中职高考英语(语文版)一轮复习语法专项课件:形容词性从句(定语从句)
展开在句子中起定语作用,修饰句中的名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时,其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。
(一)关系代词引导的定语从句
1.wh引导的定语从句wh指人,在从句中作主语。例如:The man wh is shaking hands with my father is a pliceman. 正和我父亲握手的那个人是警察。Thse wh wish t g t the museum must be at the gate by 7:50 a.m.想去博物馆的人必须在早上7:50到大门口集合。2.在whm引导的定语从句whm指人,在从句中作宾语,常可省略。例如:Mrs. Smith (whm) yu met yesterday is a friend f mine. 你昨天遇见的那位史密斯夫人是我的一个朋友。The prfessr (whm) yu wish t see has cme. 你想见的那位教授已经来了。
3. whse引导的定语从句whse通常指人,也可指物,在从句中作定语。例如:This is the scientist whse name is knwn all ver the cuntry. 这就是那位闻名全国的科学家。Nbdy wants the huse whse rf has fallen in. 没有人要这个屋顶已坍塌了的房子。4.which引导的定语从句which指事物,在从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时,常可省略。例如:Guilin is a city which has a histry f 2000 years. 桂林是一座具有2000年历史的城市。A dictinary is a bk which gives the meaning f wrds. 词典是解释词语的书。The yung man was very happy t get back the gld ring (which) he had lst n the train. 那个年轻人领回了他在火车上丢失的金戒指,非常高兴。
5.that引导的定语从句that指事物,也可指人,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。例如:There is a film (that) I like t see. 有一部电影我想去看。She is the nly ne amng us that knws French. 她是我们当中唯一懂法语的人。
(二)关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when引导的定语从句when表示时间,其先行词往往是表示时间的名词(如time, day, hur, year等)。例如:Octber 1, 1949 was the day when the Peple’s Republic f China was funded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。2.where引导的定语从句where表示地点,其先行词往往是表示地点的名词(如place, rm, huse, street, area等)。例如:This is the rm where we were living last winter?这就是我们去年冬天住过的房间吗?
3.why引导的定语从句why表示原因,常用在先行词reasn后面。例如:I dn’t knw the reasn why she lks unhappy tday. 我不知道为什么她今天看上去不高兴。The reasn why he said that is quite clear. 他为什么那样说的理由是十分清楚的。
(三)关系代词前带介词的定语从句
1.关系代词which, whm在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,从句常由“介词+which/whm”引出。例如:Great changes are taking place in the city in which they live. 他们所居住的城市正在发生着巨大的变化。The pliceman with whm Mr. Henry is talking in the ffice is a friend f mine. 正在办公室与亨利先生谈话的那位警察是我的朋友。2.这类从句中的介词也可放在从句的末尾,这时关系代词可以省略。例如:The situatin (which) we had gt int was very dangerus. 我们当时的处境很危险。The man (whm) we sent the present t is a dctr f laws. 我们给寄礼物的那个人是位法学博士。
3.定语从句也可由“名词/代词/数词+介词+which/whm”引出。例如:The huse the windws f which(=whse windws) were damaged has nw been repaired. 窗子遭破坏的那幢房子现已修好了。We have tw spare rms upstairs,neither f which has been much used in the past tw years. 我们楼上有两间空房,过去两年内都没怎么用。
(四)关系代词as引导的定语从句
as也可以用作关系代词,既可以单独引出定语从句,又可与主句中的the same或such 相呼应,从句中的谓语动词可省略。例如:We jumped fr jy at the news, as was natural. 我们听到消息时高兴地跳了起来,这是很自然的事情。We d the same wrk as they (d). 我们和他们干同样的活。He is nt the same man as he was. 他和从前不一样了。I hpe t get such a dictinary as he is using. 我希望得到像他正在用的那样一本词典。We will give yu such infrmatin as will help yu in yur wrk. 我们将向你们提供有助于你们工作的资料。
(五)关系代词that与which的用法区别
1.which可引导非限制性定语从句,that则不能例如:He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格,这使他的父亲很生气。2.which之前可以有介词, that之前则不能有介词例如:This is the huse in which Lu Xun used t live. 这就是鲁迅过去居住的房子。
3.that和which都指物时,在以下情况下,只能用that而不能用which(1)当先行词是all, everything, nthing, smething, anything, much, little, few等不定代词时。例如:That is all (that) I want t say. 那就是我想要说的。There is nthing that can prevent him frm ding it. 没有什么能阻止他做那件事。There was little (that) I culd d fr yu. 我不能为你做什么。(2)当先行词被序数词修饰时。例如:The first place (that) they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
(3)当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。例如:This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。(4)当先行词被the very, the nly, the last等修饰时。例如:This is the very dictinary that I want t buy. 这正是我要买的词典。Mr. Smith is the nly freigner that he knws. 史密斯先生是他唯一认识的外国人。
有些定语从句对先行词具有限制作用,使该词的含义更具体、更明确,这种定语从句称为限制性定语从句。这类从句不能省掉,否则句子的意义将不完整。例如:D yu remember the teacher wh taught us English at middle schl?你记得中学教我们英语的那位老师吗?A dictinary is a bk which gives the meaning f wrds. 词典是解释词语的书。He is the man (whm) I want t see. 他就是我要见的那个人。注意:限制性定语从句与主句之间不能用逗号隔开,限制性定语从句修饰的是名词或代词,限制性定语从句中的关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
(二)非限制性定语从句
定语从句有时跟先行词的关系并不十分密切,只是作一些附加说明,不起限制作用,这种从句称为非限制性定语从句。这类从句往往用逗号与主句分开。例如:Mr. Zhang, wh came t see me yesterday, is an ld friend f my father’s.张先生昨天来看我,他是我父亲唯一的一位老朋友。We walked dwn the village street, where they were having market day. 我们沿着村子的大街走去,村民们正在那里赶集。注意:有时这类定语从句所修饰的不是前面某一个词,而是代表整个主句所讲的内容,通常用逗号与主句分开。例如:He gave his mther a clur TV set fr her birthday, which pleased her a lt. 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物,这使她非常高兴。
使用定语从句应注意的问题
1.关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决定。例如:The man wh lives dwnstairs speaks English fluently. 住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。The students wh are in Grade Three are ging t climb the hill tmrrw. 三年级的学生每天去爬山。2.有时定语从句与先行词之间被一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。例如:There is an expressin in his eyes that I can’t understand. 在他的眼睛里有一种我不明白的神情。The days are gne frever when the Chinese peple were lked dwn upn. 中国人民被人轻视的日子一去不复返了。
3. 引导定语从句的关系副词可以用“介词+which”来代替。例如:Octber 1, 1949 was the day n which(=when) the Peple’s Republic f China was funded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。This is the rm in which(=where) Lu Xun nce lived. 这是鲁迅曾住过的房间。4. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的动词短语时,动词短语不能拆开。例如:The dictinary which yu are lking fr is n the desk. 你在寻找的那本词典在桌子上。The sick man whm she is lking after is her father. 她正在照料的病人是他的父亲。
5.注意介词与代词的位置:介词在关系代词前,只能用which和whm,不能用that和wh,且不能省略;介词在句尾,关系代词可用which, that, whm,口语中也可用wh,可省略。例如:This is the rm in which we lived last year. =This is the rm we lived in last year. 这就是我们去年住过的房间。Wh’s the man (whm) yu just shk hands with?=Wh’s the man with whm yu just shk hands?刚才与你握手的那个人是谁?The man (whm/wh/that) yu were talking abut has cme t schl. 你们刚才在谈论的那个人已经来到我们学校。
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