新高考英语二轮复习题型专练23 说明文体类完形填空(含解析)

这是一份新高考英语二轮复习题型专练23 说明文体类完形填空(含解析)，共19页。
高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）23
说明文体类完形填空
【命题意图】综观近几年的高考完形填空的考查走势，全国卷中的完形填空中，说明文类完形填空出现的几率很小。但是，我们也不能马虎，它们作为高考题型的重要补充，还是有可能考的。因此，说明文类完形填空也要进行一定量的练习。
【得分要点】
说明文的写作目的是授人以知，让人明白，说明文只是说明事物的特征，阐明原理，介绍知识。说明文完形填空的结构模式一般是：提出问题——发现直接原因——分析深层原因——得出结论或提出解决方案。
一、说明类完形填空的命题特点
说明类完形填空题常就某一个问题从不同的角度来加以说明，文章可以是用来说明某一种社会现象、一个产品的制作过程、一种产品的使用方法、某个科学成就或人类生活中所面临的某个具体的难题。说明文所呈现的方式较为单一，作者往往一开始就交代说明的对象，然后再从不同的角度进行说明。因此，这类文章的每一段通常就是其中的一个角度或侧面，所以要注意概括每一个段落的主旨大意，尤其是文章每一段的开头或结尾，作者往往会对说明的话题进行概括说明。
二、说明类完形填空的应试策略
1. 利用说明文的首句查找说明主体
2. 把握说明文的两种结构模式
(1)总分式。包括＂总—分＂＂分—总＂＂总—分—总＂等具体形式。
(2)递进式。事理说明文多用递进式结构，一层一层地剖析事理。具体包括：空间顺序——从上到下、从外到内、从左到右、从南到北、从远到近、从中间到四周、从整体到部分；时间顺序——按照时间先后顺序来安排，事物都有发生、发展、消亡的过程；逻辑顺序——有些说明文主要是剖析事理的，在说明时就按照事理的逻辑关系进行安排，或者从主到次、从浅到深、从原因到结果，具有严密的条理性。
三、说明类完形填空的解题步骤
第一步：通过短文首尾句抓主旨
说明文的篇首会出现话题中心，通过首段可把握文章的主题；而尾句往往是文章的结论或点睛之笔。
第二步：填空时关注段落或意群间的内在联系
第三步：重览短文，查缺补漏
通读文章，检查思路是否顺畅及有无逻辑关系错误，同时填补遗留的空缺。
【真题再现】（2019·全国卷III）
  The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not get direct sunlight from late September to mid-March- 1  six months out of the year.
    "Of course, we 2  it when the sun is shining," says Karin Ro, who works for the town's tourism office. "We see the sky is 3 , but down in the valley it's darker — it's like on a 4 day.”
    But that 5  when a system of high-tech 6  was introduced to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks（山峰）into the valley below. Wednesday, residents（居民）of Rjukan 7  their very first ray of winter sunshine: A row of reflective boards on a nearby mountainside were put to 8 . The mirrors are controlled by a computer that   9  them to turn along with the sun throughout the 10  and to close during windy weather. They reflect a concentrated beam（束）of light onto the town's central 11 , creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters. When the light 12 , Rjukan residents gathered together.
    "People have been 13  there and standing there and taking 14  of each other," Ro says. "The town square was totally 15 . I think almost all the people in the town were there. "The 3,500 residents cannot all 16  the sunshine at the same time. 17 , the new light feels like more than enough for the town's 18  residents.
    "It's not very 19 ,” she says, "but it is enough when we are 20 .”
1. A. only
B. obviously
C. nearly
D. precisely
2. A. fear
B. believe
C. hear
D. notice
3. A. empty
B. blue
C. high
D. wide
4. A. cloudy
B. normal
C. different
D. warm
5. A. helped
B. changed
C. happened
D. mattered
6. A. computers
B. telescopes
C. mirrors
D. cameras
7. A. remembered
B. forecasted
C. received
D. imagined
8. A. repair
B. risk
C. rest
D. use
9. A. forbids
B. directs
C. predicts
D. follows
10. A. day
B. night
C. month
D. year
11. A. library
B. hall
C. square
D. street
12. A. appeared
B. returned
C. faded
D. stopped
13. A. driving
B. hiding
C. camping
D. siting
14. A. pictures
B. notes
C. care
D. hold
15. A. new
B. full
C. flat
D. silent
16. A. block
B. avoid
C. enjoy
D. store
17. A. Instead
B. However
C. Gradually
D. Similarly
18. A. nature-loving
B. energy-saving
C. weather-beaten
D. sun-starved
19. A. big
B. clear
C. cold
D. easy
20. A. trying
B. waiting
C. watching
D. sharing
【答案】 （1）C；（2）D；（3）B；（4）A；（5）B；（6）C；（7）C；（8）D；（9）B；（10）A；（11）C；（12）A；（13）D；（14）A；（15）B；（16）C；（17）B；（18）D；（19）A；（20）D；
【解析】【分析】本文讲述北欧一个小镇长达半年没有阳光照射，为此在附近的山顶安装了一套镜子设备把阳光反射到小镇的广场。每当光线照射的时候，人们就聚集在广场上，为寒冷的冬季增添一丝明亮。
（1）考查副词辨析。A. only仅仅；B. obviously；显然地；C. nearly几乎；D. precisely精确的。根据前文from late September to mid-March可知，从九月底到三月中旬，差不多半年，故答案为C。
（2）考查动词辨析。A. fear害怕；B. believe相信；C. hear听见；D. notice注意。根据后文 but down in the valley it's darker  可知，我们看到天空是蓝色，但是到山谷的时候，就会变得更暗了，可知，太阳照耀的时候，我们注意到，故答案为D。
（3）考查形容词词义辨析。A. empty空的；B. blue蓝色的；C. high搞得；D. wide宽的。根据常识可知，有太阳的时候，天空是蓝色的，故答案为B。
（4）考查形容词辨析。A. cloudy多云的；B. normal正常的；C. different不同的；D. warm温暖的。根据前文 but down in the valley it's darker 可知，到山谷的时候，天变暗了，像阴天一样，故答案为A。
（5）考查动词辨析。A. helped帮助；B. changed改变；C. happened发生；D. mattered关系重大。根据后文可知，该镇引入一套阳光反射镜来改变这种情况，故答案为B。
（6）考查名词辨析。A. computers电脑；B. telescopes望远镜；C. mirrors镜子；D. cameras相机。根据后文to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks可知，从附近的山顶上反射太阳光，可知是镜子，故答案为C。
（7）考查动词辨析。A. remembered记得；B. forecasted预报；C. received获得，收到；D. imagined想象。根据句意可知，该镇的居民获得了冬天里的第一缕阳光，故答案为C。
（8）考查名词辨析。A. repair修理；B. risk风险；C. rest    休息；D. use使用。根据前一句their very first ray of winter sunshine可知，获得了冬天的第一缕阳光，是由于反射板投入使用了，put sth to use把某物投入使用。故答案为D。 
（9）考查动词辨析。句意：这些镜子由电脑控制，指导他们整天跟着太阳的位置移动而移动，在大风的天气就自动关闭。A. forbids禁止；B. directs指导，导演；C. predicts预测；D. follows跟随，追随。本句描述这套系统的工作原理，电脑控制镜子的移动，故选B。
（10）考查名词辨析。A. day白天；B. night夜晚；C. month月；D. year年。根据文章可知，太阳光出现在白天，故答案为A。
（11）考查名词辨析。A. library图书馆；B. hall大厅；C. square广场；D. street街道。根据后文The town square可知，镜子反射聚集的光会照在小镇的中心广场上，故答案为C。
（12）考查动词辨析。A. appeared出现；B. returned归还；C. faded褪去；D. stopped停止。根据后文Rjukan residents gathered together可知，当光照出现的时候，居民出来，故答案为A。
（13）考查动词辨析。A. driving驾驶；B. hiding隐藏；C. camping露营；D. sitting坐。根据本句and standing there可知，光照出现的时候，人们会出来活动，坐在那里，站在那里，故答案为D。
（14）考查名词辨析。A. pictures照片，图片；B. notes笔记；C. care照顾；D. hold抓住。根据文章可知，会彼此拍照，故答案为A。
（15）考查形容词辨析。A. new新的；B. full满的；C. flat平坦的；D. silent沉默的。根据后文I think almost all the people in the town were there.可知，差不多全镇的人都在广场上，故可知广场全是人，故答案为B。
（16）考查动词辨析。A. block阻挡；B. avoid避免；C. enjoy喜欢，享受；D. store储存。根据句意可知，并不是3500名居民都能同时享受到太阳光，故答案为C。
（17）考查副词辨析。A. Instead代替；B. However然而；C. Gradually逐渐地；D. Similarly相似地。前一句意思为并不是3500名居民都能同时享受到太阳光，后一句，新的光线为小镇人们的意义不仅仅提供光线，故可知前后句属于转折关系，故答案为B。
（18）考查形容词辨析。A. nature-loving热爱自然的；B. energy-saving节能的；C. weather-beaten受风雨侵蚀的；D. sun-starved渴望阳光的。根据前文可知，小镇差不多半年没有阳光，故可知小镇人们渴望阳光，故答案为D。
（19）考查形容词辨析。A. big大的；B. clear清晰的；C. cold冷的；D. easy容易的。根据前文可知，镜子反射的光线有限，范围不够大，故答案为A。
（20）考查动词辨析。A. trying尝试；B. waiting    等待；C. watching    观看；D. sharing分享。根据句意可知，大家一起晒太阳就足够了，故答案为D。
【题型演练】

1
A scientist 1 several monkeys in order to study animal psychology. He took a glass bottle, 2 its cork (瓶塞) and put two peanuts inside it. The peanuts dropped to the bottom and were easily seen from the outside. He then passed the bottle to a monkey, who shook it 3 for a long while and was able to get the peanuts when they 4 fell out. The scientist then put some peanuts into the bottle again 5 he had done before and showed the monkey that it only needed to turn the bottle upside down for the peanuts to drop out. 6 the monkey always ignored his 7 . Each time it just shook the bottle frantically, with great 8 but without necessarily achieving 9 result.
Now the question is why the monkey was unable to understand 10 the scientist instructs. 11 because all its attentions was focused on the peanuts. Instead, it must take its eyes off the peanuts and quickly 12 its attention to the 13 movement of the scientist and the way the bottle was turned upside down. To achieve this, it had to calm down and not be 14 by the impulse (诱惑) of its appetite. Yet the monkey was not able to understand this. It is the instance like this that reveals the monkey’s some psychology is just like 15 of human beings.
1. A. kept B. rose C. fed D. caught
2. A. moving B. removed C. discovered D. covered
3. A. happily B. anxiously C. hurriedly D. instantly
4. A. suddenly B. accidentally C. occasionally D. quickly
5. A. as B. that C. what D. until
6. A. But B. When C. Therefore D. Thus
7. A. directions B. explanations C. performances D. instructions
8. A. effort B. strength C. power D. force
9. A. expecting B. interesting C. satisfying D. desired
10. A. what B. how C. why D. which
11. A. Probably B. Likely C. Simply D. Nearly
12. A. put B. send C. pay D. shift
13. A. gesture B. mouth C. hand D. eye
14. A. taken away B. taken off C. taken over D. taken on
15. A. that B. the C. those D. this
【答案】ABBBA ADADA CDCCA
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。为了研究动物心理学，一位科学家养了几只猴子做实验，发现猴子与人类的一些心理有相似之处。
1. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了研究动物心理学，一位科学家养了几只猴子。A. kept饲养；B. rose上升；C. fed喂养；D. caught抓到。既然是搞研究，自然是要长期的饲养，故A项正确。
2. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他拿起一个玻璃瓶，取出瓶塞，放了两颗花生进去。A. moving移动；B. removed移除，去掉；C. discovered发现；D. covered覆盖。根据空后的put two peanuts inside it.可知，他放了两颗花生进去，这说明他拔掉了瓶塞，故B项正确。
3. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然后把瓶子递给一只猴子，猴子焦急地摇晃了很久，当花生意外掉下来的时候，它能得到花生。A. happily高兴地；B. anxiously焦急地；C. hurriedly匆匆；D. instantly立即。猴子想要吃瓶子里的花生，自然是焦急地晃动瓶子，故B项正确。
4. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然后把瓶子递给一只猴子，猴子焦急地摇晃了很久，当花生意外掉下来的时候，它能得到花生。A. suddenly突然；B. accidentally意外地；C. occasionally偶尔；D. quickly很快。然后他把瓶子递给一只猴子，上文说 花生掉到了瓶子的底部，正常情况下是很难晃出来的，只能是在意外情况下掉出来，故B项正确。
5. 考查连接词辨析。句意：科学家像之前一样又往瓶子里放了一些花生，向猴子展示只需要把瓶子倒过来花生就可以掉出来。A. as像；B. that那个；C. what什么；D. until直到。根据空后的he had done before可知，科学家像之前一样又往瓶子里放了一些花生，用as引导方式状语从句，故A项正确。
6. 考查连词辨析。句意：但是猴子总是无视他的指示。A. But但是；B. When当；C. Therefore因此；D. Thus因此。科学家向猴子展示只需要把瓶子倒过来花生就可以掉出来，猴子却总是无视他的指示，前后是转折关系，故A项正确。
7. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是猴子总是无视他的指示。A. direction说明；B. explanations解释；C. performances表演；D. instructions指示。上文说科学家向猴子展示只需要把瓶子倒过来花生就可以掉出来，这是他给猴子的指示，下文的instructs也是提示，故D项正确。
8. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：每次它只是疯狂地摇瓶子，努力地摇，但不一定能达到它想要的效果。A. effort努力；B. strength力量；C. power权力；D. force武力。根据空前的it just shook the bottle frantically可知，猴子很努力地摇瓶子，故A项正确。
9. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：每次它只是疯狂地摇瓶子，努力地摇，但不一定能达到它想要的效果。A. expecting期待的；B. interesting有趣的；C. satisfying令人满意；D. desired想要的。猴子努力地药瓶子是想让里面的花生掉出来，这是它想要的结果，故D项正确。
10. 考查宾语从句。句意：现在的问题是为什么猴子不能理解科学家的指示。understand后的部分为宾语从句，从句中的instructs缺少宾语，应该用what引导这个宾语从句，故A项正确。
11. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：只是因为它所有的注意力都集中在花生上。A. Probably可能；B. Likely可能；C. Simply简单地；D. Nearly几乎。此处解释猴子不能理解科学家的指示的原因——只是因为它所有的注意力都集中在花生上，故C项正确。
12. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：相反，它必须把目光从花生上移开，迅速地将注意力转移到科学家的手部动作上。A. put放置；B. send发送；C. pay支付；D. shift转移。根据空后的its attention to the ___13___ movement of the scientist可知，它必须将注意力转移到科学家的手部动作上，故D项正确。
13. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：相反，它必须把目光从花生上移开，迅速地将注意力转移到科学家的手部动作上。A. gesture手势；B. mouth嘴；C. hand手；D. eye眼睛。根据上文的介绍可知科学家是通过手来向猴子演示把瓶子倒过来花生就会掉出来的，故C项正确。
14. 考查动词短语辨析。句意：它必须冷静下来，不要被它的食欲所控。A. taken away带走；B. taken off 起飞；C. taken over接管；D. taken on承担。根据空后的by the impulse (诱惑) of its appetite.可知，它必须冷静下来，不要被食欲所控（接管），故选C项正确。
15. 考查代词词义辨析。句意：正是这样的例子，揭示了猴子的某些心理与人类的相似之处。A. that那个（指代与前面提到的同一类人或物，表单数）；B. the定冠词，表特指；C. those那些；D. this这个。此处指代与前面的some psychology同一类事物，故A项正确。
2
Ask people to name the world's tallest peak and anybody with sound general knowledge will name Mount Qomolangma. But quiz them on its exact 1 and many will be not sure.
In 1975, Chinese surveyors 2 that Mount Qomolangma （Mount Everest） was 8848. 13 meters high. As 3 improved, satellites, photoelectricity, radars and gravity measurement technologies were 4 to get more exact figures. Of course, someone still had to carry 5 to what is the world's rooftop.
In 2005, a Chinese team scaled Qomolangma and found that it was not as high as that, as they 6 the height to be 8844. 43 meters. Scaling Qomolangma is no 7 task. The average air temperature there is -29 degrees Celsius, even four degrees 8 than in Antarctica. The snow there is 4 —5 meters thick and hurricane-like 9 blow all the time. Team members were training to 10 the extreme conditions.
In a nutshell, measuring the Qomolangma's height is a tall order, 11 huge amounts of money and human resources, But it is worth the 12 . Qomolangma is the perfect 13 for observing crustal （地壳的）movements. And changes to the peak's height could 14 whether the two plates are heading toward or away from each other.
Besides, the condition of snow and other natural materials at the top is an indicator of upcoming climate change on the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau. That's 15 measuring the Qomolangma's height is so significant. Put to good use, it can benefit mankind.
1. A. location B. appearance C. area D. height
2. A. determined B. assumed C. estimated D. admitted
3. A. condition B. technology C. society D. economy
4. A. employed B. expected C. approached D. inspired
5. A. weapons B. vehicles C. instruments D. packages
6. A. changed B. calculated C. extended D. expanded
7. A. glorious B. easy C. admirable D. tough
8. A. colder B. hotter C. higher D. lower
9. A. snows B. rains C. winds D. snowflakes
10. A. cope with B. fight for C. take on D. carry out
11. A. wasting B. spending C. overcoming D. involving
12. A. effort B. loss C. harvest D. achievement
13. A. channel B. window C. solution D. entrance
14. A. measure B. foresee C. indicate D. expose
15. A. where B. how C. why D. whether
【答案】DABAC BBDCA D ABCC
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了测量高度珠穆拉玛峰的艰难以及其重要性。
1. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但如果你问他们它的确切高度，很多人都不会确定。A. location位置；B. appearance外貌；C. area地区；D. height高度。根据下文的1975年以及2005年对珠峰高度的测量可知，此处指的是对其高度的精确测量。故选D。
2. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：1975年，中国测量员确定珠穆朗玛峰(Mount Qomolangma)为8848.13米高。A. determined确定；B. assumed假设；C. estimated估计；D. admitted承认。根据下文As ___3___ improved, satellites, photoelectricity, radars and gravity measurement technologies were ___4___ to get more exact figures.应用先进的科技去进行进一步的测量可知，此空指的是中国的测量员确定珠峰的高度是8848.13米。故选A。
3. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着技术的进步，卫星、光电、雷达和重力测量技术被用来获得更精确的数据。A. condition条件；B. technology技术；C. society社会；D. economy经济。根据下文的satellites, photoelectricity, radars and gravity measurement technologies were ___4___ to get more exact figures.可知，卫星、光电、雷达和重力测量技术都是科技。故选B。
4 考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着技术的进步，卫星、光电、雷达和重力测量技术被用来获得更精确的数据。A. employed运用；B. expected期望；C. approached接近；D. inspired鼓舞。根据下文的to get more exact figures可知，这些高科技被运用到测量珠峰精确的高度中。故选A。
5. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：当然，仍然要有人要携带一些设备到世界屋脊。A. weapons武器；B. vehicles交通工具；C. instruments设备；D. packages包裹。根据常识可知，测量是需要设备仪器的，此处指的是需要携带一些设备登山。故选C。
6. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：2005年，一个中国团队测量了珠穆朗玛峰，发现它并没有那么高，因为他们计算的高度是8844.43米。A. changed改变；B. calculated计算；C. extended延伸；D. expanded扩大。根据上文In 2005, a Chinese team scaled Qomolangma and found that it was not as high as that以及下文the height to be 8844. 43 meters.可知，此处指的是中国登山队在2005年计算的珠峰的高度是8844.43米。故选B。
7. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：攀登珠穆朗玛峰并非易事。A. glorious光荣的；B. easy容易的；C. admirable令人钦慕的；D. tough艰难的。根据下文The average air temperature there is 29 degrees Celsius, even four degrees___8___ than in Antarctica.可知，攀登珠峰并不是一件容易的事。故选B。
8. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那里的平均气温为-29摄氏度，甚至比南极洲低4摄氏度。A. colder更冷的；B. hotter更热的；C. higher更高的；D. lower更低的。根据29 degrees Celsius可知，此处表示珠峰的温度比南极洲还要低4摄氏度。故选D.
9. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：那里的雪有4 -5米厚，像飓风一样的风一直在吹。A. snows雪；B. rains雨；C. winds风；D. snowflakes雪花。根据下文的blow可知，此处表示风。故选C.
10. 考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：队员们正在接受为极端条件而战的训练。A. cope with应付；B. fight for与……斗争；C. take on承担；D. carry out实施。根据the extreme conditions.可知，此处表示登山队员们正在训练的目的是为了应付珠峰的极端条件。故选A。
11. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：简而言之，测量珠穆朗玛峰的高度是一项艰巨的任务，涉及大量的资金和人力资源，但值得付出努力。A. wasting浪费；B. spending花费；C. overcoming克服；D. involving涉及。根据huge amounts of money and human resources可知，测量珠峰的高度需要投入大量的人力和物力。故选D。
12. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：简而言之，测量珠穆朗玛峰的高度是一项艰巨的任务，涉及大量的资金和人力资源，但值得付出努力。A. effort努力；B. loss损失；C. harvest丰收；D. achievement成就。根据下文的Put to good use, it can benefit mankind，如果使用得当，它可以造福人类可知，这项任务值得去努力做。故选A。
13. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：珠穆朗玛峰是观察地壳运动的最佳窗口。A. channel频道；B. window窗口；C. solution解决办法；D. entrance入口。根据下文observing crustal （地壳的）movements.可知，珠峰是观测地壳运动的最佳窗口。故选B。
14. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：峰顶高度的变化可以表明两个板块是朝着相向还是反方向运动。A. measure测量；B. foresee预见；C. indicate表明；D. expose暴露。珠峰两次测量高度的化，这就表明两个板块是朝着相向还是反方向运动。故选C。
15. 考查连接词词义辨析。句意：这就是为什么测量珠穆朗玛峰的高度是如此重要。A. where哪里；B. how怎样；C. why为什么；D. whether是否。本句在讲述测量珠峰高度的重要性。所以本句为why引导的表语从句。故选C。
3
As our Earth’s temperature warms up because of climate change, it is having unexpected effects on our world’s forests. When temperatures rise, trees close their skins to 1 the loss of water, and this, in turn, slows down the 2 of photosynthesis(光合作用). As a result, these trees are shorter and grow slowly, as well as have a 3 death rate.
Climate change also increases the 4 of droughts and wildfires. After wildfires, it takes a while for the forest systems to 5 , and in some cases, the forests are 6 permanently. Trees that are stressed are also 7 to attacks by bacteria(细菌). In tropical forests, vines that use the trees as 8 can often choke the trees and rob them of nutrients. Finally, humans have 9 the forest landscape through logging. When trees are replanted on the soil, they will never grow as large as the 10 trees that were cut down.
As these forests disappear, species that once called them “home” are forced to change, 11 the variety of those systems. 12 , some endangered species are unable to 13 and die. Old-growth forests are disappearing in all regions of our world. When forests die, younger forests that are reestablished in the same area grow back weaker and smaller 14 poor vegetation. With trees dying increasingly and continuously, will future generations 15 out on the wonders of forests?
1. A. protect B. prevent C. save D. free
2. A. movement B. situation C. process D. operation
3. A. higher B. firmer C. lighter D. smaller
4. A. choice B. measure C. qualification D. chance
5. A. grow B. rescue C. recover D. decline
6. A. ignored B. lost C. hurt D. left
7. A. accessible B. enjoyable C. acceptable D. favorable
8. A. attention B. command C. trust D. support
9. A. frightened B. paid C. ruined D. wasted
10. A. common B. original C. distant D. strong
11. A. affecting B. improving C. forgetting D. reflecting
12. A. Besides B. Surprisingly C. Otherwise D. Unfortunately
13. A. devote B. keep C. adapt D. lead
14. A. due to B. in addition to C. instead of D. in spite of
15. A. pass B. miss C. break D. bring
【答案】BCADC BADCB ADCAB
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了由于气候变化，地球温度上升，这对我们世界的森林产生了意想不到的影响。先是温度上升导致树木矮小，生长缓慢，死亡率高；其次，气候变化也增加了干旱和野火的可能性，野火导致了森林的消失，因此以森林为“家”的物种被迫发生改变，甚至死亡。
1. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当温度上升时，树木会将树皮闭合，以防止水分流失，而这反过来又会减慢光合作用的进程。A. protect保护；B. prevent阻止；C. save拯救；D. free释放。根据后文the loss of water可知树木将皮肤闭合是为了阻止水分的流失。故选B。
2. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：当温度上升时，树木会将树皮闭合，以防止水分流失，而这反过来又会减慢光合作用的进程。A. movement活动；B. situation情况；C. process进程；D. operation操作。结合上下文语境，树木闭合了树皮来防止水分流失，这反过来又减缓了光合作用的进程（process）。故选C。
3. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，这些树较矮，生长缓慢，死亡率也较高。A. higher更高的；B. firmer更坚固的；C. lighter更明亮的；D. smaller更小的。根据上文these trees are shorter and grow slowly可知树木矮小，生长缓慢，所以死亡率也会更高了。故选A。
4. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：气候变化也增加了干旱和野火的可能性。A. choice选择；B. measure测量；C. qualification资格；D. chance可能性，机会。根据后文After wildfires可知全球气温升高增加了干旱和野火发生的可能性。故选D。
5. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：野火过后，森林系统需要一段时间才能恢复，在某些情况下，森林会永久无法恢复。A. grow生长；B. rescue营救；C. recover恢复；D. decline下降。结合上文After wildfires, it takes a while for the forest systems to可知野火焚烧了森林之后，森林系统需要时间才能恢复。故选C。
6. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：野火过后，森林系统需要一段时间才能恢复，在某些情况下，森林会永久无法恢复。A. ignored被忽视的；B. lost无法恢复的；C. hurt受伤的；D. left左边的。结合上文可知野火焚烧了森林，森林需要时间来恢复，但是某些情况下，森林也可能不能恢复了。故选B。
7. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：压力大的树木也容易受到细菌的攻击。A. accessible易接近的；B. enjoyable快乐的；C. acceptable可接受的；D. favorable赞成的。根据后文to attacks by bacteria可知树木也容易受到细菌的攻击。短语be accessible to“容易进入的，容易接近的”。故选A。
8. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在热带森林中，以树木为支撑的藤本植物经常会窒息树木，并剥夺树木的营养。A. attention注意力；B. command命令；C. trust信任；D. support支撑，支持。结合上文vines that use the trees as可知藤本植物是以树木为支撑的，故选D。
9. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：最后，人类通过伐木，毁坏了森林景观。A. frightened使害怕；B. paid支付；C. ruined毁灭；D. wasted浪费。结合后文the forest landscape through logging可知人类伐木毁坏了森林景观。故选C。
10. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当树木被重新种植在土壤上时，它们永远不会长得像原来被砍伐的树那么大。A. common普通的；B. original原来的；C. distant遥远的；D. strong强壮的。结合后文trees that were cut down可知此处指的是，人们新种植的树木，不会长得像原来被砍伐的树那么大了。故选B。
11. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着这些森林的消失，曾经把它们称为“家”的物种被迫改变，影响了这些系统的多样性。A. affecting影响；B. improving改善；C. forgetting忘记；D. reflecting放射。承接上文As these forests disappear, species that once called them “home” are forced to change可知森林的消失，改变了这些物种，也影响了这些物种的多样性。故选A。
12. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，一些濒危物种无法适应而死亡。A. Besides而且；B. Surprisingly惊人地；C. Otherwise否则；D. Unfortunately不幸地。根据后文some endangered species are unable to可知某些物种很不幸地是，无法适应这些改变，只能死亡。故选D。
13. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，一些濒危物种无法适应而死亡。A. devote贡献；B. keep保持；C. adapt适应；D. lead带领。根据上文species that once called them “home” are forced to change可知物种被迫发生改变了，而某些物种无法适应，只能死去。故选C。
14. 考查短语辨析。句意：当森林死亡时，在同一地区重新建立的年轻森林由于植被不良，而变得更弱更小。A. due to因为；B. in addition to另外；C. instead of而不是；D. in spite of尽管。根据后文poor vegetation可知此处指年轻森林由于（due to）植被不良，而变得更弱更小。故选A。
15. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着树木不断地死亡，子孙后代会错过森林的奇迹吗？A. pass通过；B. miss错过；C. break打破；D. bring带来。结合后文out on the wonders of forests可知此处指错过森林的奇迹。短语miss out“错过”。故选B。
4
The lions and leopards(豹) of a national park in India normally do not get along. They 1 each other for space and food. But about a year ago, a young lioness in the park 2 a baby leopard.
The 2-month-old baby with brown ears and blue eyes was 3 ,and the lioness spent weeks nursing, 4 and caring for him until he died. She treated him as if he were one of her own two sons, who were about the same age. This was a 5 case of cross-species adoption in the wild, and the only documented example involving animals that are normally 6 .
7 ,the park workers thought the association would be brief, but this went on. The family were 8 to tour the park. The lioness took care of the baby, and 9 meat that she hunted. The new brothers played with him and occasionally followed him up trees. This unlikely 10 was surely amazing.
Although this adoption was puzzling, it highlights the 11 between the two species. Until they reach young adulthood, when social differences 12 , lions and leopards play and beg for milk in similar ways. For this mother lioness, she may have 13 the baby's more leopard-like features —his smell, size and spotted appearance. He just jumped in.
The 14 of the inter species adoption in the wild would be sweet enough for a children's book, yet 15 enough to attract scientists.
1. A. put up with B. take advantage of C. depend on D. fight with
2. A. scared B. adopted C. spotted D. attacked
3. A. lazy B. brave C. weak D. dangerous
4. A. feeding B. checking C. following D. dressing
5. A. simple B. typical C. famous D. rare
6. A. friends B. competitors C. partners D. neighbors
7. A. Initially B. Luckily C. Certainly D. Unexpectedly
8. A. expected B. observed C. persuaded D. pushed
9. A. cooked B. packed C. shared D. burned
10. A. experience B. affair C. agreement D. connection
11. A. communication B. similarities C. behavior D. differences
12. A. emerge B. remain C. recover D. survive
13. A. compared B. disliked C. ignored D. protected
14. A. incident B. experience C. report D. tale
15. A. strange B. caring C. reliable D. moving
【答案】DBCAD BABCD BACDA
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一个公园中一只母狮子收养了一只两个月大的小豹，母狮子花了几个星期的时间来照料它，喂养它，直到它死去。她对待他就像对待自己两个儿子一样，两个儿子都差不多大。这是一个罕见的野生跨物种领养案例。
1. 考查动词短语辨析。句意：它们为了空间和食物而互相争斗。A. put up with忍受；B. take advantage of利用；C. depend on取决于；D. fight with争斗，作战。结合上文The lions and leopards(豹) of a national park in India normally do not get along.可知狮子和豹子通常不会和睦相处，他们会为空间和食物相互争斗。故选D。
2. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是大约一年前，公园里的一只年轻狮子收养了一只小豹。A. scared使害怕；B. adopted收养；C. spotted发现；D. attacked攻击。根据第二段中She treated him as if he were one of her own two sons, who were about the same age.可知年轻狮子收养了一只小豹。故选B。
3. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这只2个月大、棕色耳朵、蓝色眼睛的小豹子非常虚弱，母狮子花了几个星期的时间来看护它，喂养它，照顾它，直到它死去。A. lazy懒惰的；B. brave勇敢的；C. weak虚弱的；D. dangerous危险的。结合上文The 2-month-old baby可知小豹子才两个月大，很虚弱。故选C。
4. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这只2个月大、棕色耳朵、蓝色眼睛的小豹子非常虚弱，母狮子花了几个星期的时间来看护它，喂养它，照顾它，直到它死去。A. feeding喂养；B. checking检查；C. following跟随；D. dressing穿衣。结合后文and caring for him可知母狮子给小豹子喂食、照顾它直到它死去。故选A。
5. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这是一个罕见的野生跨物种领养案例，也是唯一一个涉及通常是竞争对手的动物的案例。A. simple简单的；B. typical典型的；C. famous出名的；D. rare罕见的，稀有的。根据后文case of cross-species adoption in the wild可知野生跨物种领养是一个罕见案例。故选D。
6. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是一个罕见的野生跨物种领养案例，也是唯一一个涉及通常是竞争对手的动物的案例。A. friends朋友；B. competitors竞争对手；C. partners伙伴；D. neighbors邻居。根据第一段中The lions and leopards(豹) of a national park in India normally do not get along.可知狮子和豹子本来是竞争对手，故选B。
7. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：起初，公园工作人员认为这种联系会很简短，但事情继续下去了。A. Initially起初；B. Luckily幸运地；C. Certainly当然；D. Unexpectedly意外地。结合后文the park workers thought the association would be brief, but this went on.可知起初公园工作人员认为这种联系会很简短，但事情继续下去了。故选A。
8. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们观察到这一家子到在公园里逗游。A. expected预期；B. observed观察；C. persuaded说服；D. pushed推。结合后文to tour the park可知母狮子和幼崽这一家子被人们观察到在公园里逗游。故选B。
9. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：母狮照顾小豹子，并分享她猎取的肉。A. cooked烹饪；B. packed包装；C. shared分享；D. burned燃烧。结合上文The lioness took care of the baby可知母狮子给小豹子分享自己猎取到的肉。故选C。
10. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种不太可能的联系肯定是惊人的。A. experience经历；B. affair事情；C. agreement协议；D. connection联系，连接。本来是竞争对手的两个物种，结果母狮子却收养了一只小豹子还成为了一个家庭，这种联系让人觉得不可思议。故选D。
11. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管这种收养令人费解，但它突出了这两个物种之间的相似性。A. communication交流；B. similarities相似性；C. behavior行为；D. differences差异。根据后文lions and leopards play and beg for milk in similar ways.可知这两个物种之间存在一定的相似性。故选B。
12. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：狮子和豹子以相似的方式玩耍和讨奶，直到它们进入成年期，那时社会差异就显现出来了。A. emerge显现；B. remain保持；C. recover恢复；D. survive幸存。结合上文Until they reach young adulthood, when social differences可知直到狮子和豹子进入成年期，他们的社会差异就会显现出来。故选A。
13. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：对于这只母狮子来说，她可能忽略了小豹子更像豹子的特征——他的气味、大小和有斑点的外表。A. compared比较；B. disliked不喜欢；C. ignored忽视；D. protected保护。结合后文the baby's more leopard-like features— his smell, size and spotted appearance可知母狮子收养小豹子是因为她忽略了小豹子的豹子特征。故选C。
14. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于一本儿童读物来说，野生动物间的跨物种领养故事足够可爱，但又足够奇怪到足以吸引科学家。A. incident事件；B. experience经历；C. report报告；D. tale故事，神话。结合后文for a children's book可知野生动物间的跨物种领养更像是会出现在儿童读物里的故事。故选D。
15. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对于一本儿童读物来说，野生动物间的跨物种领养故事足够可爱，但又足够奇怪到足以吸引科学家。A. strange陌生的；B. caring关心他人的；C. reliable可靠的；D. moving移动的。第二段中case of cross-species adoption in the wild提到跨物种领养本来就是个罕见的案例，所以对于科学家来说，野生动物间跨物种领养是很奇怪的。故选A。
5
What's the first thing that comes to mind when you think of the word “culture”？ Do you think of different groups of people across the world with various 1 and clothing? What about animals?
Sam Williams,executive director of the Macaw(金刚鹦鹉）Recovery Network in Costa Rica, helps to 2 the impact of the decline of macaw populations by taking birds that were born 3 and releasing them into the wild. But this process is very 4
＂In a cage,you can't 5 them to know where,when and how to find that food, or about trees with good nest sites," Williams told ecologist and writer Carl Safina for the Guardian. In the wild, the parents would be the ones to teach them this important 6
This type of knowledge is known as cultural knowledge. Cultural knowledge can be 7 from the older generation to the newer one. For many species,cultural knowledge is necessary for 8
Culture helps animals to 9 different habitats.For example,some crows(乌鸦）have learned to put nuts in the middle of the road for cars to drive over. And in other areas, they have learned to do this at intersections so they can 10 get the food when the cars stop at red lights.
Other important parts of cultural knowledge include things like group identity, using different tools,taking different 11 routes and using different socializing methods.
These traditions can especially be seen in chimpanzee communities. Cat Hobaiter,who studies chimpanzees in Uganda,said:"It's not just the 12 of populations of chimps that worries me.I find 13 the possibility of losing each population's unique culture. That's permanent.”
Culture isn't just for 14 .Culture is also an important part of life in the wild from using tools to 15 .
1. A. communities B. zones C. traditions D. divisions
2. A. squeeze B. reduce C. wrestle D. delete
3. A. encaged B. enlarged C. encouraged D. ensured
4. A. tentative B. slow C. lame D. abrupt
5. A. elect B. swap C. assess D. train
6. A. brochure B. seminar C. framework D. information
7. A. passed down B. taken up C. followed up D. put together
8. A. management B. survival C. currency D. cooperation
9. A. cater to B. push for C. adapt to D. dive in
10. A. safely B. desperately C. surprisingly D. hopefully
11. A. irrigation B. migration C. suspension D. collision
12. A. loss B. dilemma C. adjustment D. prevention
13. A. enterprising B. flexible C. artificial D. terrifying
14. A. animals B. plants C. humans D. nails
15. A. refreshing B. weeping C. negotiating D. socializing
【答案】CBABD DABCA BADCD
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文说明了文化与传承对于野生动物的重要性，动物在进化中适应环境产生了不同的文化，这也帮助他们能更好的生存下去。
1.考查名词词义辨析。句意：你认为世界上不同的民族有不同的传统和服装吗?A.communities社区； B.zones空间；C.traditions传统； D.divisions分支。根据前文讲到文化可知，此处是讲不同的传统和服装。故选C。
2.考查动词词义辨析。句意：Sam Williams是哥斯达黎加金刚鹦鹉恢复网络的执行主任，他帮助减少金刚鹦鹉数量减少的影响，方法是将出生在笼子里的鸟放回野外。A.squeeze挤压； B.reduce减少； C.wrestle缠绕； D.delete删除。根据“ by taking birds that were born...and releasing them into the wild.”可知，他帮助减少金刚鹦鹉数量减少的影响。故选B。
3.考查动词词义辨析。句意：Sam Williams是哥斯达黎加金刚鹦鹉恢复网络的执行主任，他帮助减少金刚鹦鹉数量减少的影响，方法是将出生在笼子里的鸟放回野外。A.encaged关进笼子； B.enlarged扩大； C.encouraged鼓励； D.ensured保证。他做的努力是把出生在笼子里的鸟儿放归大自然。我们继续往下看文章发现下一段的第一句话in a cage，you can't......所以显然我们推断出他是把出生在笼子里的鸟儿放回自然，所以此处选择encaged。故选A。
4.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但这个过程非常缓慢。A.tentative实验性的； B.slow缓慢的； C.lame瘸的； D.abrupt突然的。从下文可以看出，因为缺乏亲生父母的教导，这个过程非常的困难、非常艰辛，所以此处选择slow。故选B。
5.考查动词词义辨析。句意：在笼子里，你无法训练它们知道在哪里、何时以及如何找到食物，也无法训练它们找到有好的筑巢地点的树。A.elect选举； B.swap交换； C.assess评价； D.train训练。根据“know where,when and how to find that food, or about trees with good nest sites”可知，将出生在笼子里的鸟放回野外需要训练。故选D。
6.考查名词词义辨析。句意：在野外，父母会教给孩子这些重要的信息。A.brochure手册； B.seminar讨论会； C.framework框架； D.information信息。此处是指前文提到的“在哪里、何时以及如何找到食物”、“有好的筑巢地点的树”，这些都是信息。故选D。
7.考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：文化知识可以从老一辈传给下一代。A.passed down传递； B。taken up占据； C.followed up跟随； D.put together组装。根据“from the older generation to the newer one”可知，此处是讲文化知识可以从老一辈传给下一代。故选A。
8.考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于许多物种来说，文化知识是生存所必需的。A.management管理； B.survival生存； C.currency货币； D.cooperation合作。从上文的食物和筑巢中不难推测出，这些知识至关重要以至于没有了它们甚至无法存活的。故选B。
9.考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：文化帮助动物适应不同的栖息地。A.cater to迎合； B.push for奋力争取； C.adapt to适应； D.dive in潜入。根据后文讲乌鸦在不同的地区做出相应的行为来适应环境可知，此处是讲文化帮助动物适应不同的栖息地。故选C。
10.考查副词词义辨析。句意：在其他地区，他们已经学会在十字路口这样做，这样当汽车红灯时，他们可以安全地拿到食物。A.safely安全地； B.desperately不顾一切地； C.surprisingly惊讶地； D.hopefully有希望地。根据前文提到乌鸦把坚果放在路中间是为了让车停下可知，这样就能安全地获得食物。故选A。
11.考查名词词义辨析。句意：文化知识的其他重要部分包括群体认同、使用不同的工具、采取不同的迁移路线和使用不同的社交方法。A.irrigation灌溉； B.migration迁徙； C.suspension暂停； D.collision碰撞。这里讲的动物们的习惯，并且后面有routes，显然会想到迁移路线migration routes。故选B。
12.考查名词词义辨析。句意：让我担心的不仅仅是黑猩猩数量的减少。A.loss损失； B.dilemma窘境； C.adjustment调整； D.prevention阻止。下一句话中的losing each population's unique culture暗示了上一句话空格处是loss of populations。此处需要注意前后文的呼应。故选A。
13.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我发现失去每个民族独特的文化是可怕的。A.enterprising有事业心的； B.flexible灵活的； C.artificial人造的 ；D.terrifying令人恐惧的。作者发现失去每个民族独特的文化是可怕的。故选D。
14.考查名词词义辨析。句意：文化不仅仅是人类的。A.animals动物； B.plants食物； C.humans人类； D.nails钉子。空格后一句说，文化也是野生动物的。所以空格前面与之对应应该选择humans。故选C。
15.考查动词词义辨析。句意：从使用工具到社交，文化也是野外生活的重要组成部分。A.refreshing更新； B.weeping哭泣； C.negotiating协商； D.socializing社交。根据前文讲乌鸦使用工具和动物的群体认同（Other important parts of cultural knowledge include things like group identity）可知，此处是讲从使用工具到社交。故选D。