2022-2023初中英语基础知识大全-介词

初中英语基础知识

介词

(一)介词概述

介词是虚词的一种,也是英语里最为活跃的一种词.介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的词.任何一个介词都必须带着宾语,一般是名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句.

介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中可用作定语、状语、表语和补语.

1.用作定语

This is the new house of my dog.这个是我家小狗的新屋子.

2.用作状语

I get up at six o'clock in the morning.我早上六点钟起床.

3.用作宾语补足语

I found him at home.我发现他在家.

4.用作表语

They are both at home.他们都在家.

(二)介词的用法

1.at, in, on, by用来表示地方、地点或位置

(1)at把地方、地点、位置当作一个“点”,相对较小的地方和空间.

at the corner 在角落里

at the foot of the hill 在山脚下

at the end of...在······末尾,尾端

at the entrance 在入口at the crossroad 在十字路口

arrive at到达(相对较小的场所和地方)

at 45 Beijing Road in Shanghai(住在)上海市北京路45号(表示具体地址的门牌号要用at,不能用in)

at the side 在一边

at work 在工作

at class/home/the library/the office/school在班上／家里／图书馆／公司／学校

(2)in表示“在什么里,在什么上”,把地方、地点、位置当作一个封闭的空间,或是一个范围和领域.

in the box在盒子里

work in the company在公司里工作

in the world 在世界上

the latest thing in bikes 最新式样的自行车

in a boat 在船上(小船)

in the bed 在床上

in the bedroom/class/library/school在卧室／课室／图书馆／学校

(3)on把地方、地点、位置当作是一个平面.

on the table 在桌子上

on the wall 在墙壁上

float on the water 浮在水面上

on a bus 乘公共汽车(不是in a bus)

on a plane 乘飞机

on a ship 乘轮船

(4)by用来表示靠近某个地方、地点、位置.

by the seaside 在海边

by the river 沿河

2.at,in,on,by用来表示时间

(1)at表示时间的时候指处在一个特定的时间点或节假日.

at five o'clock 在5点

at the age of fifteen 15岁时

at dawn/night/noon/midnight/daybreak在黎明／夜里／中午／午夜／日出时

at mid-autumn festival/Christmas/Spring Festival 在中秋节／圣诞节／春节

(2)in表示“在,在······之内,在······期间,在······后”,包括了天、月、年、季节和周次.

in the afternoon 在下午(在下午这段期间)in the day time 在白天

in the second week of May 在五月份的第二周

in winter 冬天里

in two months 在两个月后

(3)on表示“在······时候”,总是指示特定的某天、某个下午或某个月的某一天.

on the 5th of June 在六月五号那天

on Sunday morning/afternoon 在星期天早上／下午

on a rainy morning 在一个多雨的早上

on the next morning 第二天早上

on the morning of my birthday 在我生日那天的早晨

(4)by表示“到什么时候之前”的意思.

by 4 o'clock到四点钟

by this time等到现在(已经)······

by day 白天(的时候)

3.其他常用的介词

about关于,附近,大约,左右,周围

I have bought a book about Shakespear.我买了一本有关莎士比亚的书.

There are about fifteen trees in the picture.图片里大约有十五棵树.

above在······上,高出,以上,超过,在······上游

The plane is flying above the clouds.飞机在云上飞行.

I think the man is above sixty years old.我想那人有六十多岁了.

across 横过,对面,交叉,在······的对面

Can you swim across the river?你能游过河吗?

We live across the street.我们住在街的对面.

after 在······后面,依照

He went home after school.他放学后就回家了.

Read after me, please.请跟我朗读.

against 撞到,靠着,反对,违背

The car hit against the tree.汽车撞到了树.

He is standing against the wall.他靠墙站着.

along沿着,顺着

They are walking along the river.他们沿着河行走.

among 在·····当中

He is the tallest among them.他是他们当中个子最高的.

around 在······的周围,在······那一边

They sat around the table talking about the news.他们绕桌而坐谈论新闻.

There is a drugstore around the corner.拐角处有一家药店.

as作为,如同

He doesn't like people treat him as a child.他不喜欢人们把他当小孩子对待.

at在······时刻,在······点钟,在······岁时,向,在······之中,按······速度,值(卖)······钱

He always gets up at six in the morning.他时常早上六点钟起床.

The car goes at eighty miles an hour.汽车以每小时八十英里的速度行驶.

before在······的前面(位置),在······之前(时间)

He took a picture before the car.他在汽车前照了张照片.

He can't finish his work before supper.晚饭前他完不成工作.

behind在······的后面(位置),落后于,不如,迟于,晚于(时间)

Are there any brooms behind the door?门后有扫帚吗?

All of us are behind him in mathematics.我们数学都不如他.

below 在······之下,低于

There are four lights below the ceiling.天花板下面有四盏灯.

The murderer ran away below the police's eyes.杀人犯从警察眼皮底下跑了.

beside在······的旁边,在······之外,与······相比

He found the body beside the river.他在河边发现了尸体.

Beside yours, my computer is too slow.与你的计算机的速度相比,我的就慢多了.

besides 除······之外(尚有······)

We are all here besides Bowe.除鲍外,我们也都来了.

between 在······两者之间

The relation between the two countries has improved since then.两国的关系从那以后得到了改善.

beyond 在·····那边

The shop you are looking for is beyond the street, you can't miss it.你要找的商店在街的那边,你不会找不到的.

but 除去

He has nothing but money.他除了钱什么都没有.

by被······;在······的近旁;在······之前,不迟于;以······为手段

The classroom was cleaned by the students.教室由学生们打扫干净了.

Miss Lucy came to China by air.露西小姐是乘飞机来中国的.

down 沿着······往下

She walked down the street.她沿着街道走.

during在······期间,在······时候

During the holiday, we went to the south.我们假期去了南方.

except 除······之外

He knows nothing except English.他除英语以外什么都不懂.

for为······,因为······,至于······

He works for this company.他为这家公司工作.

She came back to the classroom for she had left her books in the classroom她返回到教室是因为把书留在了那里.

from从······,来自······,因为······

Where are you from?你是哪里人?

He died from an accident.他死于一场事故.

in在······,在······之内,从事于······,按照······,穿着······

He was born in 1992.他生于1992年.

I could finish the program in two weeks.我可以用两周时间完成这个项目.

like 像······,如同······

The twins are like their father.双胞胎像他们的父亲.

near 靠近······

There are some flowers near the house.房子附近有一些花.

of······的,属于······

This is a map of China.这是一张中国地图.

off离开·····,在······之外

The young man got off the train quickly.那个年轻人很快下了火车.

I live in a village a little way off the main road.我住在离大路不远的一个村庄里.

on在······之上

My book is on the table.我的书在桌子上.

out of 从······出来,在······之外

The dog runs out of the house.狗从房子里跑出来.

outside······外边

They are waiting outside the gate.他们在门外等着.

over 在······之上,遍于······之上,越过······

There is a light over the desk.桌子上方有盏灯.

He is over sixty years old.他有六十多岁.

past 越过······,过······,超越······

The students walked past the post office.学生们走过了邮局.

It is ten past two.现在是两点十分.

round 围着······,绕过······,在······周围

We sat round the table.我们围着桌子坐下.

The earth goes round the sun.地球绕着太阳转.

since自······以后,自······以来

He has made great progress in English since he came into the college.自从进了大学后,他的英语有了很大进步.

through 经过······,穿过······

They went through the forest.他们穿过了森林.

throughout 遍及······,在各处

The police searched for the criminal throughout the mountain.警察搜山寻找犯人.

till 直到······,在······以前

He didn't come back till eleven o'clock.他直到十一点钟才回来.

We'll be home till six.六点以前我们都会在家.

How long is it from here to the station?从这儿到车站有多远?

under 在······之下,低于

There are some footballs under the bed.床底下有几个足球.

These students are under seventeen years old.这些学生不到十七岁.

until 直到,在······以前

Please wait for us until we come back.请等着我们回来.

It was not until last week that I handed in my mathematics paper.直到上周,我才交了数学论文.

up在······上面,在······上

He went up the stairs.他上了楼梯.

upon 在······之上,迫近······

It's not polite to look down upon him.蔑视他是不礼貌的.

within 在······之内

You must finish the work within two weeks.你必须两周内完成这项工作.

without 没有,不,在·····之外

We can't do it better without your help.没有你的帮助,我们就做不好.

(三)介词的一些固定搭配

1.动词与介词的搭配

write to 给······写信

2.介词与名词、形容词和过去分词等最常见的一些搭配