人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第二册Unit 3 Food and Culture课文内容课件ppt

过去完成时与过去完成时的被动语态

[观察例句]

1．When my family and I had just arrived in China，we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.

2．Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.

3．A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend，and finally，we found it.

4．Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.

[归纳用法]

1．例句1和2的黑体部分为过去完成时，其构成为“had＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。

2．例句3和4的黑体部分为过去完成时的被动语态形式，其构成为“had＋been＋动词过去分词”，表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作。

一、过去完成时

表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。在英语时态中，“时”指动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的样子和状态。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。由“had＋过去分词”构成。

基本结构：had＋动词过去分词

1．肯定句：主语＋had＋动词过去分词＋其他。

He had already been to New York earlier this week.

本周早些时候他去过纽约。

2．否定句：主语＋had＋not＋动词过去分词＋其他。

At that time we hadn't met her.

那时我们还没有见到她。

3．疑问句：Had＋主语＋动词过去分词＋其他？

肯定回答：Yes，主语＋had.

否定回答：No，主语＋hadn't.

—Had you visited here before?

——你以前参观过这里吗？

—Yes，I had./No，I hadn't.

——是，我参观过。/没有，我以前没有参观过。

4．特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组＋had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？

Where had you been before you came here?

你来这里前还去过哪儿？

5．被动语态：主语＋had (not)＋been＋动词过去分词＋其他。

By the end of last year all the preparatory work had been done.

到去年底为止，所有的准备工作都完成了。

[即学即练1]　单句语法填空

①He had worked(work) in the store for five years before he moved here.

②When I got to the station，the train had left (leave)．

③The task had been finished (finish) before 12：00 yesterday.

二、基本用法

1．表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。

By nine o'clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.

到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。

2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.

当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。

He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.

他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

3．叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。

Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.

史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

I didn't know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lessons.

我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。

4．在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。

I returned the book that I had borrowed.

我已归还了我借的书。

She found the key that she had lost.

她丢失的钥匙找到了。

5．过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。

He said that he had known her well.

他说他很熟悉她。

I thought I had sent the letter a week before.

我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

6．状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如：when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的复合句。

When I woke up，it had already stopped raining.

我醒来时雨已停了。

She didn't go to bed until she had finished her work.

她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English.

马克思到达英格兰之后，他努力提高他的英语水平。

7．动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。

They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.

他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。

We had hoped to be able to come and see you.

我们本来希望能来看看你。

8．过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...，no sooner...than ...，it was the first (second，etc) time (that)．..等固定句型中。

Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.

他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

他刚到就又走了。

It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.

这是他那一年第三次失业了。

[即学即练2]　单句语法填空

①We had built(build) five new buildings by the end of last year.

②I could see from her face that she had received(receive) some good news.

③He said he had been(be) there before.

④We realized we had lost(lose) our way.

⑤We had hoped(hope) that you would be able to visit us.

三、与现在完成时的区别

现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以now的时间为基点，但侧重对now产生的结果或造成的影响；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。

比较：I have learned 1，000 English words so far.

到目前为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。

I had learned 1，000 English words till then.

到那时为止我已经学会了1 000个英语单词。

—I'm sorry to keep you waiting.

——对不起，让你久等了。

—Oh，not at all.I have been here only a few minutes.

——没什么，我只等了几分钟。

[即学即练3]　单句语法填空

①The concert has started (start)．We have to look for our seats in the dark.

②You're too late；the train has left (leave)．

③He had taught (teach) English for twenty years when he retired.

④They had got (get) everything ready before I came.

四、过去完成时的被动语态

过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时态和被动语态的结合。表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。由“had＋been＋过去分词”构成。

1．过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式

(1)肯定结构：主语＋ had been done ＋其他成分。

(2)否定结构：主语＋ had not been done ＋其他成分。

(3)疑问句结构：Had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？

疑问词＋ had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？

2．过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下三种情况

(1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。

By the time he got to the school，the first class had been finished.

当他到达学校时，第一节课已经结束了。

The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came.

老师来之前，教室还没有打扫过。

How many buildings had been destroyed when the earthquake ended?

地震结束时有多少建筑物被毁？

(2)根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。

As the assignment had been done，he went on to search the Internet.

任务完成后，他继续上网搜索。

He did what he had been told to.

他做了别人叫他做的事。

(3)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。

They said the production costs had been reduced.

他们说生产成本已经降低了。

The girl was reminded that her homework had not been handed in.

那个女孩被提醒她的家庭作业还没有交。

The media reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the earthquake.

媒体报道有1 000多人在地震中丧生。

[名师点津]

过去完成时被动语态与现在完成时被动语态用法区别：现在完成时被动语态表示相对于现在来说已被完成的动作，过去完成时被动语态表示相对于过去某一时刻来说已被完成的动作。

例如：This polluted river has been cleaned.

这条被污染了的河流已被净化。

析：该句表示到现在为止这条河流已被净化。

例如：He said this book had been translated into Japanese.

他说这本书已被译成日语。

析：该句表示到他说话时所体现的时间为止这本书已被译成日语。

[即学即练4]　单句语法填空

①The earthquake had been predicted (predict) several days before.

②The device had been used (use) operationally some months previously.

③Our classroom has been cleaned (clean)．You needn't clean it now.

④The child has been taken (take) care of by grandma all these years.

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．I surfed the net and saw (see) an online advertisement，so I sent an email，saying that I wanted the job.

2．The universities in Britain have taken (take) in many students from China and other Asian countries over the past few years.

3．The interviewer was interested in the grades I had got (get) in the exams.

4．By the time we got a report，the firemen had put (put) out the fire in the bar already.

5．We'll have to wait in line.The fast­food restaurant has been (be) short­handed for weeks.

6．She had wanted (want) to help you but she had no time then.

7．All the film tickets had been sold (sell) out when I got to the cinema.

8．The wallet had been wrapped (wrap) up in a newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost.

9．By the end of that day，most of the inhabitants had left (leave) their homes.

10．It was the third time that he had made (make) the same mistake.

Ⅱ.完成句子

1．她告诉我她当空中乘务员好几年了。

She told me that she had been an air hostess for quite a few years.

2．她说她已来过上海。

She said that she had been to Shanghai.

3．我们到日本前学过一点日语。

We had studied a little Japanese before we came to Japan.

4．我不想看那部戏剧，因为我已经看过了。

I didn't want to see the play because I had already seen it．

5．到上学期末，我们已读了十篇短篇小说。

By the end of last term we had read ten short stories．

6．这是他第一次输掉比赛。

It was the first time he had lost the game．

7．投资黄金一直被认为是万无一失的赚钱方法。

Investment in gold has been seen as a sure route to make money.

8．经过短暂的步行，我们到达尸体被人发现的地方。

After a short walk，we arrived at the place where the body had been found.

9．然而，几天之后，有人告诉他说弄错了。

However，a few days later，he was told that a mistake had been made．

10．我半夜回来时，她还没有做完工作。

When I came back at midnight she still hadn't finished the work．

Ⅲ.短文语法填空(用括号内单词的正确时态完成下面短文)

A cow and a fox went out to search for food together. They 1.had gone(go) only a few miles before they saw a lion coming their way. They were both very frightened. The fox 2.thought(think) of a way of saving his own life，and went up to the lion and said in his ear，“I 3.will help(help) you get hold of the cow without the trouble of hunting him，if you let me go free.” The lion 4.agreed(agree)，and the fox then led the

cow by a hidden pit(坑)，which a hunter 5.had dug(dig) as a trap for wild animals，and the cow 6.fell(fall) into it. When the lion saw that the cow 7.had been caught(catch) and couldn't get away，he 8.turned(turn) his attention to the fox. He soon finished him off，and then 9.went(go) on to eat the cow.

Betray(背叛) a friend，and you'll often find you 10.have destroyed(destroy) yourself.