2023届高考英语二轮复习：阅读理解 （含解析）

这是一份2023届高考英语二轮复习：阅读理解 （含解析），共14页。试卷主要包含了高考原题，考情分析，变式训练等内容，欢迎下载使用。
（1）阅读理解—2023届高考英语一轮复习揭秘高考原题【新高考】
一、高考原题
1（2022年新高考）.Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
    90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
    Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1=10%; Essay 2=15%; Essay 3=15%; Essay 4=20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
    Students will work in groups to complete four assignments(作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
    Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.  
Late Work
    An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
1. Where is this text probably taken from?
A. A textbook. B. An exam paper.
C. A course plan. D. An academic article.
2. How many parts is a student's final grade made up of?
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five.
3. What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date?
A. You will receive a zero. B. You will lose a letter grade.
C. You will be given a test. D. You will have to rewrite it.
2. （2022年新高考）   Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula(芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
    In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, "food waste goes against the moral grain," as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's cover story. It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from "ugly" (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
    Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte wits, "if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world."
    If that's hard to understand, let's keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time—but for him, it's more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., Which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
    Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don't think. "Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat." Curtin says.
1. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A. We pay little attention to food waste.
B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat.
D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
2. What is a consequence of food waste according to the text?
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
3. What does Curtin's company do?
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
4. What does Curtin suggest people do?
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
3. （2022年新高考）    The elderly residents(居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
    The project was dreamed up by a local charity(慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people's wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
    Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: "I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school.
    "I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they've gone to bed.
    "It's good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I'm enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful."
    There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.  
    Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: "Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here."  
    Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: "We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities." 
1. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people's welfare.
2. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality.
3. What do the underlined words "embark on" mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
4. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.
二、考情分析
I 社会文化类
文化类文章的选材一般以中西方文化差异或者社会文化现象为重点，如礼仪、语言、生活习惯，价值观等，题材涉及社会、文化、教育、体育等方面的内容。体裁以议论文、记叙文居多，但是也有说明文。而且往往一篇文章表达一个主题。
文化类阅读理解的设题一般都是以考查文章的细节为主，兼顾考查考生推理判断的能力。因此，考生答题时要能准确定位，根据试题要求到文章中去寻找相应的答案。做这类题时，考生的英语语言知识和社会常识都发挥着重要的作用，遇到熟悉的题材时，若对题目把握不准，考生可以在立足文章内容的基础上结合社会常识来解答此类题。
对英语语言、社会、文化的了解是一个长期的过程，在复习时要注意：
1.增加英语词汇量、掌握语法和习惯用法。
在复习过程中加强对语言基础知识的掌握。普通中学毕业生应具备2000~3500的词汇量，并掌握其词类、意思和基本用法。掌握句子结构和句子成分之间的关系。熟悉固定词组、固定搭配等约定俗成的语法项目。
2.扩大知识面，认真研读历届高考题。
从近年的高考题看，阅读内容的社会实用性越来越强，更重视语言和文化的关系，阅读材料会更多地涉及社会文化背景知识，因此，要阅读更多关于社会文化背景知识的内容，通过阅读丰富自己的知识。同时，要认真研读近五年的高考篇目，增加语言经验，适应选材特点，熟悉题材和体裁，了解设问形式，感悟设问特点。

II 科普知识类
从文章的体裁看，这类文章一般都是说明文，通过对某种自然现象、某项科学研究、某个最新发现等的详细描述，让大家认识、了解某方面的科学知识，并学会在生活中运用这种知识。有时候科普知识类文章的体裁也可能为记叙文，通常叙述与某项发明或发现相关的人物及事件。
科普知识类文章的设题一般都以考查文章的细节为主。因此，答题时，只要抓住主要信息，仔细比较题目与原文信息的异同，一般便可以作出正确选择。不过，这类题目的文章往往专业性较强，专业术语多，阅读起来较为困难，但是，这类题目的命题一般都很简单，且生词不会影响考生做题。因此，做题时要学会“跳读”，即要跳过有些不影响做题和理解文章内容的生词，只要抓住核心词句即可。

III 人物故事类
这类文章一般可分为人物传记和短篇故事两类。人物传记主要涉及某人的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、个性特征、成长和奋斗历程等，其特点是以时间的先后或事件的发展为主线，脉络清楚，可读性较强。短篇故事与人物传记不同的是，这类文章一般描述的是某一件具体事情的发生、发展或结局有人物、时间、地点和事件。
人物故事类文章一般较长，题目多为细节理解题和推理判断题。考生在做此类阅读理解题时往往有材料看得懂但题目不好做的感觉。因此，考生在阅读文章时要把重点放在事情发展的过程和结果进程及人物之间的关系、细节与主题的关系及用以说明人物性格特点的事实、作者的态度等，这些内容往往是推理判断题的命题点。掌握了这些内容，考生在做推理判断题时，就不会以个人思维想象代替根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断，也只有这样才不会以偏概全。至于细节理解题的解答，考生切忌想当然或者凭印象，一定要找到文章中的原句和题干进行比较，再做出正确选择。

IV 应用广告类
高考广告类短文贴近学生生活，如学习、旅游、保健、购物、招生、招聘、餐饮、网络交流等，这类短文有以下几个特点：
（1）篇幅短小，形式灵活，信息量大。无论整篇广告还是数则广告，都很短小精悍，但其中的信息可能较多甚至较为纷繁。（2）用词和句法简练。广告用词筒单，句法以简单句为主，目的是让读者一目了然，很快捕捉到信息。（3）专有名词和缩略词多。广告涉及的商品和活动以及人物等经常以专有名词出现，而时间、地点等经常以缩略词出现。（4）生词多。广告涉及领城众多、涉及面广，因此会有生词，但往往不影响阅读。
广告类短文的试题多是以获取信息为主的细节理解题，即考查考生对广告具体细节的了解、分析和概括等能力。阅读此类短文需要考生具备较好的 skimming（略读）和 scanning（细查）的阅读技能，即快速读懂文章大意和寻找目标信息。
1.题干定位法：先阅读题干，然后根据问题按照题目顺序有针对性地结合题干中的关键词到文中定位，阅读相关部分并快速寻找有效信息，再将原文和选项进行比较。当问题与原文材料相同的时候，对号入座；如果问题与原文不同，则可以同义替换、归纳事实等。
2.补全成分法：省略词和省略句在应用文中大量出现。对于影响语境理解的省略情况，应将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解其意思。
3.信息再加工法：主要用于词义或句意推测题以及涉及数字转换的推理判断题。需要对原文相关信息作正确理解，并通过推理判断或计算对信息进行再加工。

V 生态环保类
高考题中，常见的热门题材主要有：人与自然的和谐发展，人与自然的生态现状和未来发展，环保的生活方式，生态旅游，生态农业等。
考生在平时学习中要有关注热点环保题材的意识，把握环保新潮流，留心相关题材的文章特点，这样在做这类题时才会得心应手。

VI 史地常识类
史地常识类文章通常介绍历史事件、异域风光等。在选材方面，多选择说英语的国家的主要名胜历史事件等。在设题方面，通常以细节题为主，同时也有一定的主观推断题。命题的形式通常多样，可能涉及图表题、数字计算题、排序题、表格题等。
对此类试题，要特别注意积累与西方社会的风土人情、社交活动、风俗习惯及历史事件有关的专业英语常识。平时养成读书看报的习惯，勤于积累，提高文化素质，掌握已经考过的英语常识试题，在此基础上，进一步丰富常识。此外，要掌握必要的解题技巧，考生可运用英语学科知识，联系有关的历史地理知识，从材料中抓住关键词，获取和解读有效信息，分析历史、地理试题的内涵和外延，并结合选项进行甄别、筛选，做出综合思考和理性的判断，从而选出最符合题意要求的选项。

VII 新闻报道类
新闻报道类文章都具有时代性，材料反映当代社会的某个方面。新闻报道类文章要点突出，主题鲜明；一般来说，看文章的首段或者首句便可知全文的主要内容，如时间、地点、人物等；新闻报道类文章清楚地告知读者when，where，who，what，how等内容。
1.泛读各类文章，积累背景知识。做阅读时，背景知识对阅读理解水平有着重要的影响。因此，考生对文章内容的熟悉程度有时要比其本身的语言水平更重要。所以考生在复习迎考时，要有针对性地选读一些有关各学科知识的文章，留意各类评论性文章，增加一些背景知识，有意识地强化记忆有关词汇，以便能理解考试中将会遇到的各种内容的文章，从而达到事半功倍的效果。
2.重视文章的首段、首句。一般来说，根据文章第一段或者仅仅根据第一句话便可知全文的主要内容，如事件、时间、地点、人物等。
3.在阅读中要忽略人名、地名，不要被这些专有名词弄乱自己的思路和情绪，但要理清地点的位置及人物之间的关系
4.做题时要先读问题，再读文章，之后再回归问题。

三、变式训练
4.    A man who lost all movement below the neck after a serious injury in 2007 was finally able to write again—with his mind.
    Stanford University researchers used artificial intelligence software and a brain-computer interface(接口) to help the man to communicate with others by text, according to a study published Wednesday in Nature.
    Dr. Jaimie Henderson, professor of neurosurgery at Stanford, implanted two microchips the size of baby aspirin(阿司匹林) about 1 millimeter into the man's brain in 2017. The chips can record movement in the motor cortex, the part of the brain that controls hand movement.
    When the man imagined he was using his hand to write on a notebook, the computer transferred his thoughts into text on a computer screen. "This approach allowed a person with paralysis(瘫痪) to compose sentences at speeds nearly comparable to those of able-bodied adults of the same age typing on a smartphone," Henderson said. "The goal is to restore the ability to communicate by text."
    The man who was referred to only as T5 in the study texted at a rate of about 18 words per minute. A person of the same age with full use of their hands can text at an average of 23 words per minute on a smartphone. His error rate was about one mistake every 18 or 19 attempted characters. When researchers used an autocorrect function, similar to most smartphones, error rates decreased below 1% when he was asked to copy text and slightly more than 2% when he was asked to write something original.
    Study authors are excited not only about the breakthrough technology but about what their discovery means for future research. Researchers hope the technology could be adapted to allow people who can't talk to make conversation through writing. More work needs to be done before the study's results can be successfully transferred into real-world applications, such as a tablet, smartphone or computer.
1.What is the purpose of the first paragraph?
A.To tell the situation of the man. B.To attract readers to go on reading.
C.To let readers feel sorry for the man. D.To compare the man with other normal people.
2.Which is necessary for the technology?
A.A phone. B.Medicine. C.A computer. D.A notebook.
3.What is the result of the technology?
A.It is successful. B.It is forbidden.
C.It has no advantage at all. D.It makes businessmen excited.
4.What can be concluded from the last paragraph?
A.This technology is available in real world.
B.This technology can help people feel excited.
C.It will need long time to spread the technology.
D.People may no longer need the ability to talk in the future.
5.    Lightning could be a much more important atmospheric cleanser than previously thought, according to a new analysis of historical measurements gathered from a storm-chasing airplane back in 2012 data which were originally thought to be inaccurate.
    While some of the air-cleaning qualities of lightning are already well understood—in particular the creation of nitric oxide(氧化亚氮) and hydroxide(氢氧化物) that can wash out various greenhouse gases from the sky—there's a lot more going on here, according to the new research.
    It appears that both lightning and the weaker, invisible electrical charges around them can produce the pollutant-catching oxidants hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2), which can also remove some polluted gases such as methane and carbon monoxide from the atmosphere.
    These 2012 readings were taken from a NASA plane flying over Colorado and Oklahoma, measuring the top part of storm clouds. The recent analysis, plus data gathered on the ground at the same time, showed that the lightning was indeed producing these high levels of oxidants(氧化剂).
    A series of lab experiments backed up the idea that both visible lightning and invisible electrical charges in the air could produce extreme amounts of oxidants hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2). It's worth bearing in mind that most lightning storms never strike the ground, but are nevertheless setting off a lot of chemical reactions in the clouds.
    At the moment, the hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl produced by lightning isn't included in atmospheric modeling—a neglect that could be significant.
    "Through history, people were only interested in lightning storms because of what they could do on the ground," says Brune. "Now there is increasing interest in the weaker electrical discharges in thunderstorms that lead to clean the atmosphere."
    There's a lot of uncertainty in the data, the researchers admit—mostly because their data is from a small part of the world over a limited time frame—but they guess that between 2-16 percent of global atmospheric oxidation could be caused by lightning storms.
1.Why can the lightning clean the air?
A.It usually goes with rain. B.It can produce more oxygen.
C.It can remove some greenhouse gases. D.It deals with the dirty dust and polluted air.
2.How did the researchers get the conclusion?
A.By using others' report. B.By comparing some data.
C.By doing research in the lab. D.By studying the previous data.
3.What is the disadvantage of the research?
A.It is not all-sided. B.It is not the latest.
C.It is done on the ground. D.It is only about atmosphere.
4.Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A.The Atmosphere is Getting Polluted
B.Lightning is Dangerous for Human Beings
C.Scientists Find Chemical Reactions in the Clouds
D.Lightning Helps the Atmosphere Clean Itself
6.    If you are longing for a hike in Alaska and aren't sure where to start, here are our favorites. There's something for all levels of skill and ambition.
The Kenai River Trail
    A half mile down this trail are wonderful views of the Kenai River Canyon. There are really two trailheads(小道的起点); the main "upper" trail starts at mile 0.6 of Skilak Lake Rd, and the other at mile 2.3. A Dall sheep overlooks the Turnagain Arm.
Turnagain Arm Trail
    This 11-mile hike begins at Potter Trailhead (Mile 115). Initially used by Alaska Natives, the trail, can also be accessible to points along the way: McHugh Creek (Mile 112), Rainbow (Mile 108) and Windy (Mile 107).
Iditarod National Historic Trail
    The National Historic Iditarod Trail is a 24-mile hike used by gold miners and sled-dog teams until 1918, when the Alaska Railroad was finished. It's a two-to-three day hike through superb mountain scenery to Girdwood (where it's known as the Crow Pass Trail), and is the region's best backpack adventure.
    Put up a tent at Echo Bend (Mile 3), or rent one of two yurts(毡房) ($65 per night) close by. For a shorter outing you can turn around at the Perch, then return to the Dew Mound Trail at Echo Bend and then to the Nature Center, making this a scenic 8-mile trip.
Reed Lakes Trail
    Two alpine lakes, waterfalls, glaciers and towering granite(花岗岩) walls: the 7-to-9-mile Reed Lakes Trail is one of the most wonderful hikes in the region, and worth the climb. Once you reach upper Reed Lake, continue 1 mile to Bomber Glacier, where the ruin of a B-29 bomber lies in memorial to six men who died in a 1957 crash.
1.Which of the following was originally used by Alaska Natives?
A.The Kenai River Trail. B.Turnagain Arm Trail.
C.Iditarod National Historic Trail. D.Reed Lakes Trail.
2.At which place can hikers set up a tent?
A.Girdwood. B.Potter Trailhead.
C.Echo Bend. D.Turnagain Arm.
3.What will visitors see at Bomber Glacier?
A.A memorial to six heroes. B.A tower made of granite.
C.The ruin of a B-29 bomber. D.One of the most gorgeous waterfalls.
7.    My name is Jacob Cramer. I am a freshman at Orange High School.
    In 2013, I founded an organization called Love For The Elderly. Many elderly people have no one to care for them, no one to look after them, no one to love them. The elderly have paved the pathway of success for my generation. They deserve to be shown appreciation and kindness but are often ignored.
    I am sure all of you have someone in your heart who has been at a nursing home. Think of them while I say this: they deserve the best and nothing but the best. The elderly are such an outstanding group, and their wisdom can most definitely be learned from. This idea of appreciating the elderly reverberated(回响) inside my head until finally, I decided it was time to step up and make a difference.
    My passion for writing led me to create an organization, where people from all across the globe send letters filled with kindness and joy, from Iceland, Romania, Finland, Australia, and more. I then send these letters to senior centers, nursing homes, and retirement communities located all across the country. To this date, I have collected over 1000 letters, and the response I have received has been truly unbelievable.
    This past month, I had the opportunity(机会) to receive $100 from KindSpring through their monthly kindness contest to help my organization. This money has been of great help. We do not receive much money, and so it helped to pay for many costs, including postage and envelopes. This gesture of kindness has been very beneficial to my organization, and I could not be more appreciative. Thank you so much to KindSpring for this amazing opportunity. If any of you would like to get involved in my organization, please visit lovefortheelderly.org.
1.What does the author tell us about the elderly's life?
A.All are in bad condition. B.Most get little love or care.
C.A few live a successful life. D.They appreciate others' kindness.
2.Which of the following can best describe the author?
A.Outgoing and honest. B.Aggressive but careful.
C.Ambitious and kind. D.Considerate but silent.
3.Why does the author mention KindSpring?
A.To advertise for the organization. B.To appeal to others to donate money.
C.To show mean behaviors of the organization. D.To express his thanks to the organization.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Volunteer in Senior Centers—Your Choice.
B.Love for the Elderly—a Chance to Show Kindness
C.Stay Alone after Retirement—the Elderly's Suffering
D.Letters to Parents—the Way of Expressing Love
8.    The average temperature on Earth is now 1℃ hotter than it was in the late 1800s, and that temperature will keep rising toward the serious 1.5℃ standard over the next five years, according to a new report.
    The authors of the new report predict that the average annual temperature on Earth will temporarily hit 1.5℃ of warming at some point in the next five years. "That possibility has doubled since last year. We're seeing increasing change in our climate," says Randall Cerveny, a climate scientist at Arizona State University.
    Topping 1.5℃ of warming in a single year wouldn't break the Paris Agreement. But with every passing year of rising greenhouse gas emissions(排放), it becomes more likely that humans will cause catastrophic warming. The report calculates there's a 90% chance that one of the next five years will be the warmest year on record. "It is yet another wakeup call that the world needs to speed up commitments to slash greenhouse gas emissions," WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas said in a statement.
    If the U.S. follows through on new promises to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, it would help limit global warming to some extent, although other countries including China would also need to reduce their emissions in the next 10 years.
    In April, the U.S. promised to cut the emissions in half by 2030 compared with 2005 levels. Most of those cuts would need to come from electricity generation and transportation. Meanwhile, the fossil fuel industry is seeing more pressure to invest(投资) in clean energy. On Wednesday, a Dutch court ordered Royal Dutch Shell to cut its carbon emissions more quickly, although the company says it expects to appeal the decision. And a small activist hedge fund(对冲基金会) successfully placed at least two new candidates on Exxon Mobil's board of directors, with the goal of pushing the company to take climate change more seriously.
1.What can we learn from Randall Cerveny?
A.Climate change becomes more serious. B.The prediction about climate is in doubt.
C.The experts think little of climate change. D.The average annual temperature doubled last year.
2.What does the underlined word "slash" in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Reduce. B.Avoid. C.Measure. D.Forbid.
3.What can we infer from paragraph 4?
A.America fails to cut greenhouse gas emissions.
B.Other countries have helped limit global warming.
C.China determines to follow America's example.
D.America plays arole in global greenhouse gas emissions.
4.What happened to Royal Dutch Shell according to the last paragraph?
A.It was charged with air pollution.
B.It brought pressure to global warming.
C.It was asked to quicken the cut of carbon emissions.
D.It devoted to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.




答案以及解析
1.答案：1-3 CBA
解析：1.推断。题干问的是"这篇文章可能节选自哪里"。浏览全文可知, 本文介绍了文学入门这门课程的评分原则, 由此可推知, 本文可能节选自一个课程计划, 故选C项。
2.理解具体信息。题干问的是"学生的期末成绩由几部分组成"。根据文中的"Essays (60%)" "Group Assignments (30%)" "Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)"可知, 学生的期末成绩由三部分组成。故选B项。
3.理解具体信息。题干问的是"如果你在截止日期过后一周才提交文章会发生什么"。根据题干可将解题信息定位于文章的最后一部分, 根据"If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero"(如果没有在截止日期后的第4天之前上交, 你将会得到零分)可知, 如果你在截止日期过后一周才上交, 你的成绩将会是零分。故选A项。
2.答案：1-4 BBDA
解析：1.理解具体信息。题干问的是"作者想要通过讲芝麻菜的故事表达什么?"。根据题干可将解题信息定位于文章的第一段。根据第一段的最后一句可知, 更糟糕的是, 作者不假思索地买了太多东西; 作者本可以用扔掉的东西做六份沙拉。由此可知, 我们有时会无意中浪费食物。故选B项。
2.理解具体信息。题干问的是"根据文本内容, 食物浪费的一个后果是什么?"。根据题干可将解题信息定位于文章的第三段。根据第三段第一句可知, 生产没人吃的食物会浪费种植食物所消耗的水、燃料和其他资源, 这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。由此可知, 食物浪费的一个后果是环境危害。故选B项。
3.推断。题干问的是"Curtin的公司是做什么的?"。根据题干可将解题信息定位于文章的第四段。根据第四段中的"Curtin is CEO...rotted in fields"可知, 该公司回收食物并将其转变为健康食品。它通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品, 回收了超过807500磅的食物, 否则这些农产品会在地里腐烂。由此可推知, Curtin的公司把一些人们不需要的东西变成可以吃的健康食物。故选D项。
4.推断。题干问的是"Curtin建议人们做什么?"。根据题干可将解题信息定位于文章的最后一段。根据最后一段中Curtin说的话可推知, Curtin建议人们减少食物浪费。故选A项。
3.答案：1-4 DBCA
解析：1.理解目的。题干问的是"这个项目的目的是什么?"。根据题干我们可以定位到文章的第二段, 根据第二段的内容可知, 该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想, 旨在减少老人的孤独感, 改善其健康状况。故选D项。
2.理解具体信息。题干问的是"这个项目是如何影响Ruth Xavier的?"。根据题干我们可以定位到文章的第五段, 根据第五段Ruth Xavier说的对这个项目的感受"我很享受这些有创意的活动, 做一些有用的事情的感觉很好"可知, 她从这个项目中获得了成就感。故选B项。
3.理解词汇。题干问的是"第七段画线部分'embark on'是什么意思?"。根据题干我们可以定位到文章的第七段, 根据第七段Wendy Wilson的话"居民们非常欢迎这个项目和创意会议的想法。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣"并结合画线部分可推知, 画线部分所在句的意思是"第一批开始这个项目的组织之一", 因此画线部分的意思为"开始", 故选C项。
4.推断。题干问的是"从最后两段我们可以了解到关于这个项目的什么信息?"。根据题干我们可以定位到文章的最后两段, 最后两段讲述了一些组织参与到这个项目的感受。根据Wendy Wilson和Lynn Lewis两位负责人说的话可知, 这个项目得到了好评。故选A项。
4.答案：1-4 BCAC
解析：1.目的意图题。根据第一段"A man who lost all movement below the neck after a serious injury in 2007 was finally able to write again—with his mind."可知, 一位在2007年受重伤后颈部以下完全失去了活动能力的男子终于能够用他的大脑重新写字了。由此可推知, 第一段的目的是吸引读者的兴趣, 让读者继续阅读。故选B。
2.推理判断题。根据第二段中的"Stanford University researchers used artificial intelligence software and a brain-computer interface(接口) to help the man to communicate with others"以及第四段第一句"When the man imagined he was using his hand to write on a notebook, the computer transferred his thoughts into text on a computer screen."可知, 斯坦福大学的研究人员使用人工智能软件和脑机接口来帮助这位男土与其他人交流。当这个人想象自己正在用手在记事本上写字时, 电脑就会把他的想法转化成电脑屏幕上的文字。由此可推知, 电脑是该技术中必要的设备。故选C。
3.推理判断题。根据第五段内容和最后一段第一句"Study authors are excited not only about the breakthrough technology but about what their discovery means for future research."可知, 研究人员不仅因这项突破性技术而兴奋不已, 还因为他们的发现对于未来研究的意义而激动。由此可推知, 该技术是一项很成功的技术。故选A。
4.推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句"More work needs to be done before the study's results can be successfully transferred into real-world applications, such as a tablet, smartphone or computer."可知, 在这项研究成果成功地转向现实世界中平板电脑、智能手机或电脑等设备的应用之前, 还有更多的工作要做。由此可推知, 广泛推广该技术仍然需要很长的时间。故选C。
5.答案：1-4 CBAD
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的"in particular the creation of nitric oxide(氧化亚氮) and hydroxide(氢氧化物) that can wash out various greenhouse gases from the sky"可知, 闪电中生成的氧化亚氮和氢氧化物可以清除天空中的各种温室气体。故选C。
2.推理判断题。根据第四段"These 2012 readings were taken from a NASA plane flying over Colorado and Oklahoma, measuring the top part of storm clouds. The recent analysis, plus data gathered on the ground at the same time, showed that the lightning was indeed producing these high levels of oxidants(氧化剂)."可知, 这些2012年的数据是美国航空航天局的一架飞机在科罗拉多州和俄克拉荷马州测量风暴云的顶部时获得的。最近的分析加上同时在地面上收集的数据表明, 闪电确实产生了这些高级的氧化剂。由此可推知, 研究人员是通过对比分析数据得出的结论。故选B。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"There's a lot of uncertainty in the data, the researchers admit—mostly because their data is from a small part of the world over a limited time frame"可知, 研究人员承认, 数据中有很多不确定性, 主要是因为他们的数据只是(在)有限的时间内的数据, 且他们只在世界上的一小部分地区进行了测试。由此可推知, 该研究不是很全面。故选A。
4.标题概括题。通读全文可知, 文章主要介绍闪电是自然界中天然的空气净化器。因此, D项"闪电有助于大气层的自我清洁"概括了本文大意, 是本文的最佳标题。故选D。
6.答案：1-3 BCC
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第三段第二句中的"Initially used by Alaska Natives, the trail, can also be accessible to points along the way"可知, Turnagain Arm Trail这条路线最初只有阿拉斯加当地人使用。故选B。
2.细节理解题。根据第五段第一句"Put up a tent at Echo Bend (Mile 3), or rent one of two yurts(毡房) ($65 per night) close by."可知, 在Echo Bend, 徒步者可以搭建帐篷。故选C。
3.细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句中的"Bomber Glacier, where the ruin of a B-29 bomber lies in memorial to six men who died in a 1957 crash"可知, 游客们可以在Bomber Glacier看到B-29轰炸机的残骸。故选C。
7.答案：1-4 BCDB
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段第二句"Many elderly people have no one to care for them, no one to look after them, no one to love them."可知, 作者表示, 大部分老人很少得到关爱。故选B。
2.推理判断题。根据第三段第四句"This idea of appreciating the elderly reverberated(回响) inside my head until finally, I decided it was time to step up and make a difference."和第四段第一句中的"My passion for writing led me to create an organization, where people from all across the globe send letters filled with kindness and joy"可知, 出于对老人的感激, 作者决定建立一个组织, 收集来自世界各地的信件, 然后给予老人们回馈。由此可推知, 作者是善良且有志向的。故选C。
3.目的意图题。根据最后一段倒数第二句"Thank you so much to KindSpring for this amazing opportunity."可推知, 作者提到KindSpring是为了感激该组织给作者的捐赠。故选D。
4.标题概括题。通读全文可知, 文章主要介绍了作者建立"关爱老人之家"组织的缘由以及该组织得到的资助, 并以此号召更多的人参与进来。因此, B项"关爱老年人—一个表达善意的机会"概括了文章大意, 是本文的最佳标题。故选B。
8.答案：1-4 AADC
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知, 在未来五年内的某个时候, 地球的年平均气温将上升1.5℃。Randall Cerveny说: "自去年以来, 这种可能性增加了一倍, 我们看到气候正在发生越来越大的变化"。由此可推知, Randall Cerveny的话表明气候变化(问题)更严重了。故选A。
2.词义猜测题。根据第三段倒数第二句中的"one of the next five years will be the warmest year on record"和画线句中的"It is yet another wakeup call"可知, 未来五年中的某一年有90%的可能性会成为有记录以来最热的一年。这再次敲响了警钟。由此可推知, 画线词所在句表示, 全世界需要加快兑现减少温室气体的排放的承诺。因此slash应意为"削减", 与A项意思相近。故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据第四段中的"If the U.S. follows through on new promises to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, it would help limit global warming to some extent"可知, 如果美国兑现减少排放温室气体的新承诺, 那将会在一定程度上有助于控制全球变暖(的问题)。由此可推知, 美国在全球温室气体的排放中扮演着重要角色。故选D。
4.细节理解题。根据最后一段第四句中的"On Wednesday, a Dutch court ordered Royal Dutch Shell to cut its carbon emissions more quickly"可知, Royal Dutch Shell公司被勒令加快减少温室气体排放的步伐。故选C。