(新高考)高考英语一轮复习课时作业选择性必修三 Unit 4 Adversity and Courage (含解析)

UNIT 4　Adversity and Courage

A组·基础巩固

Ⅰ. 语法填空

A

Today we know Antarctica as an extreme environment 1. ________(contain) ice and snow.  But new research provides evidence that the area was very different in the past, 2. ________ was found inside a piece of Earth sediment (沉淀物) gathered by researchers 3. ________ under the seafloor off the coast of Antarctica.

In the sediment, they 4. ________(find) forest soil estimated to be about 90 million years old and this would have been in the Cretaceous Period, when dinosaurs were the main land 5. ________(animal).  Johann Klages, who was the lead writer of a study on the findings 6. ________(publish) in the journal Nature, said the sediment collection was from 7. ________ depth of about 30 metres below the ocean floor.  Klages said an examination showed that the material formed on land, not in the ocean.

The research represents new evidence of the major climate changes Earth has experienced in the past — and is 8. ________(current) undergoing today.  The researchers said that the rainforest environment in Antarctica was especially surprising because each year the area 9. ________(experience) a four­month polar night when there is no sunlight to fuel plant life.  Klages said no ice sheets were present during the time, but 10. ________(season) snowfall was likely.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。研究人员从南极洲海岸附近的海底收集的一块泥土沉积物中发现：这些沉积物是在陆地上形成的，而不是在海洋中。

1.  containing　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词，此处应用非谓语动词。主语Antarctica和动词contain之间是主动关系，用现在分词形式作定语，故填containing。

2.  which　考查定语从句。句中包含非限制性定语从句，先行词是evidence，在定语从句中作主语，只能用关系代词which引导，故填which。

3.  from　考查介词。此处表示“从，来自”，故填from。

4.  found　考查动词时态。此处讲述研究泥土沉积物的发现，是过去发生的事，与上下文时态一致，用一般过去时，故填found。

5.  animals　考查名词的单复数。animal是可数名词，与主语dinosaurs和系动词were保持一致应用复数形式，故填animals。

6.  published　考查过去分词。句中findings和动词publish之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，表示这些发现被公布，故填published。

7.  a　考查冠词。此处指收集的沉积物来自海床下大约30米的深度，a depth of ...“……的深度”。故填a。

8.  currently　考查副词。修饰动词“undergoing”用副词，故填currently。

9.  experiences　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句中时间状语“each year”可知，用一般现在时；主语the area表示单数意义，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，故填experiences。

10.  seasonal　考查形容词。此处表示季节性降雪，修饰名词snowfall用形容词，故填seasonal。

B

Today I spent time talking to an old friend about some of the 1. ______(choose) that we have made in our lives. We both agree that life has 2. ________(actual) been good to us. And we are very 3. ________(thank) for what we have been blessed with.

Today I would like you to think about your journey and where you see yourself in 4. ______ next five years. Do you see that you have become exactly who you set out to be? I work on my goals because I am excited about that opportunity.

However, I do realise that sometimes life can get 5. ________ the way of our goals. I remember when my friend 6. ________(decide) to buy her first home, she was ready and had everything 7. ________(prepare). But during that time her father died and she had to move home 8. ________(help) take care of her mother. Her goal was delayed, 9. ________ she didn't give it up completely. And that's exactly the key to this all. In order to achieve your goals, you have to keep working on 10. ________ (they)．

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何坚持目标并将其实现。

1.  choices　考查名词。由空前的定冠词the可知，此处应用名词形式；由空前的some可知，此处应用名词的复数形式，故填choices。

2. actually　考查副词。修饰形容词应用副词，故用副词actually修饰形容词good，在句中作状语。

3. thankful　考查形容词。根据空前的are可知，空处应用形容词作表语，故填thankful。

4. the　考查冠词。in the next five years “在未来五年内”，为固定用法，故填the。

5. in　考查介词。get in the way of sth.意为“阻止某事发生”，为固定短语，故填in。

6. decided　考查动词的时态。由下文的was可知，此处描述的事情发生在过去，故用一般过去时，故填decided。

7. prepared　考查非谓语动词。“have＋宾语＋宾补”为固定用法，且everything与prepare之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语，表示“完成或解决某事”。

8. to help　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用不定式表示目的。故填to help。

9. but　考查连词。根据语境可知，空处前后句表示逻辑上的转折关系，故填but。

10. them　考查代词。根据上文中的goals可知，此处用代词they的宾格形式。

Ⅱ. 根据提示补全句子

1. 没有空气的话，人类将不能在地球上生存。(without构成的虚拟语气)

Without air, man couldn't_exist_on the earth.

2. 好好养这些花，邻居们会羡慕你的花园的。(envy)

Treat the flowers right and your garden will be the_envy_of_the_neighbours.

 3. 我很荣幸在这里和大家交流在高中要学习什么的看法。(it is＋n.＋to do)

It_is_my_honour_to_be_here_to_share_with_you_my_opinions about what to learn in senior high school.

4. 尽管他们遇到了一些困难，但他们并不打算放弃执行这个计划。(abandon)

Despite some difficulties, they're not going to abandon_carrying_out_the_plan.

5. 他在会上提出的建议如此不切实际以至于被立刻驳回了。(so ... that ..., turn down)

The suggestions that he put forward at the meeting were so_impractical_that_ they_were_turned_down_immediately.

B组·能力提升

Ⅰ. 阅读理解

Pat Patterson,  a pilot for 25 years,  had never met anyone like the handsome young man in the wheelchair who faced him at the Medford,  Oregon airport on July 28,  1976. Mike Henderson,  a quadriplegic (四肢瘫痪者),  wanted flying lessons.

As a 22­year­old Coast Guardsman eight years before,  Henderson had fallen off a dock and landed on a floating log,  breaking two of his bones. Doctors said that he would probably never walk again, let alone fly. “Here was this doctor telling me how it was going to be，” he says, “but no one was going to limit my freedom to try.”

Henderson parked his wheelchair next to the airplane and began to climb up onto the wing. He injured his elbow on the way,  and after a great struggle,  finally managed to pull himself into the airplane's pilot's seat. In the flight office,  Pat Patterson watched in disbelief. “He crawled his way up that wing！”he says. “It took him 45 minutes. When I went out,  he was sitting in the pilot's seat,  bleeding from his injured elbow all over the place. When I saw him go through that much pain, I knew nothing could stop him.”

Now everything was up to the instructor and the student,  and together they set about solving each problem as it arose. A small piece of carpet gave Henderson traction(摩擦力)to climb the slippery wing. A headset freed his hands from the radio microphone,  and the two men developed a moving bar that enabled Henderson to operate the airplane more easily.

Three weeks and eight flying hours after the first lesson,  Henderson and Patterson happily phoned Dr Stoddard — Henderson's physician. At the airport,  as the physician looked on,  Henderson quickly wheeled himself around the airplane,  doing a thorough,  professional ground check. With Patterson and Dr Stoddard on board,  he went through his preflight instrument check. Minutes later,  engine starting,  the plane rolled down the runway and took off into the gray sky.

1. When did Mike Henderson become disabled?

A. At the age of 25.

B. In 1968.

C. At the age of 30.

D. In 1976.

2. What did Pat Patterson think of Mike Henderson when they met first?

A. Depressed.　　 B. Experienced.

C. Determined. D. Delighted.

3. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?

A. How Patterson and Henderson overcame the difficulties together.

B. How Patterson helped Henderson overcome the difficulties.

C. How Patterson taught Henderson to fly with difficulties.

D. The difficulties Henderson faced before flying.

4. What do we know from the text?

A. Patterson didn't want to teach Henderson at first.

B. Henderson finally succeeded in flying alone.

C. Patterson was very strict with Henderson.

D. Henderson went through a lot of difficulties.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的是一位四肢瘫痪的年轻人 Mike Henderson向一位经验丰富的老飞行员Pat Patterson学习开飞机的故事。

1. B　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“As a 22­year­old Coast Guardsman eight years before, Henderson had fallen off a dock and landed on a floating log,  breaking two of his bones.” 可知，  Mike Henderson是在8年前的一次事故中受的伤； 且由第一段中的“on July 28, 1976”可知， Pat Patterson与 Mike Henderson见面的时间是1976年， 可以推出 Mike Henderson因伤致残的时间是1968年。

2. C　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“When I saw him go through that much pain, I knew nothing could stop him.”可知C项正确。

3. A　段落大意题。根据第四段中的“Now everything was up to the instructor and the student,  and together they set about solving each problem as it arose.”可知， A项正确。B、C项的中心人物是Pat Patterson;  D项中的中心人物是 Mike Henderson; 这三项都没有突出二人互相帮助、克服困难这一中心思想。

4. D　推理判断题。A、C项文中并未提到。由最后一段中的“With Patterson and Dr Stoddard on board”可知， B项错误， 故选D。

Ⅱ. 七选五

Smartwatches and fitness trackers (健身追踪器) have gained popularity recently. These tools can record your daily steps, heart rates, etc. 　1　 If yes, it might be a sign that you're addicted to your fitness tracker.

　2　 If you keep setting unrealistic daily goals that involve working out for too long, and if you begin to ignore friends and responsibilities to make time for your workout, then you're most probably addicted to your fitness tracker.

It's a struggle to overcome the addiction to fitness trackers. 　3　 For example, the number in your smartwatch showing how far you've come can give you a sense of achievement.

Of course, failing to meet your daily goal can be discouraging. You might focus on your shortcomings rather than your progress. Another problem is that you might find yourself paying too much attention to the step number rather than how your body feels. 　4　

Therefore, if you're spending too much time looking at your smartwatch, limit your daily step count to a comfortable level. 　5　 For example, concentrating on your hobbies or socialising with friends can be a great way to keep your mind on other things.

A. Don't overuse your smartwatch.

B. It doesn't convey what you're really feeling.

C. After all, reaching a daily step count can be so appealing.

D. How can you tell whether you're addicted to your fitness tracker?

E. Actually, this addiction to step count can be risky, mentally and physically.

F. However, do you find yourself checking your steps and heart rates too often?

G. Besides, you can find other things to do that don't involve checking your fitness tracker.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出了对健身追踪器上瘾的现象，分析了产生的原因、对精神和身体的影响，并给出了一些建议。

1. F　根据下一句“If yes, it might be a sign that you're addicted to your fitness tracker.”以及上一句“These tools can record your daily steps, heart rates, etc.”可知，此句是一个疑问句，且此处内容与“查看步数和心率”有关，选项F符合题意。故选F。

2. D　根据本段内容可知，此处内容与“如何判断你有可能对健身追踪器上瘾”有关，选项D符合题意。故选D。

3. C　根据下一句“For example, the number in your smartwatch showing how far you've come can give you a sense of achievement.”可知，此处内容与“查看每天走了多少步是有吸引力的”有关，选项C符合题意。故选C。

4. E　根据上文“You might focus on your shortcomings rather than your progress. Another problem is that you might find yourself paying too much attention to the step number rather than how your body feels.”可知，此句位于段末，且此处内容与“对步数上瘾会给精神和身体带来影响”有关，选项E符合题意。故选E。

5. G　根据下一句“For example, concentrating on your hobbies or socialising with friends can be a great way to keep your mind on other things.”可知，此处内容与“做一些与检查健身追踪器无关的事情”有关，选项G符合题意。故选G。

Ⅲ. 完形填空

(2020·山东滨州五校联考)In January this year, a fire destroyed the building that housed Yossi Heiman's Fish Market in Borough Park, Brooklyn. The   1   made Yossi Heiman have no place to operate his business and no ability to get   2  .

The merchant Shea Langsam owns a(n)   3   store, just a few blocks away. One would have   4   that sympathetic as he may be to his competitor's bad luck, he would welcome this opportunity to   5   new customers and increase his business.   6  ，  Shea did something truly excellent. When he learned of the fire, he   7   the phone and called Yossi Heiman. Not only did he   8   him but when he heard Yossi say he would need a facility and deliver   9   to his customers, he said, “Don't worry! Why not join me in my store before your store could be rebuilt? As fellow community members we all should try to help each other.” Shea did as he promised and Yossi   10   his losses.

The story is wonderful and it's a(n)   11   of seeing fellow community members as part of one family, putting needs of others   12   their own needs. Businessmen usually want to make more money or grow their   13   but the story is   14  ： It's a truly sincere display of true faith and great kindness. Real faith means   15   others and having a heart of compassion (同情) and mercy like Shea.

1. A. explosion　　　 B. battle

C. accident D. campaign

2. A. attention B. assistance

C. information D. income

3. A. similar B. mysterious

C. online D. outdoor

4. A. explained B. agreed

C. complained D. thought

5. A. treat B. acquire

C. depend D. give

6. A. Moreover B. Therefore

C. Instead D. Though

7. A. picked up B. hung up

C. repaired D. provided

8. A. doubt B. comfort

C. turn D. laugh

9. A. service B. spirit

C. orders D. notes

10. A. held B. checked

C. reported D. cut

11. A. example B. reminder

C. challenge D. guide

12. A. because of B. ahead of

C. out of D. as for

13. A. duty B. fame

C. interest D. business

14. A. exceptional B. boring

C. ridiculous D. old

15. A. respecting for B. agreeing with

C. taking control of D. caring for

【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的是Yossi Heiman在店铺遭遇火灾事故后没有地方经营他的生意，也没有能力获得收入。后来他得到了商人Shea Langsam的帮助。这个故事启迪我们：真正的信仰意味着关心他人，有一颗像Shea一样的怜悯之心。

1. C　根据空前的“a fire destroyed the building that housed Yossi Heiman's Fish Market”可知，此处指这次“事故”造成的后果。故选C。

2. D　根据空前的“no place to operate his business and no ability”可知，此处指没有了“收入”。故选D。

3. A　根据空后的“store, just a few blocks away”可知，Shea有一家“类似的”店铺。故选A。

4. D　根据空前的“One would”可知，此处指人们会“认为”。故选D。

5. B　根据空前的“welcome this opportunity to”和空后的“new customers”可知，此处指“获得”新客户的机会。故选B。

6. C　根据空后的“Shea did something truly excellent.”可知，此处与上文是一种转折关系。故选C。

7. A　根据下文中的“called Yossi Heiman”可知，此处指“拿起”电话。故选A。

8. B　根据空后的“he said, ‘Don't worry！’”可知，他在“安慰”Yossi。故选B。

9. C　根据“deliver   9   to his customers”，可知，此处指给客户送“订单”。故选C。

10. D　根据空后的“his losses”可知，此处指“减少”了损失。故选D。

11. A　根据空后的“of seeing fellow community members as part of one family”可知，此处表示这是一个“例子”。故选A。

12. B　根据“putting needs of others   12   their own needs”可知，此处指把别人的需要放在“前面”。故选B。

13. D　根据空前的“Businessmen usually want to make more money or grow their ...”可知，此处指商人发展自己的“生意”。故选D。

14. A　根据空后的“It's a truly sincere display of true faith and great kindness.”可知，这是一个“不寻常的”故事。故选A。

15. D　根据上下文可知，此处指“关心”他人。故选D。

Ⅳ. 语法填空

A grape seed that falls into the soil of Xinjiang is very fortunate as Xinjiang is 1. ________ (well) suited for growing grapes than anywhere else. Here, a grape seed can grow to its full potential. With the high altitudes(海拔)，long periods of dry weather and abundant sunshine, Xinjiang produces fruits with 2. ________ (extreme) high sugar content. Every fall, a large number of grapes are shipped from Xinjiang to other parts of China, and the rest 3. ________ (make) into raisins for easy storage.

In the vineyards of Moyu, thanks 4. ________ the hot and dry climate 5. ________ results from being surrounded by the desert, huge quantities of large and juicy grapes with very thin skins are produced. These grapes bring wealth as well as their delicious 6. ________ (sweet) to the locals.

In mid­September, when their Seedless White grapes 7. ________ (ripe), local farmers are busy picking grapes to be transported to other parts of the country. 8. ________ (bunch) of glowing white grapes hang on the vines, waiting to be picked. If you pick 9. ________ and put it in your mouth, you will surely never forget the wonderful taste 10. ________ (produce) by the burning sun and the desert wind of southern Xinjiang.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了由于炎热干燥的气候，新疆生产出大而多汁、甜度极高的葡萄。

1. better　考查副词的比较级。根据后面的“than anywhere else”可知，应该用副词的比较级形式；well的比较级形式为better。故填better。

2. extremely　考查副词。修饰形容词high应该用副词。故填extremely。

3. are made　考查时态、语态、主谓一致。根据时间状语every fall可知，句子叙述的是规律性的动作，因此用一般现在时；句子的主语the rest与make之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，因此用被动语态；主语the rest表示“其余的”，此处指代的是the rest of grapes，谓语动词应该用复数形式。故填are made。

4. to　考查固定短语。thanks to表示“多亏了，由于”，符合题意。故填to。

5. that/which　考查定语从句关系词。分析句子结构可知，“5. ________ results from being surrounded by the desert”是定语从句，先行词是the hot and dry climate，指物，在从句中作主语，因此用that/which引导定语从句。故填that/which。

6. sweetness　考查名词。as well as是并列连词，连接两个并列的成分；前面是名词wealth，所填词也应该是名词，与wealth并列；sweet是形容词，名词是sweetness。故填sweetness。

7. ripen　考查动词和时态。分析句子结构，所填词在句子中是谓语动词；句子叙述的是客观事实，因此用一般现在时；主语their Seedless White grapes的中心词是grapes，是复数，谓语动词应该用复数形式；ripe是形容词，动词为ripen，意为“成熟”。故填ripen。

8. Bunches　考查名词的单复数。bunch是可数名词；根据“glowing white grapes hang on the vines”可知，是很多串葡萄挂在葡萄藤上，因此bunch应用复数形式；短语 bunches of意为“一束束，一串串”。故填Bunches。

9. one　考查数词。根据后面的“put it in your mouth”中的“it”可知，应该是单数，因此用数词one，表示“一颗(葡萄)”。故填one。

10. produced　考查过去分词。分析句子结构可知，“10. ________ (produce) by the burning sun and the desert wind of southern Xinjiang”是定语；the wonderful taste与produce之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，因此用过去分词作后置定语。故填produced。