.
Camping is abut having relaxatin, sleeping utdrs, experiencing bad weather, and making d withut mdern cnveniences. A busy, fully-equipped campsite(野营地)seems t g against this, s seek ut smaller, mre remte places with easy access t pen spaces and perhaps beaches. Better still, find a campsite with n rad access: walking in makes a real adventure.
Finding the right spt t camp is the first step t guaranteeing a gd night’s sleep. Chse a campsite with privacy and minimum(最小化) influence n thers and the envirnment. Try t use an area where peple have bviusly camped befre rather than creating a new spt. When camping in wdland(林地), avid standing dead trees, which may fall n a windy night. Avid animal runs and caves, and pssible hmes f biting insects. Make sure yu have mst prtectin n the windward side. If yu make a fire, d s dwnwind f yur shelter. Always cnsider what influence yu might have n the natural wrld. Avid damaging plants. A gd campsite is fund, nt made—changing it shuld be unnecessary.
6. The last paragraph mainly deals with ___________.
A. prtecting animals
B. building a campfire
C. camping in wdland
D. finding a campsite with privacy
6. C。段落大意题。最后一段没有出现主题句，但是本段关键词是camping, 主旨大意是林地野营的注意事项，包括选择营地地点、保护动物、避免火灾、保护植物等。因此本题最佳答案是C项，余项仅仅是其中一项细节而已。
7. The passage is mainly abut ___________.
A. the prtectin f campsites
B. the imprtance f wild camping
C. the human influence n campsites
D. the ds and dn’ts f wild camping
7. D。主旨大意题。本文话题是wild camping，文章谈及了遵守野营规则、如何选择野营地点以及野营注意事项。因此D项作为主旨大意，简洁明快，余项仅是细节，不能概括全文主旨。
阅读理解主旨大意题片段训练
测试1: 【2020全国I卷D篇】The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
2. D。主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example ,discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther, emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。
测试2: 【2019全国I卷D篇】Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy. Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump-start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk. Then there’s the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence: status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.
2. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A. The classificatin f the ppular.
B. The characteristics f adlescents.
C. The imprtance f interpersnal skills.
D. The causes f dishnrable behavir.
2.主旨大意题。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。
测试3: 【2023新课标I卷D篇】This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
3. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.
B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.
D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
3. B。主旨大意题。根据第二段内容可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
测试4: 【2023全国乙卷D篇】If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
4. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Hw past events shuld be presented.
B. What humanity is cncerned abut.
C. Whether facts speak luder than wrds.
D. Why written language is reliable.
4. A。主旨大意题。根据文章第一段 (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
阅读理解主旨大意题语篇训练
语篇1: 【2023浙江首考】Accrding t the Slar Energy Industry Assciatin, the number f slar panels installed(安装)has grwn rapidly in the past decade, and it has t grw even faster t meet climate gals. But all f that grwth will take up a lt f space, and thugh mre and mre peple accept the cncept f slar energy, few like large slar panels t be installed near them.
Slar develpers want t put up panels as quickly and cheaply as pssible, s they haven’t given much thught t what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.
“Slar prjects need t be gd neighbrs,” says Jrdan Macknick, the head f the Innvative Site Preparatin and Impact Reductins n the Envirnment(InSPIRE)prject. “They need t be prtectrs f the land and cntribute t the agricultural ecnmy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land. One f the easiest lw-impact slar strategies is prviding habitat fr pllinatrs(传粉昆虫).
Habitat lss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pllinatr ppulatins ver the past cuple f decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural ecnmy. Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use. Cnservatin rganizatins put ut pllinatr-friendliness guidelines fr hme gardens, businesses, schls, cities—and nw there are guidelines fr slar farms.
Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin. “These pllinatr-friendly slar farms can have a valuable impact n everything that’s ging n in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32. What d slar develpers ften ignre?
A. The decline in the demand fr slar energy.
B. The negative impact f installing slar panels.
C. The rising labr cst f building slar farms.
D. The mst recent advances in slar technlgy.
33. What des InSPIRE aim t d?
A. Imprve the prductivity f lcal farms.
B. Invent new methds fr cntrlling weeds.
C. Make slar prjects envirnmentally friendly.
D. Prmte the use f slar energy in rural areas.
34. What is the purpse f the laws mentined in paragraph 4?
A. T cnserve pllinatrs.B. T restrict slar develpment.
C. T diversify the ecnmy.D. T ensure the supply f energy.
35. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Pllinatrs: T Leave r t StayB. Slar Energy: Hpe fr the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD. Slar Farms: A New Develpment
【答案】32. B33. C34. A35. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
32.推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质来控制杂草。结果是，许多社区，特别是在农业地区，将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保的方式处理太阳能板安装后产生的问题，导致人们把太阳能农场看作是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开发者在安装太阳能板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故选B项。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land.(InSPIRE正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。)”可知，InSPIRE采用有好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选C项。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use.(超过28个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A项。
35.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。
语篇2: Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (结构), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
32. Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A. Its variety.B. Its distributin.C. Its quantity.D. Its develpment.
33. Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B. They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D. Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
35. What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A. It is key t effective cmmunicatin.
B. It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C. It is a cmplex and dynamic system.
D. It drives the evlutin f human beings.
【答案】32. D33. C34. A35. C
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
32. D。细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and "v", were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.（30多年前，学者Charles Hckett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D。
33. C。细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard t prduce labidentals，which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure , making it easier t prduce such sunds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C。
34. A。主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the s Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A。
35. C。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Mran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，Steven Mran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C。
说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍、解释或阐述的文章。主旨大意题是高考阅读理解主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对段落大意或文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。
一、设问方式
1、文章主旨大意题的主要设问方式
①What is the passage mainly abut?
②What is the main idea f the passage?
2、段落大意题的主要设问方式
①What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
②What is the main idea f Paragraph 1?
3、标题归纳题的主要设问方式
①What is the best title fr this passage?
②Which can be the best title fr the text?
二、技巧点拨
1. 寻找主题句
抓住段落主题的捷径之一是在段落中寻找主题句。所谓主题句，是指能表达或概括段落主题或主要内容的句子，它通常是一个简洁、完整、具有概括性的句子，较多出现在说明文和议论文中，段落中的其他句子则围绕着主题句进行说明、解释或扩展。抓住了主题句，就等于抓住了段落的中心。
1)读首句抓大意。说明文、议论文等文章的主题句多放在文章开头，抓住了主题句就抓住了文章的中心，因此要寻找这类文章的主旨大意就需要研究文章的首句。
2)读尾句抓大意。有时文章的主题句安排在文章的结尾，作为全篇的总结。
3)读首尾抓大意。有些文章开头和结尾部分都有主题句，这种结构是为了突出主题思想而使用的“首尾照应”的写作方法。通常后面点题是进一步的总结，是引申，是发展。
4)从段中抓大意。有些文章或段落的主题句居中，这种文章或段落往往以一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。
5)归纳分析抓大意。有些文章或段落无明显的主题句，但字里行间无不体现主题。这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意。
2. 捕捉关键词
略读是概括和归纳文章或段落主旨大意的基本方法。略读时要快，把注意力集中在关键词（即实词）上，非关键词（即虚词）则一带而过。分析归纳筛选出最能表达文章主旨或作者意图的关键词（例如有的词在文中反复多次出现，这个词很可能就是最关键的词），继而确定文章的主旨大意。
3. 仔细推敲选项
主旨大意题的干扰项往往有三种情况：一是“以偏概全”，选项范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意；二是概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容；三是“无中生有”，即文章中根本未提到或者不是指定段落的大意。
三、精华摘要
1.说明文段落主旨大意题：①借助段落中心句归纳②借助主题词或关键词归纳
2.说明文文章主旨大意题：①看首段和尾段，以首段为主②借助主题词或关键词归纳
3.说明文文章最佳标题题：①结合写作对象看首段和尾段，以首段为主②借助各个段落主题句归纳
③借助主题词或关键词归纳
阅读理解主旨大意题分类点拨
题型一：利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。
典例1: Smetimes an animal has a plant partner. The relatinship develps until the tw partners cannt manage withut each ther. This is s in the crals f the sea. In their skins they have tiny plants which act as “dustman”, taking sme f the waste prducts frm the cral and giving in return xygen which the animal needs t breathe. If the plants are killed, r are even prevented frm light s that they cannt live nrmally, the crals will die.
1. What des the paragraph mainly discuss?
A. Sme animals and plants depend n each ther fr existence.
B. Sme animals and plants develp their relatinship easily.
C. Sme plants depend n each ther fr fd.
D. Sme animals live better tgether.
1. A。本段主题句位于句首。文章首句提出主题--Smetimes an animal has a plant partner.”，第二句进一步阐述，接着就以珊瑚为例，说明有些动物和植物如何相互依存。故A项为正确答案。
题型二：利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。
典例2: Alaska’s ice water teems with fish. Fishing industry is the leading industry. The value f prducts prepared every year fr market is abut $ 1000,000,000. This frm the imprtant part f Alaska’s wealth.
2. The passage deals with ___________.
A. gegraphy f Alaska
B. fishing industry f Alaska
C. fish market f Alaska
D. Alaska’s wealth
2. B。本段主题句出现在段中。文章首先举出事例：Alaska’s ice water teems with fish。紧接着就做出结论：Fishing industry is the leading industry。接着又举出更为详细的事实进一步支撑其结论。故最佳答案为B。
题型三：利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词: in brief/ shrt, all in all, in cnclusin, in a wrd等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。
典例3: If yu hadn't knwn them, yu wuld have thught Je and Jim were quite alike. They were bth tall and wre lng and fair hair. They bth walked with a steady stride（坚定的步伐）. They bth spke in a deep vice that made themselves seem much lder than they really were. Bth f them wre dark clthes as a rule, and they liked light clured ties. But that was all the likeness they had. In ther things they were sharply different. Je was cnsiderate and helpful, and everyne liked him. Jim, hwever, was very selfish and ften flared int terrible anger at little things that displeased him. In cnclusin, Alike as Je and Jim were n the surface, they were really very different in nature.
3. 主题句：Alike as Je and Jim were n the surface, they were really very different in nature.
题型四：利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。
典例4: Driving a car is nt just handling cntrls and judging speed and distance. It requires yu t predict what ther rad users will d and get ready t react t smething unexpected. When alchl is cnsumed, it enters yur bldstream and acts as a depressant(抑制药), damaging eyesight, judgment and c-rdinatin (协调), slwing dwn reactin time and greatly increasing the risk f accidents. Even belw the drink driving link, driving will be affected.
4. The paragraph is mainly abut_____________.
A. the intrductins f driving skills
B. the damage f drinking t yur bdy
C. the effect f drinking n driving
D. the prcess f alchl being absrbed
4. C。本段没有出现主题句，需要考生自己归纳。本段前两句讲述开车不仅仅是控制方向，判断速度和距离，还需要司机预测路况及时做出反应。然后第三句提到喝酒之后，酒精损害视力、判断力和协调力，降低反应时间，进而增加事故概率。由此可知，本段主要讲述酒后驾车对司机的影响，故C项为最佳答案。关键词是driving, alchl,余项脱离“开车”这一主旨，应予以排除。
题型五：利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题
技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。
典例5: 【2020全国III卷C篇】With the yung unable t affrd t leave hme and the ld at risk f islatin(孤独), mre families are chsing t live tgether.
…
It’s hard t tell exactly hw many peple agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising fr sme time. Official reprts suggest that the number f husehlds with three generatins living tgether had risen frm 325,000 in 2002 t 419,000 in 2013.
…
5. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Lifestyles in different cuntries.
B. Cnflicts between generatins.
C. A husing prblem in Britain.
D. A rising trend f living in the UK.
5. D。主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“With the yung unable t affrd t leave hme and the ld at risk f islatin(孤独), mre families are chsing t live tgether.”可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。所以短文主要是关于英国生活方式的一种上升趋势。
典例6: Camping wild is a wnderful way t experience the natural wrld and ,at its best, it makes little envirnmental influence. But with increasing numbers f peple wanting t escape int the wilderness, it is becming mre and mre imprtant t camp unbtrusively(不引人注目地)and leave n mark.
Wild camping is nt permitted in many places, particularly in crwded lwland Britain. Wherever yu are, find ut abut rganizatins respnsible fr managing wild spaces, and cntact them t find ut their plicy n camping and shelter building. Fr example, it is fine t camp wild in remte parts f Sctland, but in England yu must ask the landwner’s permissin, except in natinal parks.
Camping is abut having relaxatin, sleeping utdrs, experiencing bad weather, and making d withut mdern cnveniences. A busy, fully-equipped campsite(野营地)seems t g against this, s seek ut smaller, mre remte places with easy access t pen spaces and perhaps beaches. Better still, find a campsite with n rad access: walking in makes a real adventure.
Finding the right spt t camp is the first step t guaranteeing a gd night’s sleep. Chse a campsite with privacy and minimum(最小化) influence n thers and the envirnment. Try t use an area where peple have bviusly camped befre rather than creating a new spt. When camping in wdland(林地), avid standing dead trees, which may fall n a windy night. Avid animal runs and caves, and pssible hmes f biting insects. Make sure yu have mst prtectin n the windward side. If yu make a fire, d s dwnwind f yur shelter. Always cnsider what influence yu might have n the natural wrld. Avid damaging plants. A gd campsite is fund, nt made—changing it shuld be unnecessary.
6. The last paragraph mainly deals with ___________.
A. prtecting animals
B. building a campfire
C. camping in wdland
D. finding a campsite with privacy
6. C。段落大意题。最后一段没有出现主题句，但是本段关键词是camping, 主旨大意是林地野营的注意事项，包括选择营地地点、保护动物、避免火灾、保护植物等。因此本题最佳答案是C项，余项仅仅是其中一项细节而已。
7. The passage is mainly abut ___________.
A. the prtectin f campsites
B. the imprtance f wild camping
C. the human influence n campsites
D. the ds and dn’ts f wild camping
7. D。主旨大意题。本文话题是wild camping，文章谈及了遵守野营规则、如何选择野营地点以及野营注意事项。因此D项作为主旨大意，简洁明快，余项仅是细节，不能概括全文主旨。
阅读理解主旨大意题片段训练
测试1: 【2020全国I卷D篇】The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
2. D。主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example ,discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther, emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。
测试2: 【2019全国I卷D篇】Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy. Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump-start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk. Then there’s the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence: status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.
2. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A. The classificatin f the ppular.
B. The characteristics f adlescents.
C. The imprtance f interpersnal skills.
D. The causes f dishnrable behavir.
2.主旨大意题。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。
测试3: 【2023新课标I卷D篇】This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
3. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.
B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.
D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
3. B。主旨大意题。根据第二段内容可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
测试4: 【2023全国乙卷D篇】If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
4. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Hw past events shuld be presented.
B. What humanity is cncerned abut.
C. Whether facts speak luder than wrds.
D. Why written language is reliable.
4. A。主旨大意题。根据文章第一段 (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
阅读理解主旨大意题语篇训练
语篇1: 【2023浙江首考】Accrding t the Slar Energy Industry Assciatin, the number f slar panels installed(安装)has grwn rapidly in the past decade, and it has t grw even faster t meet climate gals. But all f that grwth will take up a lt f space, and thugh mre and mre peple accept the cncept f slar energy, few like large slar panels t be installed near them.
Slar develpers want t put up panels as quickly and cheaply as pssible, s they haven’t given much thught t what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.
“Slar prjects need t be gd neighbrs,” says Jrdan Macknick, the head f the Innvative Site Preparatin and Impact Reductins n the Envirnment(InSPIRE)prject. “They need t be prtectrs f the land and cntribute t the agricultural ecnmy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land. One f the easiest lw-impact slar strategies is prviding habitat fr pllinatrs(传粉昆虫).
Habitat lss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pllinatr ppulatins ver the past cuple f decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural ecnmy. Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use. Cnservatin rganizatins put ut pllinatr-friendliness guidelines fr hme gardens, businesses, schls, cities—and nw there are guidelines fr slar farms.
Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin. “These pllinatr-friendly slar farms can have a valuable impact n everything that’s ging n in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32. What d slar develpers ften ignre?
A. The decline in the demand fr slar energy.
B. The negative impact f installing slar panels.
C. The rising labr cst f building slar farms.
D. The mst recent advances in slar technlgy.
33. What des InSPIRE aim t d?
A. Imprve the prductivity f lcal farms.
B. Invent new methds fr cntrlling weeds.
C. Make slar prjects envirnmentally friendly.
D. Prmte the use f slar energy in rural areas.
34. What is the purpse f the laws mentined in paragraph 4?
A. T cnserve pllinatrs.B. T restrict slar develpment.
C. T diversify the ecnmy.D. T ensure the supply f energy.
35. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Pllinatrs: T Leave r t StayB. Slar Energy: Hpe fr the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD. Slar Farms: A New Develpment
【答案】32. B33. C34. A35. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
32.推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质来控制杂草。结果是，许多社区，特别是在农业地区，将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保的方式处理太阳能板安装后产生的问题，导致人们把太阳能农场看作是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开发者在安装太阳能板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故选B项。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land.(InSPIRE正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。)”可知，InSPIRE采用有好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选C项。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use.(超过28个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A项。
35.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。
语篇2: Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (结构), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
32. Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A. Its variety.B. Its distributin.C. Its quantity.D. Its develpment.
33. Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B. They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D. Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
35. What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A. It is key t effective cmmunicatin.
B. It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C. It is a cmplex and dynamic system.
D. It drives the evlutin f human beings.
【答案】32. D33. C34. A35. C
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
32. D。细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and "v", were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.（30多年前，学者Charles Hckett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D。
33. C。细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard t prduce labidentals，which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure , making it easier t prduce such sunds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C。
34. A。主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the s Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A。
35. C。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Mran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，Steven Mran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C。
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