2022-2023初中英语基础知识大全-被动语态

初中英语基础知识

被动语态

(一)被动语态概述

英语的谓语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态.前者表示句子的主语为动作的发出者,后者表示句子的主语为动作的承受者.汉语中常用“被、给、由、受”等词用来表示被动,而英语的被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成.

由于被动句中的主语即主动句中的宾语,因此,只有及物动词才有被动语态.如:

They will build a new bridge over the river.(主动)

A new bridge will be built over the river.(被动)

被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上,其形式与助动词be的变化形式完全一样.

(二)被动语态的时态

与主动语态一样,被动语态也有各种时态形式,列表如下(以动词ask为例):

1.一般现在时

We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.没有老师陪着,我们进不了化学实验室.

2.一般过去时

These lessons were not easily forgotten.这些教训不容易忘记.

3.一般将来时

Cars will be sent abroad by sea.汽车通过海运送往国外.

4.过去将来时

The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.经理说年底这项工程就会完工.

5.现在进行时

English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.英语课正通过收音机播送.

6.过去进行时

Trees were being planted here this time last year.树是去年这个时候种的.

7.现在完成时

I have been told the sports meet might be put off.我听说运动会可能会延期举行.

8.过去完成时

He had been considered to be a great leader.过去人们认为他是一个伟大的领导人.

9.含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词＋be+及物动词的过去分词”构成.

Your compositions must be handed in after class.你们的作文课后必须交上来.

A great many letters can be written with the computer.用电脑可以写很多信.

(三)被动语态的常见用法

1.当突出或强调动作的承受者,不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时,常用被动语态,这时往往不用by短语

His bike has been stolen.他的自行车被偷了.

2.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者,也不是动作的承受者时,这时常用“in+名词”作状语,而代替by短语

These cars were made in China.这些车子是在中国制造的.

3.被动语态中也可以说出动作的执行者,用by短语

The cup was broken by him.杯子被他打破了.

(四)被动语态转换时要注意的问题

1.把主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致,其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致

We have bought a new computer.我们买了一台新电脑.

A new computer has been bought.

2.“动词十介词或副词”构成的短语动词,要把它们作为整体看,即把它们看成一个及物动词,介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉

这类动词有:agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about, find out, give up, hand in, turn out 等.如:

The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.由于天气不好,运动会要被推迟举行了.

3.感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义

这些动词有feel, look, seem, taste, sound, remain等.

The stone feels very cold.石头摸起来很冷.

4.有些及物动词或动词短语不能用于被动语态

这些及物动词或动词短语有fit, have, marry, wish, cost, agree with, arrive at /in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, belong to等.

Your story agrees with what had already been heard.你说的与我们听说的一致.

5.及物动词能构成被动语态,但有些不及物动词组成短语后,也可构成被动语态

He was looked down upon because of his egoism.他因自私而受人冷落.

6.宾语是反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语、不定式、v-ing形式及抽象名词等时,不能变为被动语态句子的主语

I taught myself English.我自学英语.

7.汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示

众所周知······ It is well known that...

有人建议······ It is suggested that...

8.当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时,被动句中将其变为anybody,作by的宾语,并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态

Nobody can answer this question.

The question can not be answered by anybody.没有人能回答这个问题.

9.当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时,在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one,作主语,并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态

They haven't done anything to make the river clean.

Nothing has been done to make the river clean.他们没有做任何净化河水的措施.

10.有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词,当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时,表示主语内在品质或性能,是不及物动词,用主动表示被动,这时不用被动语态

常见的这类动词有write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook等.如:

The cloth washes easily.这布很好洗.