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高中英语牛津译林版 (2019)选择性必修 第二册Grammar and usage集体备课课件ppt
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这是一份高中英语牛津译林版 (2019)选择性必修 第二册Grammar and usage集体备课课件ppt，共37页。PPT课件主要包含了had won等内容，欢迎下载使用。
Learning bjectives
By the end f this sectin, yu will be able t:1. understand the usage f the past perfect tense;2. identify the verb frm f the past perfect tense;3. use the right frms f the past perfect tense t crrect the mistakes and cmplete an article;4. apply the past perfect tense in new situatins.
Explring the rules
Past perfect Lk at the sentences and answer the questins.In sentence (a), which actin happened first, “suspected” r “evlved frm a cmmn ancestr”?
In sentence (a), “evlved frm a cmmn ancestr” happened first.
a Darwin suspected that the finches had evlved frm a cmmn ancestr, ... b Many peple refused t believe that living things, including humans, had evlved frm lwer frms f life.
In sentence (b), which actin happened first, “refused t believe” r “evlved frm lwer frms f life”?
In sentence (b), “evlved frm lwer frms f life” happened first.
Past perfect Lk at the sentences and answer the questins.
It indicates the actin happened befre a certain past actin.
Cmplete the paragraphs with the infrmatin frm the given sentences. The sentences are in the rder in which they happened.
1 a Natural disasters led t fd shrtages in the 1960s. b Yuan Lngping began t d research n hybrid rice. c Yuan Lngping develped a better type f rice.
Yuan Lngping 1 t d research n hybrid rice because natural disasters 2 fd shrtages in the 1960s. In the end, he 3 a better type f rice.
had led t
2a Gregr Mendel chse t study pea plants because their characteristics were easy t cntrl. b Gregr Mendel made imprtant discveries abut genetics.c Gregr Mendel died in 1884.
Gregr Mendel 4 study pea plants because their characteristics were easy t cntrl. By the time f his death in 1884, he 5 imprtant discveries abut genetics.
Read the shrt life stry f Jseph Pulitzer and find the sentences that use the past perfect tense. The first ne has been dne fr yu.
…by then he had learnt very little English. …by the age f 25, he had becme a publisher.He used the same business strategy he had emplyed at the St Luis Pst-Dispatch…
Wrking ut the rules
一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点:概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。
例：They had already had breakfast befre they arrived at the htel. She had finished writing the cmpsitin by 10:00 this mrning.
二、过去完成时的判断依据:1. 由时间状语来判定：与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： (1) by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the nvel by nine 'clck last night. (2) by the end f + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned ver tw thusand English wrds by the end f last term. (3) befre + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees befre last Wednesday.
2. 由“过去的过去”来判定：是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： (1) 宾语从句中: 在tld, said, knew, heard, thught等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film befre. (2) 状语从句中: 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I gt t the statin, the train had already left. After he had finished his hmewrk, he went t bed.
注意：befre, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 befre 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did yu study (had yu studied) befre yu came here? After he clsed the dr, he left the classrm.
(3) 表示意向的动词，如hpe, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppse等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"我们原本希望你会来，但你没来。We had hped that yu wuld cme, but yu didn't.
3. 根据上、下文来判定。 昨天我在街上见到了王涛，自从他来到北京后我们还没见过面。I met Wang Ta in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each ther since he came t Beijing.
三、过去完成时的主要用法 1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：我醒来时，雨已经停了。When I wke up, it had stpped raining. 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如： 他告诉我他写了一本新书。He tld me that he had written a new bk. (had written 发生在 tld 之前 )
3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already, yet, still, just, befre, never 等时间副词及 by, befre, until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Befre she came t China, Grace had taught English in a schl fr abut five years.Pearl had cllected mre than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，且动作尚未结束，仍有继续的可能。如： By the end f last year, he had wrked in the factry fr twenty years. (had wrked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能)
四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为”have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较： 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。I have learned 1000 English wrds s far. 到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English wrds till then.
— I'm srry t keep yu waiting. — Oh, nt at all. I have been here nly a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） — Jhn returned hme yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 — Where had he been? 他去哪儿了？（使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned hme 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）
五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： 他们昨天十点前就到车站了。They had arrived at the statin by ten yesterday. 他们昨天十点到了车站。They arrived at the statin at ten yesterday.
2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whle family were pleased with her, t. She had just wn the first in the cmpsitin cmpetitin.
3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 befre, after, as sn as引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如： 他进入房间，打开灯，看晚报。He entered the rm, turned n the light and read an evening paper. 我离开办公室前给她打了电话。I (had) called her befre I left the ffice.
G thrugh the ntes n page 98.
Applying the rules
Circle the mistakes and crrect them in the blanks belw.
1 Pulitzer knew that he had learnt very little English, s he had started t wrk hard at the language.________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pulitzer knew that he had learnt very little English, s he started t wrk hard at the language.
2 Pulitzer was very hard-wrking. Quite ften, when he arrived hme at midnight, he was wrking fr ver 10 hurs. ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________3 Fr the time he was 25, Pulitzer had becme a successful jurnalist and publisher. ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________
Pulitzer was very hard-wrking. Quite ften, when he arrived hme at midnight, he had wrked fr ver 10 hurs.
By the time he was 25, Pulitzer had becme a successful jurnalist and publisher.
4 Many f the best reprters have wrked fr his paper befre its failure in 1931. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Many f the best reprters had wrked fr his paper befre its failure in 1931.
win build intend award allw
Belw is a passage abut the Pulitzer Prizes. Cmplete it with the crrect frms f the verbs in the bx belw.
The Pulitzer Prizes are a set f 21 awards hnring excellence in jurnalism and the arts. The prizes were established largely due t the effrts f Jseph Pulitzer, wh (1) __________ his reputatin as a newspaper publisher. He left mney in his 1904 will t fund the establishment f the prizes, stating that he wanted fur awards in jurnalism, fur in letters and drama, ne fr educatin, and five traveling schlarships.
Since the first prizes (2) ______________ in 1917, there have been many winners and many peple have wn mre than nce. Past winners include such famus names as Eugene O’Neill. When O’Neill received the Pulitzer Prize in Drama in 1957, it was the furth time he (3) ______________ ne.
were awarded
There have been a number f changes t the Pulitzer Prizes ver time. Sme f these resulted frm advances in technlgy. Fr example, nline cntent frm newspaper websites (4) __________________ in all f the jurnalism categries since 2006. the Pulitzer Prizes have als expanded t include such categries as phtgraphy and music. Nevertheless, jurnalism is still what the Pulitzer Prizes are best knwn fr. Tday, winning the Pulitzer Prizes is cnsidered by many t be the highest achievement pssible in jurnalism-just as Pulitzer (5) _______________.
has been allwed
Past perfect simple: uses
The past perfect refers t time up t a pint in the past (time up t then), just as the present perfect refers t smething that happened in the time up t the mment f speaking (time up t nw):
e.g. I’d seen all f Elvis Presley’s mvies by the time I was 20!
Time up t then
Zu Tafen was a famus Chinese jurnalist and publisher. Read the timeline belw and describe his life stry using the past perfect tense.
Brn inFujian
Becmes the chief editr f Life Weekly
Starts a new jurnal called Life f the Masses
Graduates frm university
Starts campaigning against the Japanese invasin
Dies in Shanghai
Becmes an editr
Zu Tafen was brn in Fujian in 1895. After he had graduated frm university in 1921, he became an editr. Befre he started a new jurnal Life f the Masses in 1935, he had started campaigning against the Japanese invasin in 1931. He died in Shanghai in 1944.
Learning bjectives
By the end f this sectin, yu will be able t:1. understand the usage f the past perfect tense;2. identify the verb frm f the past perfect tense;3. use the right frms f the past perfect tense t crrect the mistakes and cmplete an article;4. apply the past perfect tense in new situatins.
Explring the rules
Past perfect Lk at the sentences and answer the questins.In sentence (a), which actin happened first, “suspected” r “evlved frm a cmmn ancestr”?
In sentence (a), “evlved frm a cmmn ancestr” happened first.
a Darwin suspected that the finches had evlved frm a cmmn ancestr, ... b Many peple refused t believe that living things, including humans, had evlved frm lwer frms f life.
In sentence (b), which actin happened first, “refused t believe” r “evlved frm lwer frms f life”?
In sentence (b), “evlved frm lwer frms f life” happened first.
Past perfect Lk at the sentences and answer the questins.
It indicates the actin happened befre a certain past actin.
Cmplete the paragraphs with the infrmatin frm the given sentences. The sentences are in the rder in which they happened.
1 a Natural disasters led t fd shrtages in the 1960s. b Yuan Lngping began t d research n hybrid rice. c Yuan Lngping develped a better type f rice.
Yuan Lngping 1 t d research n hybrid rice because natural disasters 2 fd shrtages in the 1960s. In the end, he 3 a better type f rice.
had led t
2a Gregr Mendel chse t study pea plants because their characteristics were easy t cntrl. b Gregr Mendel made imprtant discveries abut genetics.c Gregr Mendel died in 1884.
Gregr Mendel 4 study pea plants because their characteristics were easy t cntrl. By the time f his death in 1884, he 5 imprtant discveries abut genetics.
Read the shrt life stry f Jseph Pulitzer and find the sentences that use the past perfect tense. The first ne has been dne fr yu.
…by then he had learnt very little English. …by the age f 25, he had becme a publisher.He used the same business strategy he had emplyed at the St Luis Pst-Dispatch…
Wrking ut the rules
一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点:概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。
例：They had already had breakfast befre they arrived at the htel. She had finished writing the cmpsitin by 10:00 this mrning.
二、过去完成时的判断依据:1. 由时间状语来判定：与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： (1) by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the nvel by nine 'clck last night. (2) by the end f + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned ver tw thusand English wrds by the end f last term. (3) befre + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees befre last Wednesday.
2. 由“过去的过去”来判定：是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： (1) 宾语从句中: 在tld, said, knew, heard, thught等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film befre. (2) 状语从句中: 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I gt t the statin, the train had already left. After he had finished his hmewrk, he went t bed.
注意：befre, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 befre 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did yu study (had yu studied) befre yu came here? After he clsed the dr, he left the classrm.
(3) 表示意向的动词，如hpe, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppse等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"我们原本希望你会来，但你没来。We had hped that yu wuld cme, but yu didn't.
3. 根据上、下文来判定。 昨天我在街上见到了王涛，自从他来到北京后我们还没见过面。I met Wang Ta in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each ther since he came t Beijing.
三、过去完成时的主要用法 1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：我醒来时，雨已经停了。When I wke up, it had stpped raining. 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如： 他告诉我他写了一本新书。He tld me that he had written a new bk. (had written 发生在 tld 之前 )
3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already, yet, still, just, befre, never 等时间副词及 by, befre, until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Befre she came t China, Grace had taught English in a schl fr abut five years.Pearl had cllected mre than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，且动作尚未结束，仍有继续的可能。如： By the end f last year, he had wrked in the factry fr twenty years. (had wrked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能)
四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为”have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较： 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。I have learned 1000 English wrds s far. 到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English wrds till then.
— I'm srry t keep yu waiting. — Oh, nt at all. I have been here nly a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） — Jhn returned hme yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 — Where had he been? 他去哪儿了？（使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned hme 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）
五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： 他们昨天十点前就到车站了。They had arrived at the statin by ten yesterday. 他们昨天十点到了车站。They arrived at the statin at ten yesterday.
2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whle family were pleased with her, t. She had just wn the first in the cmpsitin cmpetitin.
3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 befre, after, as sn as引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如： 他进入房间，打开灯，看晚报。He entered the rm, turned n the light and read an evening paper. 我离开办公室前给她打了电话。I (had) called her befre I left the ffice.
G thrugh the ntes n page 98.
Applying the rules
Circle the mistakes and crrect them in the blanks belw.
1 Pulitzer knew that he had learnt very little English, s he had started t wrk hard at the language.________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pulitzer knew that he had learnt very little English, s he started t wrk hard at the language.
2 Pulitzer was very hard-wrking. Quite ften, when he arrived hme at midnight, he was wrking fr ver 10 hurs. ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________3 Fr the time he was 25, Pulitzer had becme a successful jurnalist and publisher. ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________
Pulitzer was very hard-wrking. Quite ften, when he arrived hme at midnight, he had wrked fr ver 10 hurs.
By the time he was 25, Pulitzer had becme a successful jurnalist and publisher.
4 Many f the best reprters have wrked fr his paper befre its failure in 1931. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Many f the best reprters had wrked fr his paper befre its failure in 1931.
win build intend award allw
Belw is a passage abut the Pulitzer Prizes. Cmplete it with the crrect frms f the verbs in the bx belw.
The Pulitzer Prizes are a set f 21 awards hnring excellence in jurnalism and the arts. The prizes were established largely due t the effrts f Jseph Pulitzer, wh (1) __________ his reputatin as a newspaper publisher. He left mney in his 1904 will t fund the establishment f the prizes, stating that he wanted fur awards in jurnalism, fur in letters and drama, ne fr educatin, and five traveling schlarships.
Since the first prizes (2) ______________ in 1917, there have been many winners and many peple have wn mre than nce. Past winners include such famus names as Eugene O’Neill. When O’Neill received the Pulitzer Prize in Drama in 1957, it was the furth time he (3) ______________ ne.
were awarded
There have been a number f changes t the Pulitzer Prizes ver time. Sme f these resulted frm advances in technlgy. Fr example, nline cntent frm newspaper websites (4) __________________ in all f the jurnalism categries since 2006. the Pulitzer Prizes have als expanded t include such categries as phtgraphy and music. Nevertheless, jurnalism is still what the Pulitzer Prizes are best knwn fr. Tday, winning the Pulitzer Prizes is cnsidered by many t be the highest achievement pssible in jurnalism-just as Pulitzer (5) _______________.
has been allwed
Past perfect simple: uses
The past perfect refers t time up t a pint in the past (time up t then), just as the present perfect refers t smething that happened in the time up t the mment f speaking (time up t nw):
e.g. I’d seen all f Elvis Presley’s mvies by the time I was 20!
Time up t then
Zu Tafen was a famus Chinese jurnalist and publisher. Read the timeline belw and describe his life stry using the past perfect tense.
Brn inFujian
Becmes the chief editr f Life Weekly
Starts a new jurnal called Life f the Masses
Graduates frm university
Starts campaigning against the Japanese invasin
Dies in Shanghai
Becmes an editr
Zu Tafen was brn in Fujian in 1895. After he had graduated frm university in 1921, he became an editr. Befre he started a new jurnal Life f the Masses in 1935, he had started campaigning against the Japanese invasin in 1931. He died in Shanghai in 1944.
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