新高考英语二轮复习题型专练14 说明文体类阅读理解(含解析)

这是一份新高考英语二轮复习题型专练14 说明文体类阅读理解(含解析)，共18页。
高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）14
说明文体类阅读理解
【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。
【考试方向】
所谓说明文，就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。
【得分要点】
高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。
1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：
The word ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is closest in meaning to_________.
A.freefromanxiety B.anxious C.nervous D.happy
根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。
二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。
2.根据因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：
You shouldn’t have blamed him for that，for it wasn’t his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。
3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought.
从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。
4.通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
5.通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
（二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there，semi-conscious，for a few minutes.根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate about such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drop指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：Growing economic problems were high-lighted by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。
二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键词语，运用联想,比较,归纳,推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。
【真题再现】 【2020·新高考全国卷I（山东），D】
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
12. What is the recent study mainly about?
A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership.
C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior.
13. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons.
C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?
A. To see how she would affect the participants.
B. To test if the participants could recognize her.
C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D. To study why she could keep her weight down.
15. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?
A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be.
C. How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food.
【答案】12. D 13. D 14. A 15. C
【解析】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。
12.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。
13.词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。
14.推理判断题。根据第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。
【题型演练】
1
Smart phones, tablets, fitness trackers, headphones and most of the electronic devices we use today are made of metal, plastic and glass. But electronics don’t have to be. Sala de Medeiros and her colleagues found a way to turn an ordinary piece of paper into a simple electronic keypad. Many teams around the world are working on paper-based electronics. But this new device is different from any other device. It’s the first to power itself and also resist water and dust. The user’s touch gives it all the power it needs to run.
No single moment inspired her paper keypad. Instead, she focused on devices other engineers have been working on. Then she discovered that high cost was a problem with some flexible electronics. So she decided to work with low-cost materials.
Teflon(聚四氟乙烯) is a chemical coating that keeps food from sticking to pots and pans. Similar com-pounds(复合物) can also make paper waterproof. So she started testing the chemical but the one that was sup-posed to do the best job didn’t work at all. After some research, Sala de Medeiros found out that this chemical reacts with air. She had to buy special equipment that forbade any air getting in the way. Now, the chemical works as planned. Then the team placed a stencil(钢板) with the shape of a circuit(电路) onto the back of the paper and sprayed on several layers of materials. Finally, the team flipped over the paper and printed a keypad of numbers on the other side. They also added a tiny Bluetooth chip, which let their paper device talk to a computer. The source of electricity comes from the tap of a finger. When you’re typing we can create the energy by touching or rubbing.
The electronic keypad is regular paper most people could afford but wouldn’t easily get wet or dirty. It also should fit in your pocket.
1. Which of the following is the unique feature of the new device?
A. It’s the first device made of paper. B. It has little electricity or metal.
C. It gets powered through touch. D. It has no trouble cleaning itself.
2. Why did Teflon fail to work at first?
A. It was exposed to the air. B. It was of low quality.
C. It damaged the equipment. D. It kept food stuck to pots.
3. What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A. The process of creating the device. B. The significance of the research.
C. The application of the device. D. The way to develop Teflon.
4. Which of the following can replace the underlined words “flipped over” in Para. 3?
A. Cleaned up. B. Cut up. C. Held onto. D. Turned over.
【答案】1. C 2. A 3. A 4. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新的电子设备。这种电子设备由一张纸制成，能通过用户触摸提供能量并且防水防尘。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“It’s the first to power itself and also resist water and dust. The user’s touch gives it all the power it needs to run.”（ 它是第一个能自己发电，也能防水防尘的。用户的触摸给了它运行所需的所有能量。）可知，这个设备独特的功能是它通过触摸起电。故选C项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Sala de Medeiros found out that this chemical reacts with air.”（萨拉·德·梅德罗斯发现这种化学物质与空气发生反应。）可知这种化学物质与空气发生反应，所以Teflon不能正常工作的原因是它接触到了空气。故选A项。
3. 主旨大意题。第三段介绍了Sala de Medeiros解决了材料使用的问题以及设备的组装过程，可知本段主要介绍这个设备是如何制造的。故选A项。
4. 词义猜测题。根据第三段“printed a keypad of numbers on the other side”（将数字键盘打印到另一边）可知这个团队将这张纸反过来，从而猜测flipped over是“翻转”之意。故选D项。
2
We talk a lot about air pollution. Here in Hong Kong we always complain about light pollution as well. Then, there is noise pollution. It's the same in many cities around the world, and in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, people have been complaining about the noise made by drivers who continually sound their car horns (喇叭). That is until recently, when something was finally done about it.
The Chief District Officer of Kathmandu had received many complaints about horn pollution. He said that everyone felt the use of the car horn in recent years had become excessive. Researchers in Kathmandu found that for about 80 percent of the time, it really was not necessary for drivers to use their car horns. Sounding the horn to make a noise had become more of a habit. It was no longer being used as it was supposed to be used: to warn people of danger.
At the beginning of the Nepali New Year in 2017, the local government passed a law to ban the use of car horns unless used correctly. Within six months, 11,000 fines had been collected by the local traffic police. The fine was about HK $360. A taxi driver in Kathmandu can make about HK $1,000 per day, so he could lose about one-third of his money if he broke the law.
As usual, there were many complaints from drivers. They said that cows and dogs were free to walk on the roads. They always caused danger. Sounding a car horn was the only way to get them to move out of the way. And while there were quite a few traffic lights in the streets of Kathmandu, very few of them worked. This meant there was often a traffic mess.
The ban on using a car horn went ahead, and within a few weeks the streets of Nepal's capital were quieter — even though they were still just as busy. Because of the ban, drivers are a little more careful when they drive. Fewer accidents have been reported. The local government says the horn ban will now be copied in other areas of Nepal.
5. What do Hong Kong and Kathmandu have in common?
A. Both have been troubled by light pollution.
B. Both have succeeded in fighting air pollution.
C. Both have been faced with the problem of noise pollution.
D. Both have received many complaints about horn pollution.
6. What does the underlined word "excessive” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Too much. B. Quite simple. C. Very correct. D. More dangerous.
7. What will you find if you go to Kathmandu?
A. No traffic lights in the streets can work.
B. The traffic on the roads is usually very heavy.
C. Animals are not allowed to walk on the streets.
D. Drivers are required to drive on one-way streets.
8. What can we guess about Kathmandu's horn ban?
A. It is unfair. B. It is worrying. C. It is interesting. D. It is successful.
【答案】5. C6. A7. B8. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了针对加德满都的噪音问题，政府在2017年颁布了禁止使用汽车喇叭的禁令。最开始，汽车司机不理解、不在乎。可几周后，该市的噪音变得安静了很多，事故也少了。因此，尼泊尔决定在其他城市也实施该禁令。
5. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Here in Hong Kong we always complain about light pollution as well. Then, there is noise pollution, It’s the same in many cities around the world, and in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, people have been complaining about the noise made by drivers who continually sound their car horns.(在香港我们也经常抱怨光污染。其次是噪音污染，世界上许多城市都存在同样的问题。在尼泊尔首都加德满都，人们一直在抱怨司机不断按喇叭所产生的噪音)”可知，香港和加德满都面临着噪音污染的问题。故选C。
6. 词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“Researchers in Kathmandu found that for about 80 percent of the time, it really was not necessary for drivers to use their car horns. Sounding the horn to make a noise had become more of a habit.(加德满都的研究人员发现，在大约80%的情况下，司机真的没有必要按喇叭。按喇叭制造噪音已成为一种习惯)”可知，按喇叭如今成为了一种习惯，说明近年来人们按喇叭过度，汽车喇叭被过多使用。画线词意思为“过多”。A. Too much.过多，太多；B. Quite simple.非常简单；C. Very correct.非常正确；D. More dangerous.更危险。故选A。
7. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“They said that cows and dogs were free to walk on the roads. They always caused danger. Sounding a car horn was the only way to get them to move out of the way. And while there were quite a few traffic lights in the streets of Kathmandu, very few of them worked. This meant there was often a traffic mess.(他们说，牛和狗可以自由地在马路上行走。它们总是造成危险。吹响汽车喇叭是让他们让开的唯一办法。虽然加德满都的街道上有不少交通灯，但是只有少数交通灯能正常工作。这意味着经常会出现交通混乱)”可推知，如果你去加德满都，你会发现路上的交通通常很拥挤。故选B。
8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The ban on using a car horn went ahead, and within a few weeks the streets of Nepal's capital were quieter — even though they were still just as busy. Because of the ban, drivers are a little more careful when they drive. Fewer accidents have been reported. The local government says the horn ban will now be copied in other areas of Nepal.(禁止使用汽车喇叭的禁令继续实行，几个星期后，尼泊尔首都的街道变得安静了——尽管他们依然繁忙。因为这项禁令，司机开车要更加小心了，事故报告也减少了。当地政府说，这项禁令将在尼泊尔其它地区效仿)”可推知，加德满都的喇叭禁令很成功。故选D。
3
We already know that salt can lead to heart disease. But could it also affect our mind? Scientists found that a high-salt diet caused cognitive impairments in mice» and it could produce the same effect on humans.
Costantino Iadecola, director of the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research the Institute, said they fed the mice eight to sixteen times their normal salt intake and then tested the mice. After about three months, the mice had a big change in their behavior. Mice are very curious, and they like to look for new things. However, the tested mice lost the ability to identify a normal object. When the mice were put in their cage and asked to find a quiet spot, they did not remember where the quiet spot was. Then when the mice were building a nest, which is something the mice do daily, they, were unable to do so. The research suggested humans would experience a similar response.
Studies have shown Australians eat around double the recommended amount of salt each day, most of it coming from processed food. Dr. Ladecola said the estimated two teaspoons of salt the average Australian eats each day could affect the brain function in the long term. However, the decline might not be as obvious as in the mice, who were given extremely high levels of salt. "But probably over years and perhaps decades—as opposed to a few months for the mouse—even lower levels of salt may have a terrible effect," Dr ladecola said.
“High levels of salt cause serious immune changes in the organs in and around the stomach, resulting in an almost autoimmune effect on the brain. It is part of a growing body of evidence that we really are what we eat,“ Bryce Vissel, director of the Centre for Neuroscience at the University of Technology Sydney, said. "Those changes in turn cause all sorts of responses in the body, which over time certainly contribute to cognitive impairments."
9. Which can describe the tested mice?
A. They remained quiet all day. B. They became smarter than ever.
C. They forgot some routine things. D. They were quick at finding objects.
10. What do we know about Australians?
A. They ignore health advice. B. They have a higher-salt diet.
C. They dislike processed food. D. They value their brain health.
11. What does the last paragraph mainly focus on?
A. Studies carried out by Bryce Vissel. B. Immune changes brought about by salt.
C. Effects of daily diets on human behaviors. D. Links between salt intake and brain damage.
12. What does the text suggest?
A. Brain health counts much. B. The body never tells a lie.
C. Low-salt diet is to be advocated. D. Heart diseases can be prevented.
【答案】9. C 10. B 11. D 12. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。科学家们发现，高盐饮食会导致老鼠的认知障碍，对人类也会产生同样的影响。文章介绍了这项研究开展的过程以及发现，研究表明，澳大利亚人每天摄入的盐大约是推荐量的两倍，其中大部分来自加工食品，指出高盐饮食会导致认知障碍，提倡低盐饮食。
9. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“However, the tested mice lost the ability to identify a normal object. When the mice were put in their cage and asked to find a quiet spot, they did not remember where the quiet spot was. Then when the mice were building a nest, which is something the mice do daily, they, were unable to do so.(然而，被测试的老鼠失去了识别正常物体的能力。当老鼠被关进笼子，被要求找一个安静的地方时，它们不记得安静的地方在哪里。然后，当老鼠在筑巢时——这是老鼠每天都要做的事情——它们无法这样做了)”可推知，被测试的老鼠忘记了一些日常的事情。故选C。
10. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Studies have shown Australians eat around double the recommended amount of salt each day, most of it coming from processed food. Dr. Ladecola said the estimated two teaspoons of salt the average Australian eats each day could affect the brain function in the long term.(研究表明，澳大利亚人每天摄入的盐大约是推荐量的两倍，其中大部分来自加工食品。Ladecola博士说，澳大利亚人平均每天摄入两茶匙的盐，长期来看可能会影响大脑功能)”可知，澳大利亚人的饮食含盐量高。故选B。
11. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段““High levels of salt cause serious immune changes in the organs in and around the stomach, resulting in an almost autoimmune effect on the brain. It is part of a growing body of evidence that we really are what we eat,“ Bryce Vissel, director of the Centre for Neuroscience at the University of Technology Sydney, said. "Those changes in turn cause all sorts of responses in the body, which over time certainly contribute to cognitive impairments."(悉尼科技大学神经科学中心主任Bryce Vissel说：“高浓度的盐会导致胃内外器官严重的免疫变化，几乎会对大脑产生自身免疫效应。有越来越多的证据表明，吃什么决定人的性格，这是其中的一部分。这些变化反过来会引起身体的各种反应，久而久之肯定会导致认知障碍。”)”可知，最后一段主要讲了盐摄入和脑损伤之间的联系。故选D。
12. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Scientists found that a high-salt diet caused cognitive impairments in mice» and it could produce the same effect on humans.(科学家们发现，高盐饮食会导致老鼠的认知障碍，对人类也会产生同样的影响)”结合文章介绍了这项研究开展的过程以及发现，研究表明，澳大利亚人每天摄入的盐大约是推荐量的两倍，其中大部分来自加工食品，指出高盐饮食会导致认知障碍，提倡低盐饮食。可推知，文章提倡低盐饮食。故选C。
4
Do you like the woolly mammoths from the movie Ice Age? Too bad they're extinct? Thanks to recent developments in biotechnology, the stuff of science fiction may soon become a reality through an attractive process called "de-extinction", which aims to bring the extinct species back. The resurrected species are functionally equal to the original extinct species, but they are not exact copies.
There are three primary techniques of de-extinction. One of them is that scientists deliberately select existing species with similar characters to the extinct species to produce later generation. This is a natural method. Another is cloning. A cloned animal is created by obtaining the DNA of the extinct animal. The later generation will be an identical copy of the extinct species. This is only applied to animals that are either endangered or have recently gone extinct, as it requires well-preserved eggs. The third is the newest technique, genetic engineering. It uses gene-editing tools to place selected genes from extinct animals in place of those present in its closest living relative.
If we refer to Jurassic Park , resurrecting extinct animals is a terrible idea. Thankfully, we don't have to worry about dinosaurs running wildly, as their DNA has disintegrated over the 65 million years since their extinction. DNA can survive for several million years at best under certain rare conditions, but does that mean we should do that?
De-extinction is more for ecology than for tourism. Ecologist Ben Novak said, “All animals perform critical roles in their ecosystem. Woolly mammoths, for example, were excellent gardeners. Their disappearance was followed by a loss in diversity and the Arctic grassland became a cold, ice field. If a resurrected animal is always going to be a zoo animal then it shouldn't be brought back.”
13. Why does the author mention the movie Ice Age ?
A. To recall the joy from the movie. B. To lead the audience into the topic.
C. To attract readers, attention to the movie. D. To show functions of resurrecting animals.
14. What is mainly discussed about de-extinction in Paragraph 2?
A. Its main methods. B. Its wide application.
C. Its complex procedures. D. Its distinct characteristic.
15. What can replace the underlined word “disintegrated“ in Paragraph 3 ?
A. Broken away. B. Picked up. C. Fallen apart. D. Run out.
16. What would be the best title for the text?
A. Can we bring extinct animals back? B. Do you like the woolly mammoths?
C. Will dinosaurs be seen in the zoos? D. Should we promote cloning skills?
【答案】13. B 14. A 15. C 16. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。由于最近生物技术的发展，科幻小说中的东西可能很快会变成现实，通过一个吸引人的过程，称为“反灭绝”，旨在让灭绝的物种回来。文章介绍了三种主要的反灭绝技术，但是恐龙因为其DNA已经分解，无法被复活了，最后文章指出反灭绝更多的是为了生态，而不是为了旅游。
13. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Do you like the woolly mammoths from the movie Ice Age? Too bad they're extinct? Thanks to recent developments in biotechnology, the stuff of science fiction may soon become a reality through an attractive process called "de-extinction", which aims to bring the extinct species back.(你喜欢电影《冰河世纪》里的猛犸象吗？它们灭绝了真是太糟糕了对吗？由于最近生物技术的发展，科幻小说中的东西可能很快会变成现实，通过一个吸引人的过程，称为“反灭绝”，旨在让灭绝的物种回来)”可推知，作者提到了电影《冰河世纪》是为了引导读者进入文章主题。故选B。
14. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“There are three primary techniques of de-extinction. One of them is that .... It uses gene-editing tools to place selected genes from extinct animals in place of those present in its closest living relative.(有三种主要的反灭绝技术。其中之一是，科学家故意选择与灭绝物种具有相似特征的现存物种来繁衍后代。这是一种自然的方法。另一个是克隆。克隆动物是通过获取灭绝动物的DNA而创造出来的。后代将是灭绝物种的一模一样的复制品。这只适用于濒临灭绝或最近灭绝的动物，因为这需要保存完好的卵子。第三种是最新的技术，基因工程。它使用基因编辑工具，将已灭绝动物的基因选择出来，取代现存动物近亲的基因)”可知，第二段主要讨论了反灭绝的主要方法。故选A。
15. 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Thankfully, we don't have to worry about dinosaurs running wildly”以及后文“DNA can survive for several million years at best under certain rare conditions, but does that mean we should do that?(在某些罕见的条件下，DNA最多只能存活几百万年，但这是否意味着我们也应该这样做呢？)”可知，值得庆幸的是，我们不必担心恐龙会乱跑，因为自从它们灭绝以来，它们的DNA已经在6500万年的时间里分解了。故划线词意思为“分解”。A. Broken away.脱离；B. Picked up.捡起；C. Fallen apart.分解；D. Run out.耗尽。故选C。
16. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Thanks to recent developments in biotechnology, the stuff of science fiction may soon become a reality through an attractive process called "de-extinction", which aims to bring the extinct species back.(由于最近生物技术的发展，科幻小说中的东西可能很快会变成现实，通过一个吸引人的过程，称为“反灭绝”，旨在让灭绝的物种回来)”结合文章介绍了三种主要的反灭绝技术，但是恐龙因为其DNA已经分解，无法被复活了，最后文章指出反灭绝更多的是为了生态，而不是为了旅游。可知，A选项“我们能让灭绝的动物复活吗？”最适合作文章标题。故选A。
5
Adulting is hard. While high school students are at the forefront of technological and learning skills, it’s often not until they leave home that they learn everyday life skills. Some believe that high schools should offer a commonsense course in which students are taught how to pay bills, change a tire or cook. Now, one Kentucky school is offering an “adulting day” to teach such skills to students in their senior year.
The class of 2019 at Bullitt Central High School in Shepherdsville, Ky., traded in their algebra and literature classes for a day to learn some positive life skills, according to Wave 3 News.
“I think that the idea occurred to me, originally, when I saw a Facebook post that parents passed around saying they needed a class in high school on taxes and cooking, ” Christy Hardin, director of the BCHS Family Resource & Youth Services Center, told Wave 3. “Our kids can get that, but they have to choose it. And “Wednesday” was a day they could pick and choose pieces they didn’t feel like they had gotten so far.”
Members of the community helped provide the lessons for the students one on one, including local police who taught them how to interact with officers during traffic stops, a speaker who explained how to decipher the difference between homesickness and depression, and others who discussed how to use credit cards, how to cook in a dorm room and how to change a tire.
While many people on Facebook applauded the idea, with some arguing, “This should be taught in every high school, ” others wondered what became of home economics.
Now known as Family and Consumer Sciences, these courses teach students how to cook, sew and budget, along with other skills. In many districts, however, the classes are electives and students do not always choose to take them.
“About time this came back, it was called Home Economics,” one woman wrote. “In today’s diverse make up of families it would be a welcome addition.”
Another shared, “We had home economics that taught us to cook and learned how to sew. We also had business math that taught us banking and finances. Why in the world is that not taught today? I mean, a special day called adulting to teach kids this stuff should be a required class credit.”
17. What can we infer from the first paragraph?
A. High school students are too busy to learn everyday life skills.
B. The schools in other districts have never taught everyday life skills to students.
C. High school students are advanced in technological and learning skills.
D. High school students are lacking in everyday life skills.
18. What put BCHS in the spotlight?
A. It did everything it could to cater to the parents.
B. It taught life skills at the cost of academic courses.
C. It offered parents opportunities to instruct classes.
D. It allow students to decide on their own subjects.
19. The underlined word “decipher” in paragraph 4 probably means “________”.
A. determine B. demonstrate C. discriminate D. distribute
20. Which of the following skills are included in the courses?
a. use credit cards b. learn algebra and literature c. change a tire d. how to cook
A. abc B. bcd C. acd D. abd
21. What are people’s attitudes towards the courses?
A. Supportive B. Opposed C. Skeptical D. Indifferent
【答案】17. D 18. B 19. C 20. C 21. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Bullitt Central高中牺牲一些学术课程的时间来开设一些生活技能课程，教授家政、修轮胎等技能。文章介绍了这门课程的设置安排和人们对此的一些看法。
17. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“While high school students are at the forefront of technological and learning skills, it’s often not until they leave home that they learn everyday life skills. Some believe that high schools should offer a commonsense course in which students are taught how to pay bills, change a tire or cook. (虽然高中生应该把技术和学习技能放在首位，但他们往往要到离家后才能学习日常生活技能。一些人认为，高中应该开设一门常识性课程，教学生如何支付账单、换轮胎或做饭)”可推知，高中生缺乏日常生活技能。故选D。
18. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“The class of 2019 at Bullitt Central High School in Shepherdsville, Ky., traded in their algebra and literature classes for a day to learn some positive life skills, according to Wave 3 News.(据Wave 3 News报道，肯塔基州谢泼德维尔的Bullitt Central高中2019届的学生每周牺牲一天的代数和文学课程来学习一些积极的日常生活技能)”可知，BCHS以牺牲学术课程为代价教授生活技能的做法，让其成为焦点。故选B。
19. 词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“the difference between homesickness and depression”可知，一个发言人给他们解释如何区分想家和沮丧的区别。即画线词意思为“区分”。A. determine决定；B. demonstrate证明；C. discriminate区分；D. distribute分配。故选C。
20. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“others who discussed how to use credit cards, how to cook in a dorm room and how to change a tire. (其他人讨论如何使用信用卡，如何在宿舍做饭，如何换轮胎)”可知，使用信用卡、换轮胎和如何做饭这些技能包含在课程中。故选C。
21. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“one woman wrote. ''In today's diverse make up of families it would be a welcome addition. '' (一位女士写道：“在如今多元化的家庭结构钟，这将是一个受欢迎的东西”)”和最后一段中“I mean, a special day called adulting to teach kids this stuff should be a required class credit.(我的意思是，一个叫成人教育的特殊日子来教孩子们这些东西应该是一个必修的学分)”可推知，人们对课程持支持态度。故选A。
6
It should be one of the main goals in today’s society to reduce plastic consumption. Though many of us believe that recycling will solve the problem, and continue using plastic, it’s actually the opposite. In 2013, 254 million tons of trash was produced in the U.S. alone, and only around 30% was recycled. This means that the rest ended up in a landfill and will stay there for up to 1000 years.
Recently, China has stopped importing trash from all over the world. Before this, over 30% of the world’s waste would end up in China, causing a popular belief that Asian countries are those responsible for creating the majority of the waste in the world. Now, Asian countries, including Vietnam and Thailand, are looking for new ways to avoid plastic. One of those ideas was a new, eco-friendly way to pack their goods by avoiding plastic packaging.
One of the Perfect Homes Chiangmai’s team members noticed a creative way to reduce plastic that a supermarket called Rimping Supermarket was using and decided to take photos of their shelves with his phone. Little did he know that people from all around the world would absolutely love this idea. “I just popped in to get a few items while we were waiting to sign some contracts(合同) with our lawyer, who was delayed. When I noticed the vegetables wrapped in banana leaves and simply liked the idea, I took a few pictures and posted them online” he said.
With more than 3.5 million views and over 17 thousand shares, the idea became something people can encourage more supermarkets to implement(贯彻).
Some have noticed that not everything on the shelves is completely plastic-free, to which the supermarket responded that they are taking one step at a time, but it’s not that easy. Many products come to the supermarkets pre-packaged and many companies are interested in wrapping their produce in plastic since it is the cheapest and the easiest option.
It’s now up to the shoppers to show the supermarket which they prefer. If every one opts for the banana leaf packaging, they will stop stocking the items in plastic.
22. What can we infer about recycling from paragraph 1?
A. The author thinks highly of recycling
B. The US did a great job in recycling in 2013
C. Recycling has failed to solve the plastic problem
D. Recycling helps a lot in reducing plastic consumption
23. Why did the man go to Rimping Supermarket ?
A. To take photos of their shelves
B. To meet with their lawyer there
C. To buy some items
D. To sign some contracts with the supermarket.
24. What does the underline phrase“ opts for ”in the last paragraph probably mean?
A. Doubts B. Discusses C. Dislikes D. Chooses
25. What is the best title of the passage?
A. Leaf Packaging Goes Viral
B. Reducing Plastic Consumption
C. Recycling Avoids Plastic Packaging
D. A Good Option Makes A Difference
【答案】22. C 23. C 24. D 25. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了减少塑料消费应该成为当今社会的主要目标之一。文章提到一种用香蕉叶来包装的方法，但能否成功取决于消费者。
22. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“In 2013, 254 million tons of trash was produced in the U.S. alone, and only around 30% was recycled.”（2013年，仅美国就产生了2.54亿吨垃圾，其中只有约30%被回收。）可推断，垃圾回收不能解决塑料问题。故选C项。
23. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“ “I just popped in to get a few items while we were waiting to sign some contracts(合同) with our lawyer, who was delayed. When I noticed the vegetables wrapped in banana leaves and simply liked the idea, I took a few pictures and posted them online” he said.”（“我只是进来买几样东西，当时我们正在等着和我们的律师签合同，但律师被耽搁了。当我注意到蔬菜是用香蕉叶包着的，并且很喜欢这个想法时，我拍了几张照片，并把它们传到了网上。”）可知，他去Rimping超市是为了去买几样东西。故选C项。
24. 词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段划线词后句“they will stop stocking the items in plastic.”（他们就会停止储存塑料物品。）可知，如果每个人都选择香蕉叶包装，就会停止储存塑料物品。从而猜测短语opts for应为“选择”的意思。故选D项。
25. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“It’s now up to the shoppers to show the supermarket which they prefer. If every one opts for the banana leaf packaging, they will stop stocking the items in plastic.（现在轮到购物者向超市展示他们更喜欢哪一种了。如果每个人都选择香蕉叶包装，他们就会停止储存塑料物品。）及全文内容可知，人们的一个选择可以解决塑料污染问题。所以“A Good Option Makes A Difference(好的选择所带来的影响)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选D项。