专题38 阅读理解主旨大意题满分对策--【知识大盘点】2024高考英语一轮复习知识大盘点红宝书

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2、抓课堂、重效率、要求学生紧跟老师的节奏。一轮复习是将重点知识提炼，容量大，速度快。所以，学生的思路必须时时刻刻跟随着老师的思路，要快速地用脑思，用心听、用嘴说，用手写，才能达到高效。
3、抓自习、重过程、增强得分的意识。学案都是在规定的时间内完成，重视规范的做题步骤，重视思考过程。更重要的是，做完题后要对做过的题目进行反思、整理。
4、抓阅读、重反思、全面提高成绩。得阅读者得天下。阅读是强化英语思维的最佳途径之一。一轮复习，重视基础知识的同时，要坚持阅读训练，促进英语成绩的整体提高。
5、抓时间，重效果，扎实做好每个复习环节。一轮复习时间紧，任务重，需要同学们充分抢抓时间，利用时间，紧跟复习进度。英语的进步并非一蹴而就，需要每天坚持把每件事情做扎实。做到这一点，成功只是早晚的事！
专题37 【口袋书】阅读理解主旨大意题满分对策 原卷版
阅读理解主旨大意题命题规律探究
说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍、解释或阐述的文章。主旨大意题是高考阅读理解主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对段落大意或文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。
一、设问方式
1、文章主旨大意题的主要设问方式
①What is the passage mainly abut?
②What is the main idea f the passage?
2、段落大意题的主要设问方式
①What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
②What is the main idea f Paragraph 1?
3、标题归纳题的主要设问方式
①What is the best title fr this passage?
②Which can be the best title fr the text?
二、技巧点拨
1. 寻找主题句
抓住段落主题的捷径之一是在段落中寻找主题句。所谓主题句，是指能表达或概括段落主题或主要内容的句子，它通常是一个简洁、完整、具有概括性的句子，较多出现在说明文和议论文中，段落中的其他句子则围绕着主题句进行说明、解释或扩展。抓住了主题句，就等于抓住了段落的中心。
1)读首句抓大意。说明文、议论文等文章的主题句多放在文章开头，抓住了主题句就抓住了文章的中心，因此要寻找这类文章的主旨大意就需要研究文章的首句。
2)读尾句抓大意。有时文章的主题句安排在文章的结尾，作为全篇的总结。
3)读首尾抓大意。有些文章开头和结尾部分都有主题句，这种结构是为了突出主题思想而使用的“首尾照应”的写作方法。通常后面点题是进一步的总结，是引申，是发展。
4)从段中抓大意。有些文章或段落的主题句居中，这种文章或段落往往以一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。
5)归纳分析抓大意。有些文章或段落无明显的主题句，但字里行间无不体现主题。这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意。
2. 捕捉关键词
略读是概括和归纳文章或段落主旨大意的基本方法。略读时要快，把注意力集中在关键词（即实词）上，非关键词（即虚词）则一带而过。分析归纳筛选出最能表达文章主旨或作者意图的关键词（例如有的词在文中反复多次出现，这个词很可能就是最关键的词），继而确定文章的主旨大意。
3. 仔细推敲选项
主旨大意题的干扰项往往有三种情况：一是“以偏概全”，选项范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意；二是概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容；三是“无中生有”，即文章中根本未提到或者不是指定段落的大意。
三、精华摘要
1.说明文段落主旨大意题：①借助段落中心句归纳②借助主题词或关键词归纳
2.说明文文章主旨大意题：①看首段和尾段，以首段为主②借助主题词或关键词归纳
3.说明文文章最佳标题题：①结合写作对象看首段和尾段，以首段为主②借助各个段落主题句归纳
③借助主题词或关键词归纳
阅读理解主旨大意题分类点拨
题型一：利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。
典例1: Smetimes an animal has a plant partner. The relatinship develps until the tw partners cannt manage withut each ther. This is s in the crals f the sea. In their skins they have tiny plants which act as “dustman”, taking sme f the waste prducts frm the cral and giving in return xygen which the animal needs t breathe. If the plants are killed, r are even prevented frm light s that they cannt live nrmally, the crals will die.
1. What des the paragraph mainly discuss?
A. Sme animals and plants depend n each ther fr existence.
B. Sme animals and plants develp their relatinship easily.
C. Sme plants depend n each ther fr fd.
D. Sme animals live better tgether.
题型二：利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。
典例2: Alaska’s ice water teems with fish. Fishing industry is the leading industry. The value f prducts prepared every year fr market is abut $ 1000,000,000. This frm the imprtant part f Alaska’s wealth.
2. The passage deals with ___________.
A. gegraphy f Alaska
B. fishing industry f Alaska
C. fish market f Alaska
D. Alaska’s wealth
题型三：利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词: in brief/ shrt, all in all, in cnclusin, in a wrd等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。
典例3: If yu hadn't knwn them, yu wuld have thught Je and Jim were quite alike. They were bth tall and wre lng and fair hair. They bth walked with a steady stride（坚定的步伐）. They bth spke in a deep vice that made themselves seem much lder than they really were. Bth f them wre dark clthes as a rule, and they liked light clured ties. But that was all the likeness they had. In ther things they were sharply different. Je was cnsiderate and helpful, and everyne liked him. Jim, hwever, was very selfish and ften flared int terrible anger at little things that displeased him. In cnclusin, Alike as Je and Jim were n the surface, they were really very different in nature.
题型四：利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。
典例4: Driving a car is nt just handling cntrls and judging speed and distance. It requires yu t predict what ther rad users will d and get ready t react t smething unexpected. When alchl is cnsumed, it enters yur bldstream and acts as a depressant(抑制药), damaging eyesight, judgment and c-rdinatin (协调), slwing dwn reactin time and greatly increasing the risk f accidents. Even belw the drink driving link, driving will be affected.
4. The paragraph is mainly abut_____________.
A. the intrductins f driving skills
B. the damage f drinking t yur bdy
C. the effect f drinking n driving
D. the prcess f alchl being absrbed
题型五：利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题
技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。
典例5: 【2020全国III卷C篇】With the yung unable t affrd t leave hme and the ld at risk f islatin(孤独), mre families are chsing t live tgether.
…
It’s hard t tell exactly hw many peple agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising fr sme time. Official reprts suggest that the number f husehlds with three generatins living tgether had risen frm 325,000 in 2002 t 419,000 in 2013.
…
5. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Lifestyles in different cuntries.
B. Cnflicts between generatins.
C. A husing prblem in Britain.
D. A rising trend f living in the UK.
典例6: Camping wild is a wnderful way t experience the natural wrld and ,at its best, it makes little envirnmental influence. But with increasing numbers f peple wanting t escape int the wilderness, it is becming mre and mre imprtant t camp unbtrusively(不引人注目地)and leave n mark.
Wild camping is nt permitted in many places, particularly in crwded lwland Britain. Wherever yu are, find ut abut rganizatins respnsible fr managing wild spaces, and cntact them t find ut their plicy n camping and shelter building. Fr example, it is fine t camp wild in remte parts f Sctland, but in England yu must ask the landwner’s permissin, except in natinal parks.
Camping is abut having relaxatin, sleeping utdrs, experiencing bad weather, and making d withut mdern cnveniences. A busy, fully-equipped campsite(野营地)seems t g against this, s seek ut smaller, mre remte places with easy access t pen spaces and perhaps beaches. Better still, find a campsite with n rad access: walking in makes a real adventure.
Finding the right spt t camp is the first step t guaranteeing a gd night’s sleep. Chse a campsite with privacy and minimum(最小化) influence n thers and the envirnment. Try t use an area where peple have bviusly camped befre rather than creating a new spt. When camping in wdland(林地), avid standing dead trees, which may fall n a windy night. Avid animal runs and caves, and pssible hmes f biting insects. Make sure yu have mst prtectin n the windward side. If yu make a fire, d s dwnwind f yur shelter. Always cnsider what influence yu might have n the natural wrld. Avid damaging plants. A gd campsite is fund, nt made—changing it shuld be unnecessary.
6. The last paragraph mainly deals with ___________.
A. prtecting animals
B. building a campfire
C. camping in wdland
D. finding a campsite with privacy
7. The passage is mainly abut ___________.
A. the prtectin f campsites
B. the imprtance f wild camping
C. the human influence n campsites
D. the ds and dn’ts f wild camping
阅读理解主旨大意题片段训练
测试1: 【2020全国I卷D篇】The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
测试2: 【2019全国I卷D篇】Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy. Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump-start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk. Then there’s the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence: status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.
2. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A. The classificatin f the ppular.
B. The characteristics f adlescents.
C. The imprtance f interpersnal skills.
D. The causes f dishnrable behavir.
测试3: 【2023新课标I卷D篇】This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
3. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.
B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.
D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
测试4: 【2023全国乙卷D篇】If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
4. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Hw past events shuld be presented.
B. What humanity is cncerned abut.
C. Whether facts speak luder than wrds.
D. Why written language is reliable.
阅读理解主旨大意题语篇训练
语篇1: 【2023浙江首考】Accrding t the Slar Energy Industry Assciatin, the number f slar panels installed(安装)has grwn rapidly in the past decade, and it has t grw even faster t meet climate gals. But all f that grwth will take up a lt f space, and thugh mre and mre peple accept the cncept f slar energy, few like large slar panels t be installed near them.
Slar develpers want t put up panels as quickly and cheaply as pssible, s they haven’t given much thught t what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.
“Slar prjects need t be gd neighbrs,” says Jrdan Macknick, the head f the Innvative Site Preparatin and Impact Reductins n the Envirnment(InSPIRE)prject. “They need t be prtectrs f the land and cntribute t the agricultural ecnmy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land. One f the easiest lw-impact slar strategies is prviding habitat fr pllinatrs(传粉昆虫).
Habitat lss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pllinatr ppulatins ver the past cuple f decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural ecnmy. Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use. Cnservatin rganizatins put ut pllinatr-friendliness guidelines fr hme gardens, businesses, schls, cities—and nw there are guidelines fr slar farms.
Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin. “These pllinatr-friendly slar farms can have a valuable impact n everything that’s ging n in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32. What d slar develpers ften ignre?
A. The decline in the demand fr slar energy.
B. The negative impact f installing slar panels.
C. The rising labr cst f building slar farms.
D. The mst recent advances in slar technlgy.
33. What des InSPIRE aim t d?
A. Imprve the prductivity f lcal farms.
B. Invent new methds fr cntrlling weeds.
C. Make slar prjects envirnmentally friendly.
D. Prmte the use f slar energy in rural areas.
34. What is the purpse f the laws mentined in paragraph 4?
A. T cnserve pllinatrs.B. T restrict slar develpment.
C. T diversify the ecnmy.D. T ensure the supply f energy.
35. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Pllinatrs: T Leave r t StayB. Slar Energy: Hpe fr the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD. Slar Farms: A New Develpment
语篇2: Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (结构), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
32. Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A. Its variety.B. Its distributin.C. Its quantity.D. Its develpment.
33. Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B. They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D. Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
35. What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A. It is key t effective cmmunicatin.
B. It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C. It is a cmplex and dynamic system.
D. It drives the evlutin f human beings.