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完形填空之说明文
大题优练9
优选例题
A
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian(专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment(授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation(委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
1. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
2. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
3. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
4. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
5. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
6. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
7. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
8. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
9. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
10. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
11. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
12. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
13. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
14. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
15. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
【答案】1-5 DABDC 6-10 BADAC 11-15 BBDAC
【解析】本文是说明文，作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯·麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的X理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论：授权管理及其作用。
1.考查动词。根据后半句“...will do anything to avoid it”可知很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，说明那些人大多数人生性都是懒惰的，都不愿意工作，他们尽可能地逃避工作。故D项正确。
2.考查名词。to the contrary：相反的；to the degree：在某种程度上；to the extreme：走向极端。在文章第一段中提到了X理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么雄心壮志，不喜欢负责任，宁可被领导。而Y理论认为大多数人愿意对工作、对他人负责，人们愿意实行自我管理和自我控制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A正确。
3.考查词组。本句中for example表示举例说明。这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。
4.考查名词。根据空后一句可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项（上面的）正确。
5.考查动词。句意：不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。这而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。
6.考查动词短语。短语refer to：提到，谈到；contribute to：做贡献；导致；object to：反对；apply to：适用于。亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。
7.考查名词。agreement：同意，一致；practice：练习，做法；election：选举；impression：印象。亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在达成一致基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A正确。
8.考查形容词。根据空格前半句可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D正确。
9.考查动词。根据前句“encourage employees to use their own initiative”可知是鼓励员工发挥主动积极性，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。
10.考查上下文串联。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing”（缩小规模的趋势），也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词reduce（减少）符合上下文串联。
11.考查形容词。动词be honored with：被授予；be left with：留下，剩下；be crowded with：挤满；be compared with：与……相比。通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效率。故B正确。
12.考查副词。economically：经济地；traditionally：传统地；inadequately：不充分地；occasionally：偶尔地。根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management”可知授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。
13.考查动词。deny：否认；admit：承认；assume：假定，设想；ensure：保证，确保。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，有利于确保整个商业计划的跟进。根据句意可知D正确。
14.考查形容词。virtual：虚拟的；ineffective：低效的；day-to-day：日常的；on-the-scene：现场的。根据后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和互联网联系，说明这是一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A正确。
15.考查名词。opinion：观点；risk：冒险；performance：表现；attractiveness：魅力。根据后半句中“in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on then”可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产出而不是工作的时间，故C项正确。
B
Children adore trains. There is no doubt that more boys like trains than girls, but who knows 16 ? Is it the speed, the power or the size of trains that hold the 17 ? The days have probably passed when most boys 18 to become a train driver, but there are 19 lots of boys who do. 20 , all children like to see toy trains whizzing about a track and this love of toy trains often stays with adult males, 21 seldom with adult females.
Many businessmen have attempted to 22 children’s fondness of trains. Some make 23 train sets while others make excellent train sets that become classics and 24 for many times their price.
25 the actual train sets, there are also stories concerning trains and some of these become real 26 as well. The Polar Express and Thomas the Tank Engine are recent 27 of this.
The Polar Express is especially 28 in America, where many homes with young children have 29 Polar Express trains running around the family Christmas tree. The Polar Express was first a book and then a very well-liked children’s movie.
Thomas the Tank Engine is better-known in the UK and Europe as a whole. Thomas 30 life as a children’s book in 1946 but only became 31 after cartoons were made in 1984 in the UK. Most of the Thomas the Tank Engine children’s toys were 32 on a length of string instead of being electrified.
Train sets are one of the classic gifts for 33 like rocking horses, castles and doll babies. It would be a terrible shame if these old-fashioned toys 34 , because unlike computer games, train sets can be passed on as 35 possessions to future generations.
16. A. when B. where C. how D. why
17. A. position B. appeal C. advantage D. possession
18. A. want B. pretend C. refuse D. fail
19. A. also B. again C. still D. seldom
20. A. On the other hand B. On the contrary
C. To make things worse D. In other words
21. A. because B. unless C. though D. when
22. A. take notice of B. take advantage of C. take pride of D. take charge of
23. A. comfortable B. different C. extra D. cheap
24. A. sell B. pay C. charge D. bargain
25. A. Apart from B. Regardless of C. Together with D. Except for
26. A. books B. cartoons C. toys D. planes
27. A. incidents B. instruments C. examples D. origins
28. A. expensive B. popular C. rare D. important
29. A. reliable B. expensive C. unique D. electric
30. A. sacrificed B. saved C. risked D. began
31. A. clear B. famous C. safe D. comfortable
32. A. hanged B. pulled C. created D. pushed
33. A. parents B. graduates C. children D. employees
34. A. died out B. gave out C. went out D. broke out
35. A. damaged B. puzzled C. reduced D. valued
【答案】16-20 DBACD 21-25 CBDAA 26-30 CCBDD 31-35 BBCAD
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了孩子们都喜欢火车，而商人正好利用这一点，制造出各种各样的火车玩具，其中极地快车和托马斯火车头是两个较为经典的例子，并且在文章的最后也告诉我们，像火车玩具这样的老式玩具和电脑游戏不同，它们是可以作为宝贵的财产传给下一代的。
16.考查从属连词词义辨析。句意：毫无疑问，男孩比女孩更喜欢火车，但谁知道为什么呢？A. when：什么时候；B. where：在哪里；C. how：如何；D. why：为什么。由but可知，前后句为转折关系，结合前句可知，此处是在问：但谁知道为什么呢？故选D。
17.考查名词词义辨析。A. position：位置；B. appeal：吸引力；C. advantage：优势；D. possession：个人财产。根据前文“Children adore trains.”可知，速度、动力、火车的大小都可能是吸引孩子们的因素。故选B。
18.考查动词词义辨析。句意：大多数男孩想当火车司机的日子可能已经过去了，但仍然有很多男孩想当火车司机。A. want：想要；B. pretend：假装；C. refuse：拒绝；D. fail：失败。此处应是想要成为一名火车司机。故选A。
19.考查副词词义辨析。A. also：也；B. again：再一次；C. still：仍然；D. seldom：很少。由but可知，前后句之间是转折关系，此处应是指仍然有很多男孩想成为火车司机，用still强调过去男孩想要成为火车司机的想法仍然继续存在。故选C。
20.考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：换句话说，所有的孩子都喜欢看玩具火车在铁轨上飞驰，而这种对玩具火车的喜爱通常只属于成年男性，而很少有成年女性。A. On the other hand：另一方面；B. On the contrary：相反地；C. To make things worse：更糟的是；D. In other words：换句话说。此处用另一种方式解释“男孩比女孩更喜欢火车”这个观点。故选D。
21.考查从属连词词义辨析。A. because：因为；B. unless：除非；C. though：尽管，不过；D. when：当……时。根据前文“this love of toy trains often stays with adult males”和后面“seldom with adult females”可知，上下文形成转折关系，故选C。
22.考查动词词义短语辨析。句意：许多商人试图利用孩子们对火车的喜爱。A. take notice of：注意；B. take advantage of：利用；C. take pride of：引以为豪；D. take charge of：负责。根据businessman可知，商人应是利用孩子们对火车的喜爱来获利。故选B。
23.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一些人制作了便宜的火车玩具套装，而另一些人制作了优秀的火车玩具套装，这些套装逐渐成为经典，并以好几倍的价格出售。A. comfortable：舒服的；B. different：不同的；C. extra：额外的；D. cheap：便宜的。根据后文“while others make excellent train sets”和“for many times their price”可知，优秀的火车玩具套装的价格会是便宜的火车套装的价格的许多倍。故选D。
24.考查动词词义辨析。A. sell：出售；B. pay：支付；C. charge：掌控，要价；D. bargain：讨价还价。商人制造优秀的火车玩具套装，自然是为了以更好的价格出售。故选A。
25.考查介词短语词义辨析。A. Apart from：除了……外（还）；B. Regardless of：不管；C. Together with：一起；D. Except for：除了……别无。根据后文的“there are also stories concerning trains”可知，此处应用Apart from表示除了有火车玩具套装，还有关于火车的故事。故选A。
26.考查名词词义辨析。A. books：书；B. cartoons：卡通片；C. toys：玩具；D. planes：飞机。根据后文的“The Polar Express and Thomas the Tank Engine”可知，极地快车和托马斯火车头都是玩具。故选C。
27.考查名词词义辨析。A. incidents：事件；B. instruments：仪器；C. examples：例子；D. origins：起源。根据极地快车和托马斯火车头可知，这两个都是关于火车玩具的实际例子。故选C。
28.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：极地快车在美国特别受欢迎，许多有小孩的家庭都有电动极地快车围绕着家庭圣诞树运行。A. expensive：昂贵的；B. popular：受欢迎的；C. rare：稀有的；D. important：重要的。根据空格后面内容可知，极地快车在美国特别受欢迎。故选B。
29.考查形容词词义辨析。A. reliable：可靠的；B. expensive：昂贵的；C. unique：独特的；D. electric：电动的。根据“running around the family Christmas tree”可知，极地快车是电动的，这样才可以运行，下文中的“being electrified”也是提示。故选D。
30.考查动词词义辨析。句意：1946年，《托马斯》作为一本儿童读物问世，但直到1984年英国制作了动画片后才出名。A. sacrificed：牺牲；B. saved：拯救；C. risked：冒险；D. began：开始。根据“as a children’s book in 1946”可知，在1946年，托马斯以一本儿童读物的形式问世。故选D。
31.考查形容词词义辨析。A. clear：清楚的；B. famous：著名的；C. safe：安全的；D. comfortable：舒服的。根据前文“Thomas the Tank Engine is better-known in the UK and Europe as a whole.”（托马斯火车头在英国和整个欧洲都比较有名。）可知，直到1984年在英国制作了动画片之后才出名。故选B。
32.考查动词词义辨析。A. hanged：悬挂；B. pulled：拉；C. created：创造；D. pushed：推。根据“on a length of string instead of being electrified.”可知，托马斯火车头的大多数儿童玩具都是用一根长绳子拉着的，而不是通电的。故选B。
33.考查名词词义辨析。A. parents：父母；B. graduates：毕业生；C. children：孩子；D. employees：员工。因为是玩具，所以是送给孩子的。故选C。
34.考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：如果这些老式玩具消失了，那将非常可惜，因为不像电脑游戏，火车套装可以作为宝贵的财产传给下一代。A. died out：消失；B. gave out：分发；C. went out：出去；D. broke out：爆发。根据“It would be a terrible shame”可知，此处表示如果这些老式玩具都消失了。故选A。
35.考查形容词词义辨析。A. damaged：损坏的；B. puzzled：困惑的；C. reduced：减少的；D. valued：宝贵的。前文说到如果这些老式玩具消失了，那将非常可惜，所以可以推断此处是说火车玩具是宝贵的财产。故选D。
模拟优练
A
What is friendship? Any dictionary or book can not define it exactly. It cannot be understood through 1 . The only way to understand friendship is through experience, which 2 all the senses.
Friendship can be seen. It is seen in an old couple sitting in the park holding hands. It is seen in a child freely 3 the last cookie. It is not 4 to see friendship; it is always there for eyes that can see.
Friendship can be heard. It is heard in the words of two friends squeezing in lunch together on an extremely 5 day although they have a lot of things to do. It is the way they 6 each other, not the words. Friendship can be heard by those willing to listen.
Friendship is 7 in a touch. It is a pat on the back from a teammate, a high five between classmates, and the wet kiss from the family dog. The touch 8 more than words or gestures. It is 9 understood and clearly shows the feelings.
Friendship has a taste. It tastes like homemade bread: the ingredients all measured and planned, then carefully 10 , then the quiet 11 as the dough(生面团) rises. Hot from the oven, the bread tastes more than the sum of its ingredients 12 there are the thoughts of the baker as her hands mix the flour or her 13 as she waits for the dough to rise. 14 and unmeasured, this is the ingredient that 15 . Warm, fresh from the oven, the difference you taste is 16 .
Friendship has a smell. It smells like the slightly burnt cookies your brother made especially for you. It smells like your home when you 17 it after being away for a long time. Friendship has 78 smells.
Finally, more than the other senses, friendship is a(n) 19 of the heart. It is the language of the heart — a language that, whether seen, felt, heard, or tasted, is understood by the 20 . Like air fills the lungs, friendship fills the heart, allowing us to experience the best life has to offer: a friend.
1. A. reading B. studying C. gestures D. words
2. A. expects B. involves C. affects D. expresses
3. A. eating B. holding C. choosing D. sharing
4. A. common B. formal C. difficult D. private
5. A. busy B. tough C. bad D. important
6. A. look at B. talk to C. care for D. play with
7. A. felt B. given C. discovered D. remembered
8. A. understands B. explains C. communicates D. knows
9. A. perfectly B. instantly C. hopefully D. thankfully
10. A. tasted B. prepared C. supplied D. mixed
11. A. waiting B. working C. change D. competition
12. A. and B. unless C. until D. because
13. A. patience B. confidence C. tolerance D. dependence
14. A. Unfinished B. Uncovered C. Unseen D. Unmoved
15. A. comes to life B. makes the difference C. makes sense D. takes effect
16. A. happiness B. comfort C. friendship D. hardship
17. A. win back B. step into C. help out D. carry on
18. A. strong B. strange C. natural D. various
19. A. experience B. thought C. reward D. result
20. A. partners B. senses C. heart D. family
【答案】1-5 DBDCA 6-10 BACBD 11-15 ADACB 16-20 CBDAC
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了友谊的含义。
1.考查名词词义辨析。A. reading：阅读；B. studying：学习；C. gestures：姿态；D. words：语言，话语。根据上文“Any dictionary or book can not define it exactly.”可知友谊无法通过字典或书籍来定义，说明无法通过语言来理解。故选D。
2.考查动词词义辨析。句意：理解友谊的唯一方法是体验，它涉及到所有的感官。A. expects：期待；B. involves：涉及；C. affects：影响；D. expresses：表达。根据all the senses可知理解友谊涉及运用到所有的感官。故选B。
3.考查动词词义辨析。A. eating：吃；B. holding：持有；C. choosing：选择；D. sharing：分享。根据the last cookie可知在孩子分享最后一块饼干时可以看到友谊。故选D。
4.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：友谊不难看出，它总是在那里，让眼睛看得见。A. common：普通的；B. formal：正式的；C. difficult：困难的；D. private：私人的。根据后文“it is always there for eyes that can see.”可知我们总是能看到友谊，所以不难看出。故选C。
5.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然有很多事情要做，但两个朋友却在非常忙碌的一天挤在一起吃午饭。A. busy：忙碌的；B. tough：艰苦的；C. bad：坏的；D. important：重要的。根据后面“although they have a lot of things to do”可知是指忙碌的一天。故选A。
6.考查动词短语辨析。句意：重要的是他们互相说话的方式，而不是说的话。A. look at：看；B. talk to：谈话；C. care for：关心；D. play with：和……玩耍。根据上文“It is heard in the words of two friends”可知，此处指友谊存在于朋友的交谈之间，故选B。
7.考查动词词义辨析。A. felt：感觉；B. given：给予；C. discovered：发现；D. remembered：记得。结合空后一句可知友谊可以通过触摸而被人感觉到。故选A。
8.考查动词词义辨析。句意：触摸传递的信息比语言或手势更多。A. understands：理解；B. explains：解释；C. communicates：交流，传达；D. knows：知道。根据“more than words or gestures”可知，语言或手势是用来交流的，而触摸传递的信息比这些更多。故选C。
9.考查副词词义辨析。句意：它能立刻被理解并清楚地表达你的感受。A. perfectly：完美地；B. instantly：立即；C. hopefully：有希望地；D. thankfully：感谢地。朋友之间的触碰可以让对方立即明白自己的感受。故选B。
10.考查动词词义辨析。A. tasted：品尝；B. prepared：准备；C. supplied：供应；D. mixed：搅拌，混合。对应后文“as her hands mix the flour”指混合制作面包的材料，故选D。
11.考查名词词义辨析。A. waiting：等待；B. working：工作；C. change：改变；D. competition：比赛。根据后文“as she waits for the dough to rise”以及常识，面团发面需要等待。故选A。
12.考查连词词义辨析。句意：刚出炉的热腾腾的面包尝起来比所有配料加起来都更有味道，因为它里面蕴含了面包师在揉面时的思考，或者她在等待生面团发面时的耐心。A. and：并且；B. unless：除非；C. until：直到；D. because：因为。此处前后文为因果关系，引导原因状语从句，应用because。故选D。
13.考查名词词义辨析。A. patience：耐心；B. confidence：自信；C. tolerance：宽容；D. dependence：依赖。根据“as she waits for the dough to rise”可知等待需要耐心。故选A。
14.考查形容词词义辨析。A. Unfinished：未完成的；B. Uncovered：裸露的；C. Unseen：看不见的；D. Unmoved：无动于衷的。根据and unmeasured以及上文提到的面包师在揉面时的思考，或者她在等待生面团发面时的耐心，这些都是看不见的无法计量的东西。故选C。
15.考查动词短语辨析。A. comes to life：苏醒；B. makes the difference：有影响，产生差异；C. makes sense：有意义；D. takes effect：起作用。呼应后文“the difference you taste”可知，那些看不见的而无法计量的因素，造成了不同。故选B。
16.考查名词词义辨析。A. happiness：幸福；B. comfort：安慰；C. friendship：友谊；D. hardship：艰难。呼应上文“Friendship has a taste.”，此处指的是友谊的不同味道。故选C。
17.考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：当你离开很长一段时间后再踏进家门，它就会散发出家的味道。A. win back：重获；B. step into：进入；C. help out：帮助；D. carry on：继续。根据空格前后内容可知此处指踏进家门，step into符合语境。故选B。
18.考查形容词词义辨析。A. strong：强烈的；B. strange：奇怪的；C. natural：自然的；D. various：各种的。结合常识，每个人的经历不同，所以关于友谊的味道也各种各样。故选D。
19.考查名词词义辨析。句意：最后，与其他感官相比，友谊是一种心灵的体验。A. experience：经历；B. thought：思想；C. reward：奖励；D. result：结果。呼应后文“allowing us to experience the best life has to offer”指友谊是心灵的体验。故选A。
20.考查名词词义辨析。A. partners：伙伴；B. senses：感觉；C. heart：心；D. family：家庭。对应上文“of the heart”指友谊是需要用心去理解的语言。故选C。
B
When faced with tough difficulties or troubles, people always give us positive words. 21 can lift our spirits indeed, but sometimes in some case it 22 depresses us. Psychology calls it “toxic positivity”. What is it? Let’s see the following 23 .
Between sleepless nights, diapers(换尿布) and feeding times, having small children at home could leave Priscilla Goins feeling 24 . She loved her kids, but it was a lot. “I would sometimes say ‘I just want a minute to myself’,” Goins of Knoxville, Tennessee, said. “People would be like: Oh, you’ll miss it when they’re 25 or you should value it.” That made her so mad. She doesn’t 26 what people say. She disagreed at all. Actually, in those moments, she simply wanted 27 that she was going through the tiredness 28 .
A focus on positive thinking, while putting challenging and 29 experiences to the side, is what some experts call “toxic positivity”. Being cheerful is not a bad thing. Certainly, a 30 attitude can be a gift to those around you, but it shouldn’t 31 listening thoughtfully to others’ experiences. When you are choosing to look at 32 from one angle — in this case a positive angle — you are very likely to dismiss or deny an authentic 33 . That’s toxic positivity, which is what Goins 34 when she was looking for a bit of mercy about the 35 of parenting young children. Even if you’re trying to 36 someone, ignoring someone’s tough experiences can leave them feeling that they should 37 negative feelings in the future. 38 trying to find a positive spin, we are supposed to use accepting and comprehensive words. Sometimes we just need to say “Yeah, me too,” or “That makes total sense.” It’s allowing someone to express something that is 39 , even if it’s hard to hear or it’s 40 .
21. A. Modesty B. Encouragement C. Excitement D. Admiration
22. A. also B. ever C. just D. still
23. A. analysis B. statement C. summary D. example
24. A. thrilled B. joyful C. tired D. panic
25. A. younger B. older C. stronger D. taller
26. A. distinguish B. discontent C. deny D. recognize
27. A. commitment B. concern C. acknowledgment D. acquisition
28. A. eventually B. gradually C. anyway D. indeed
29. A. cosy B. unforgettable C. joyful D. tough
30. A. negative B. positive C. critical D. caring
31. A. take the place of B. take control of C. take charge of D. take advantage of
32. A. views B. positions C. situations D. phenomena
33. A. experience B. relationship C. conclusion D. virtue
34. A. explained B. received C. exposed D. conveyed
33. A. pleasure B. loss C. challenge D. well-being
36. A. cheer up B. let down C. speak highly of D. speak ill of
37. A. present B. hide C. indicate D. spread
38. A. Regardless of B. In terms of C. Instead of D. As a result of
39. A. artificial B. vague C. accurate D. authentic
40. A. uncomfortable B. comprehensive C. optimistic D. unavoidable
【答案】21-25 BADCB 26-30 DCDDB 31-35 ACABC 36-40 ABCDA
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了在心理学上一种被称之为“有毒的正能量”的现象。
21.考查名词词义辨析。句意：鼓励的确能使我们精神振奋，但有时在某些情况下，它也会使我们沮丧。A. Modesty：谦逊；B. Encouragement：鼓励；C. Excitement：兴奋；D. Admiration：钦佩。根据上文的“When faced with tough difficulties or troubles, people always give us positive words.”和下文的“can lift our spirits indeed”可知，此处是指鼓励能使我们精神振奋。故选B。
22.考查副词词义辨析。A. also：也；B. ever：曾经；C. just：仅仅；D. still：仍然。此处“depresses us”是指鼓励的另一个影响，所以应用also表示并列补充。故选A。
23.考查名词词义辨析。A. analysis：分析；B. statement：陈述；C. summary：总结；D. example：例子。根据下文可知，接下来作者是用一个例子来说明。故选D。
24.考查形容词词义辨析。A. thrilled：兴奋的；B. joyful：开心的；C. tired：疲劳的；D. panic：惊慌的。根据后文“I would sometimes say ‘I just want a minute to myself’”可知家里有小孩会让普丽西拉觉得很累，且下文的“she was going through the tiredness”也是提示。故选C。
25.考查形容词词义辨析。A. younger：更年轻的；B. older：年龄更大的；C. stronger：更强壮的；D. taller：更高的。根据“you’ll miss it”可知，此处是指等孩子长大了她会想念现在。故选B。
26.考查动词词义辨析。A. distinguish：区分；B. discontent：使不满；C. deny：否定，否认；D. recognize：认可。根据空格后句“She disagreed at all.”可知，此处是指她不认可人们说的话。故选D。
27.考查名词词义辨析。句意：实际上，在那些时刻，她只是想让大家知道她当时正在经历疲劳。A. commitment：承诺，保证；B. concern：担心，忧虑；C. acknowledgment：承认；D. acquisition：获得物，获得，收购。根据“she was going through the tiredness”可知，此处是指她是想别人知道她的疲惫。故选C。
28.考查副词词义辨析。A. eventually：最后，终于；B. gradually：渐渐地；C. anyway：无论如何，不管怎样，总之；D. indeed：的确。“she was going through the tiredness”是事实，所以应用indeed强调。故选D。
29.考查形容词词义辨析。A. cosy：舒适的；B. unforgettable：难忘的；C. joyful：欢喜的，令人高兴的；D. tough：艰苦的，困难的。根据and可知，前后词词义义相近。所以此处是指充满挑战性的和艰难的经历。故选D。
30.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当然，积极的态度对于周围的人来说是一种馈赠，但它不应该取代仔细倾听别人的经历。A. negative：消极的，否定的；B. positive：积极的；C. critical：批评的，爱挑剔的；D. caring：关心他人的。根据空前一句“Being cheerful is not a bad thing.”可知，此处是指积极的态度对周围的人来说是一种馈赠。故选B。
31.考查动词词义短语辨析。A. take the place of：代替；B. take control of：控制；C. take charge of：接管，负责；D. take advantage of：利用。根据后面一句可知此处是说积极的态度不应该取代仔细倾听别人的经历。故选A。
32.考查名词词义辨析。A. views：观点，风景； B. positions：位置，姿态；C. situations：状况，情境；D. phenomena：现象。结合语境可知，此处是指从一个积极的角度看事情。故选C。
33.考查名词词义辨析。A. experience：经验，体验；B. relationship：关系；C. conclusion：结论；D. virtue：美德。根据前面“listening thoughtfully to others’ experiences”可知，此处是指如果你单纯选择从一个积极的角度看问题，你很可能会忽视或否认真实的体验。故选A。
34.考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是一种有毒的正面情绪，这是当Goins在养育年幼孩子的挑战中寻求一点怜悯时所收到的。A. explained：说明，解释；B. received：收到，接待；C. exposed：揭露，显示；D. conveyed：传达。根据前文可知，之前Goins也收到了这种有毒的正面情绪。故选B。
35.考查名词词义辨析。A. pleasure：快乐；B. loss：减少，亏损；C. challenge：挑战；D. well-being：幸福。根据“A focus on positive thinking, while putting challenging and tough experiences to the side”可知，养育年幼孩子对Goins来说是一种挑战。故选C。
36.考查动词词义短语辨析。A. cheer up：使高兴；B. let down：使失望；C. speak highly of：赞扬；D. speak ill of：诋毁。根据Even if引导让步状语从句可知，此处是指即使你想让别人高兴起来，忽视别人的痛苦经历也会让他们觉得自己将来应该隐藏负面情绪。故选A。
37.考查动词词义辨析。A. present：颁发，赠送；B. hide：隐藏；C. indicate：表明；D. spread：传播，伸展。当一个人说出自己的痛苦，但是只是得到了有毒的正面情绪时，对方以后就会把负面情绪隐藏起来。故选B。
38.考查介词短语词义辨析。A. Regardless of：不顾，不管；B. In terms of：依据，按照；C. Instead of：代替，而不是；D. As a result of：由于。上文说当一个人说出自己的痛苦，但是只是得到了有毒的正面情绪时，对方以后就会把负面情绪隐藏起来，因此作者认为不应该只试图找到积极的一面，而是要使用理解性和包容性的语言。故选C。
39.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它允许某人表达真实的东西，即使它很难听或者很不舒服。A. artificial：人造的，仿造的；B. vague：模糊的，含糊的；C. accurate：精确的；D. authentic：真正的，真实的。根据上文可知，作者认为我们应该使用理解性和包容性的语言，从而鼓励对方表达真实的东西。故选D。
40.考查形容词词义辨析。A. uncomfortable：不舒服的；不安的；B. comprehensive：综合的，广泛的，有理解力的；C. optimistic：乐观的，乐观主义的；D. unavoidable：不可避免的，不能废除的。根据前文中的““Yeah, me too,” or “That makes total sense.””可知，这些话听起来可能让人不舒服，但却能表达真实的东西。故选A。
完形填空之说明文
大题优练9
优选例题
A
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian(专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment(授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation(委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
1. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
2. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
3. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
4. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
5. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
6. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
7. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
8. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
9. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
10. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
11. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
12. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
13. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
14. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
15. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
【答案】1-5 DABDC 6-10 BADAC 11-15 BBDAC
【解析】本文是说明文，作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯·麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的X理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论：授权管理及其作用。
1.考查动词。根据后半句“...will do anything to avoid it”可知很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，说明那些人大多数人生性都是懒惰的，都不愿意工作，他们尽可能地逃避工作。故D项正确。
2.考查名词。to the contrary：相反的；to the degree：在某种程度上；to the extreme：走向极端。在文章第一段中提到了X理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么雄心壮志，不喜欢负责任，宁可被领导。而Y理论认为大多数人愿意对工作、对他人负责，人们愿意实行自我管理和自我控制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A正确。
3.考查词组。本句中for example表示举例说明。这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。
4.考查名词。根据空后一句可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项（上面的）正确。
5.考查动词。句意：不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。这而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。
6.考查动词短语。短语refer to：提到，谈到；contribute to：做贡献；导致；object to：反对；apply to：适用于。亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。
7.考查名词。agreement：同意，一致；practice：练习，做法；election：选举；impression：印象。亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在达成一致基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A正确。
8.考查形容词。根据空格前半句可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D正确。
9.考查动词。根据前句“encourage employees to use their own initiative”可知是鼓励员工发挥主动积极性，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。
10.考查上下文串联。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing”（缩小规模的趋势），也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词reduce（减少）符合上下文串联。
11.考查形容词。动词be honored with：被授予；be left with：留下，剩下；be crowded with：挤满；be compared with：与……相比。通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效率。故B正确。
12.考查副词。economically：经济地；traditionally：传统地；inadequately：不充分地；occasionally：偶尔地。根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management”可知授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。
13.考查动词。deny：否认；admit：承认；assume：假定，设想；ensure：保证，确保。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，有利于确保整个商业计划的跟进。根据句意可知D正确。
14.考查形容词。virtual：虚拟的；ineffective：低效的；day-to-day：日常的；on-the-scene：现场的。根据后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和互联网联系，说明这是一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A正确。
15.考查名词。opinion：观点；risk：冒险；performance：表现；attractiveness：魅力。根据后半句中“in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on then”可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产出而不是工作的时间，故C项正确。
B
Children adore trains. There is no doubt that more boys like trains than girls, but who knows 16 ? Is it the speed, the power or the size of trains that hold the 17 ? The days have probably passed when most boys 18 to become a train driver, but there are 19 lots of boys who do. 20 , all children like to see toy trains whizzing about a track and this love of toy trains often stays with adult males, 21 seldom with adult females.
Many businessmen have attempted to 22 children’s fondness of trains. Some make 23 train sets while others make excellent train sets that become classics and 24 for many times their price.
25 the actual train sets, there are also stories concerning trains and some of these become real 26 as well. The Polar Express and Thomas the Tank Engine are recent 27 of this.
The Polar Express is especially 28 in America, where many homes with young children have 29 Polar Express trains running around the family Christmas tree. The Polar Express was first a book and then a very well-liked children’s movie.
Thomas the Tank Engine is better-known in the UK and Europe as a whole. Thomas 30 life as a children’s book in 1946 but only became 31 after cartoons were made in 1984 in the UK. Most of the Thomas the Tank Engine children’s toys were 32 on a length of string instead of being electrified.
Train sets are one of the classic gifts for 33 like rocking horses, castles and doll babies. It would be a terrible shame if these old-fashioned toys 34 , because unlike computer games, train sets can be passed on as 35 possessions to future generations.
16. A. when B. where C. how D. why
17. A. position B. appeal C. advantage D. possession
18. A. want B. pretend C. refuse D. fail
19. A. also B. again C. still D. seldom
20. A. On the other hand B. On the contrary
C. To make things worse D. In other words
21. A. because B. unless C. though D. when
22. A. take notice of B. take advantage of C. take pride of D. take charge of
23. A. comfortable B. different C. extra D. cheap
24. A. sell B. pay C. charge D. bargain
25. A. Apart from B. Regardless of C. Together with D. Except for
26. A. books B. cartoons C. toys D. planes
27. A. incidents B. instruments C. examples D. origins
28. A. expensive B. popular C. rare D. important
29. A. reliable B. expensive C. unique D. electric
30. A. sacrificed B. saved C. risked D. began
31. A. clear B. famous C. safe D. comfortable
32. A. hanged B. pulled C. created D. pushed
33. A. parents B. graduates C. children D. employees
34. A. died out B. gave out C. went out D. broke out
35. A. damaged B. puzzled C. reduced D. valued
【答案】16-20 DBACD 21-25 CBDAA 26-30 CCBDD 31-35 BBCAD
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了孩子们都喜欢火车，而商人正好利用这一点，制造出各种各样的火车玩具，其中极地快车和托马斯火车头是两个较为经典的例子，并且在文章的最后也告诉我们，像火车玩具这样的老式玩具和电脑游戏不同，它们是可以作为宝贵的财产传给下一代的。
16.考查从属连词词义辨析。句意：毫无疑问，男孩比女孩更喜欢火车，但谁知道为什么呢？A. when：什么时候；B. where：在哪里；C. how：如何；D. why：为什么。由but可知，前后句为转折关系，结合前句可知，此处是在问：但谁知道为什么呢？故选D。
17.考查名词词义辨析。A. position：位置；B. appeal：吸引力；C. advantage：优势；D. possession：个人财产。根据前文“Children adore trains.”可知，速度、动力、火车的大小都可能是吸引孩子们的因素。故选B。
18.考查动词词义辨析。句意：大多数男孩想当火车司机的日子可能已经过去了，但仍然有很多男孩想当火车司机。A. want：想要；B. pretend：假装；C. refuse：拒绝；D. fail：失败。此处应是想要成为一名火车司机。故选A。
19.考查副词词义辨析。A. also：也；B. again：再一次；C. still：仍然；D. seldom：很少。由but可知，前后句之间是转折关系，此处应是指仍然有很多男孩想成为火车司机，用still强调过去男孩想要成为火车司机的想法仍然继续存在。故选C。
20.考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：换句话说，所有的孩子都喜欢看玩具火车在铁轨上飞驰，而这种对玩具火车的喜爱通常只属于成年男性，而很少有成年女性。A. On the other hand：另一方面；B. On the contrary：相反地；C. To make things worse：更糟的是；D. In other words：换句话说。此处用另一种方式解释“男孩比女孩更喜欢火车”这个观点。故选D。
21.考查从属连词词义辨析。A. because：因为；B. unless：除非；C. though：尽管，不过；D. when：当……时。根据前文“this love of toy trains often stays with adult males”和后面“seldom with adult females”可知，上下文形成转折关系，故选C。
22.考查动词词义短语辨析。句意：许多商人试图利用孩子们对火车的喜爱。A. take notice of：注意；B. take advantage of：利用；C. take pride of：引以为豪；D. take charge of：负责。根据businessman可知，商人应是利用孩子们对火车的喜爱来获利。故选B。
23.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一些人制作了便宜的火车玩具套装，而另一些人制作了优秀的火车玩具套装，这些套装逐渐成为经典，并以好几倍的价格出售。A. comfortable：舒服的；B. different：不同的；C. extra：额外的；D. cheap：便宜的。根据后文“while others make excellent train sets”和“for many times their price”可知，优秀的火车玩具套装的价格会是便宜的火车套装的价格的许多倍。故选D。
24.考查动词词义辨析。A. sell：出售；B. pay：支付；C. charge：掌控，要价；D. bargain：讨价还价。商人制造优秀的火车玩具套装，自然是为了以更好的价格出售。故选A。
25.考查介词短语词义辨析。A. Apart from：除了……外（还）；B. Regardless of：不管；C. Together with：一起；D. Except for：除了……别无。根据后文的“there are also stories concerning trains”可知，此处应用Apart from表示除了有火车玩具套装，还有关于火车的故事。故选A。
26.考查名词词义辨析。A. books：书；B. cartoons：卡通片；C. toys：玩具；D. planes：飞机。根据后文的“The Polar Express and Thomas the Tank Engine”可知，极地快车和托马斯火车头都是玩具。故选C。
27.考查名词词义辨析。A. incidents：事件；B. instruments：仪器；C. examples：例子；D. origins：起源。根据极地快车和托马斯火车头可知，这两个都是关于火车玩具的实际例子。故选C。
28.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：极地快车在美国特别受欢迎，许多有小孩的家庭都有电动极地快车围绕着家庭圣诞树运行。A. expensive：昂贵的；B. popular：受欢迎的；C. rare：稀有的；D. important：重要的。根据空格后面内容可知，极地快车在美国特别受欢迎。故选B。
29.考查形容词词义辨析。A. reliable：可靠的；B. expensive：昂贵的；C. unique：独特的；D. electric：电动的。根据“running around the family Christmas tree”可知，极地快车是电动的，这样才可以运行，下文中的“being electrified”也是提示。故选D。
30.考查动词词义辨析。句意：1946年，《托马斯》作为一本儿童读物问世，但直到1984年英国制作了动画片后才出名。A. sacrificed：牺牲；B. saved：拯救；C. risked：冒险；D. began：开始。根据“as a children’s book in 1946”可知，在1946年，托马斯以一本儿童读物的形式问世。故选D。
31.考查形容词词义辨析。A. clear：清楚的；B. famous：著名的；C. safe：安全的；D. comfortable：舒服的。根据前文“Thomas the Tank Engine is better-known in the UK and Europe as a whole.”（托马斯火车头在英国和整个欧洲都比较有名。）可知，直到1984年在英国制作了动画片之后才出名。故选B。
32.考查动词词义辨析。A. hanged：悬挂；B. pulled：拉；C. created：创造；D. pushed：推。根据“on a length of string instead of being electrified.”可知，托马斯火车头的大多数儿童玩具都是用一根长绳子拉着的，而不是通电的。故选B。
33.考查名词词义辨析。A. parents：父母；B. graduates：毕业生；C. children：孩子；D. employees：员工。因为是玩具，所以是送给孩子的。故选C。
34.考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：如果这些老式玩具消失了，那将非常可惜，因为不像电脑游戏，火车套装可以作为宝贵的财产传给下一代。A. died out：消失；B. gave out：分发；C. went out：出去；D. broke out：爆发。根据“It would be a terrible shame”可知，此处表示如果这些老式玩具都消失了。故选A。
35.考查形容词词义辨析。A. damaged：损坏的；B. puzzled：困惑的；C. reduced：减少的；D. valued：宝贵的。前文说到如果这些老式玩具消失了，那将非常可惜，所以可以推断此处是说火车玩具是宝贵的财产。故选D。
模拟优练
A
What is friendship? Any dictionary or book can not define it exactly. It cannot be understood through 1 . The only way to understand friendship is through experience, which 2 all the senses.
Friendship can be seen. It is seen in an old couple sitting in the park holding hands. It is seen in a child freely 3 the last cookie. It is not 4 to see friendship; it is always there for eyes that can see.
Friendship can be heard. It is heard in the words of two friends squeezing in lunch together on an extremely 5 day although they have a lot of things to do. It is the way they 6 each other, not the words. Friendship can be heard by those willing to listen.
Friendship is 7 in a touch. It is a pat on the back from a teammate, a high five between classmates, and the wet kiss from the family dog. The touch 8 more than words or gestures. It is 9 understood and clearly shows the feelings.
Friendship has a taste. It tastes like homemade bread: the ingredients all measured and planned, then carefully 10 , then the quiet 11 as the dough(生面团) rises. Hot from the oven, the bread tastes more than the sum of its ingredients 12 there are the thoughts of the baker as her hands mix the flour or her 13 as she waits for the dough to rise. 14 and unmeasured, this is the ingredient that 15 . Warm, fresh from the oven, the difference you taste is 16 .
Friendship has a smell. It smells like the slightly burnt cookies your brother made especially for you. It smells like your home when you 17 it after being away for a long time. Friendship has 78 smells.
Finally, more than the other senses, friendship is a(n) 19 of the heart. It is the language of the heart — a language that, whether seen, felt, heard, or tasted, is understood by the 20 . Like air fills the lungs, friendship fills the heart, allowing us to experience the best life has to offer: a friend.
1. A. reading B. studying C. gestures D. words
2. A. expects B. involves C. affects D. expresses
3. A. eating B. holding C. choosing D. sharing
4. A. common B. formal C. difficult D. private
5. A. busy B. tough C. bad D. important
6. A. look at B. talk to C. care for D. play with
7. A. felt B. given C. discovered D. remembered
8. A. understands B. explains C. communicates D. knows
9. A. perfectly B. instantly C. hopefully D. thankfully
10. A. tasted B. prepared C. supplied D. mixed
11. A. waiting B. working C. change D. competition
12. A. and B. unless C. until D. because
13. A. patience B. confidence C. tolerance D. dependence
14. A. Unfinished B. Uncovered C. Unseen D. Unmoved
15. A. comes to life B. makes the difference C. makes sense D. takes effect
16. A. happiness B. comfort C. friendship D. hardship
17. A. win back B. step into C. help out D. carry on
18. A. strong B. strange C. natural D. various
19. A. experience B. thought C. reward D. result
20. A. partners B. senses C. heart D. family
【答案】1-5 DBDCA 6-10 BACBD 11-15 ADACB 16-20 CBDAC
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了友谊的含义。
1.考查名词词义辨析。A. reading：阅读；B. studying：学习；C. gestures：姿态；D. words：语言，话语。根据上文“Any dictionary or book can not define it exactly.”可知友谊无法通过字典或书籍来定义，说明无法通过语言来理解。故选D。
2.考查动词词义辨析。句意：理解友谊的唯一方法是体验，它涉及到所有的感官。A. expects：期待；B. involves：涉及；C. affects：影响；D. expresses：表达。根据all the senses可知理解友谊涉及运用到所有的感官。故选B。
3.考查动词词义辨析。A. eating：吃；B. holding：持有；C. choosing：选择；D. sharing：分享。根据the last cookie可知在孩子分享最后一块饼干时可以看到友谊。故选D。
4.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：友谊不难看出，它总是在那里，让眼睛看得见。A. common：普通的；B. formal：正式的；C. difficult：困难的；D. private：私人的。根据后文“it is always there for eyes that can see.”可知我们总是能看到友谊，所以不难看出。故选C。
5.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然有很多事情要做，但两个朋友却在非常忙碌的一天挤在一起吃午饭。A. busy：忙碌的；B. tough：艰苦的；C. bad：坏的；D. important：重要的。根据后面“although they have a lot of things to do”可知是指忙碌的一天。故选A。
6.考查动词短语辨析。句意：重要的是他们互相说话的方式，而不是说的话。A. look at：看；B. talk to：谈话；C. care for：关心；D. play with：和……玩耍。根据上文“It is heard in the words of two friends”可知，此处指友谊存在于朋友的交谈之间，故选B。
7.考查动词词义辨析。A. felt：感觉；B. given：给予；C. discovered：发现；D. remembered：记得。结合空后一句可知友谊可以通过触摸而被人感觉到。故选A。
8.考查动词词义辨析。句意：触摸传递的信息比语言或手势更多。A. understands：理解；B. explains：解释；C. communicates：交流，传达；D. knows：知道。根据“more than words or gestures”可知，语言或手势是用来交流的，而触摸传递的信息比这些更多。故选C。
9.考查副词词义辨析。句意：它能立刻被理解并清楚地表达你的感受。A. perfectly：完美地；B. instantly：立即；C. hopefully：有希望地；D. thankfully：感谢地。朋友之间的触碰可以让对方立即明白自己的感受。故选B。
10.考查动词词义辨析。A. tasted：品尝；B. prepared：准备；C. supplied：供应；D. mixed：搅拌，混合。对应后文“as her hands mix the flour”指混合制作面包的材料，故选D。
11.考查名词词义辨析。A. waiting：等待；B. working：工作；C. change：改变；D. competition：比赛。根据后文“as she waits for the dough to rise”以及常识，面团发面需要等待。故选A。
12.考查连词词义辨析。句意：刚出炉的热腾腾的面包尝起来比所有配料加起来都更有味道，因为它里面蕴含了面包师在揉面时的思考，或者她在等待生面团发面时的耐心。A. and：并且；B. unless：除非；C. until：直到；D. because：因为。此处前后文为因果关系，引导原因状语从句，应用because。故选D。
13.考查名词词义辨析。A. patience：耐心；B. confidence：自信；C. tolerance：宽容；D. dependence：依赖。根据“as she waits for the dough to rise”可知等待需要耐心。故选A。
14.考查形容词词义辨析。A. Unfinished：未完成的；B. Uncovered：裸露的；C. Unseen：看不见的；D. Unmoved：无动于衷的。根据and unmeasured以及上文提到的面包师在揉面时的思考，或者她在等待生面团发面时的耐心，这些都是看不见的无法计量的东西。故选C。
15.考查动词短语辨析。A. comes to life：苏醒；B. makes the difference：有影响，产生差异；C. makes sense：有意义；D. takes effect：起作用。呼应后文“the difference you taste”可知，那些看不见的而无法计量的因素，造成了不同。故选B。
16.考查名词词义辨析。A. happiness：幸福；B. comfort：安慰；C. friendship：友谊；D. hardship：艰难。呼应上文“Friendship has a taste.”，此处指的是友谊的不同味道。故选C。
17.考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：当你离开很长一段时间后再踏进家门，它就会散发出家的味道。A. win back：重获；B. step into：进入；C. help out：帮助；D. carry on：继续。根据空格前后内容可知此处指踏进家门，step into符合语境。故选B。
18.考查形容词词义辨析。A. strong：强烈的；B. strange：奇怪的；C. natural：自然的；D. various：各种的。结合常识，每个人的经历不同，所以关于友谊的味道也各种各样。故选D。
19.考查名词词义辨析。句意：最后，与其他感官相比，友谊是一种心灵的体验。A. experience：经历；B. thought：思想；C. reward：奖励；D. result：结果。呼应后文“allowing us to experience the best life has to offer”指友谊是心灵的体验。故选A。
20.考查名词词义辨析。A. partners：伙伴；B. senses：感觉；C. heart：心；D. family：家庭。对应上文“of the heart”指友谊是需要用心去理解的语言。故选C。
B
When faced with tough difficulties or troubles, people always give us positive words. 21 can lift our spirits indeed, but sometimes in some case it 22 depresses us. Psychology calls it “toxic positivity”. What is it? Let’s see the following 23 .
Between sleepless nights, diapers(换尿布) and feeding times, having small children at home could leave Priscilla Goins feeling 24 . She loved her kids, but it was a lot. “I would sometimes say ‘I just want a minute to myself’,” Goins of Knoxville, Tennessee, said. “People would be like: Oh, you’ll miss it when they’re 25 or you should value it.” That made her so mad. She doesn’t 26 what people say. She disagreed at all. Actually, in those moments, she simply wanted 27 that she was going through the tiredness 28 .
A focus on positive thinking, while putting challenging and 29 experiences to the side, is what some experts call “toxic positivity”. Being cheerful is not a bad thing. Certainly, a 30 attitude can be a gift to those around you, but it shouldn’t 31 listening thoughtfully to others’ experiences. When you are choosing to look at 32 from one angle — in this case a positive angle — you are very likely to dismiss or deny an authentic 33 . That’s toxic positivity, which is what Goins 34 when she was looking for a bit of mercy about the 35 of parenting young children. Even if you’re trying to 36 someone, ignoring someone’s tough experiences can leave them feeling that they should 37 negative feelings in the future. 38 trying to find a positive spin, we are supposed to use accepting and comprehensive words. Sometimes we just need to say “Yeah, me too,” or “That makes total sense.” It’s allowing someone to express something that is 39 , even if it’s hard to hear or it’s 40 .
21. A. Modesty B. Encouragement C. Excitement D. Admiration
22. A. also B. ever C. just D. still
23. A. analysis B. statement C. summary D. example
24. A. thrilled B. joyful C. tired D. panic
25. A. younger B. older C. stronger D. taller
26. A. distinguish B. discontent C. deny D. recognize
27. A. commitment B. concern C. acknowledgment D. acquisition
28. A. eventually B. gradually C. anyway D. indeed
29. A. cosy B. unforgettable C. joyful D. tough
30. A. negative B. positive C. critical D. caring
31. A. take the place of B. take control of C. take charge of D. take advantage of
32. A. views B. positions C. situations D. phenomena
33. A. experience B. relationship C. conclusion D. virtue
34. A. explained B. received C. exposed D. conveyed
33. A. pleasure B. loss C. challenge D. well-being
36. A. cheer up B. let down C. speak highly of D. speak ill of
37. A. present B. hide C. indicate D. spread
38. A. Regardless of B. In terms of C. Instead of D. As a result of
39. A. artificial B. vague C. accurate D. authentic
40. A. uncomfortable B. comprehensive C. optimistic D. unavoidable
【答案】21-25 BADCB 26-30 DCDDB 31-35 ACABC 36-40 ABCDA
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了在心理学上一种被称之为“有毒的正能量”的现象。
21.考查名词词义辨析。句意：鼓励的确能使我们精神振奋，但有时在某些情况下，它也会使我们沮丧。A. Modesty：谦逊；B. Encouragement：鼓励；C. Excitement：兴奋；D. Admiration：钦佩。根据上文的“When faced with tough difficulties or troubles, people always give us positive words.”和下文的“can lift our spirits indeed”可知，此处是指鼓励能使我们精神振奋。故选B。
22.考查副词词义辨析。A. also：也；B. ever：曾经；C. just：仅仅；D. still：仍然。此处“depresses us”是指鼓励的另一个影响，所以应用also表示并列补充。故选A。
23.考查名词词义辨析。A. analysis：分析；B. statement：陈述；C. summary：总结；D. example：例子。根据下文可知，接下来作者是用一个例子来说明。故选D。
24.考查形容词词义辨析。A. thrilled：兴奋的；B. joyful：开心的；C. tired：疲劳的；D. panic：惊慌的。根据后文“I would sometimes say ‘I just want a minute to myself’”可知家里有小孩会让普丽西拉觉得很累，且下文的“she was going through the tiredness”也是提示。故选C。
25.考查形容词词义辨析。A. younger：更年轻的；B. older：年龄更大的；C. stronger：更强壮的；D. taller：更高的。根据“you’ll miss it”可知，此处是指等孩子长大了她会想念现在。故选B。
26.考查动词词义辨析。A. distinguish：区分；B. discontent：使不满；C. deny：否定，否认；D. recognize：认可。根据空格后句“She disagreed at all.”可知，此处是指她不认可人们说的话。故选D。
27.考查名词词义辨析。句意：实际上，在那些时刻，她只是想让大家知道她当时正在经历疲劳。A. commitment：承诺，保证；B. concern：担心，忧虑；C. acknowledgment：承认；D. acquisition：获得物，获得，收购。根据“she was going through the tiredness”可知，此处是指她是想别人知道她的疲惫。故选C。
28.考查副词词义辨析。A. eventually：最后，终于；B. gradually：渐渐地；C. anyway：无论如何，不管怎样，总之；D. indeed：的确。“she was going through the tiredness”是事实，所以应用indeed强调。故选D。
29.考查形容词词义辨析。A. cosy：舒适的；B. unforgettable：难忘的；C. joyful：欢喜的，令人高兴的；D. tough：艰苦的，困难的。根据and可知，前后词词义义相近。所以此处是指充满挑战性的和艰难的经历。故选D。
30.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当然，积极的态度对于周围的人来说是一种馈赠，但它不应该取代仔细倾听别人的经历。A. negative：消极的，否定的；B. positive：积极的；C. critical：批评的，爱挑剔的；D. caring：关心他人的。根据空前一句“Being cheerful is not a bad thing.”可知，此处是指积极的态度对周围的人来说是一种馈赠。故选B。
31.考查动词词义短语辨析。A. take the place of：代替；B. take control of：控制；C. take charge of：接管，负责；D. take advantage of：利用。根据后面一句可知此处是说积极的态度不应该取代仔细倾听别人的经历。故选A。
32.考查名词词义辨析。A. views：观点，风景； B. positions：位置，姿态；C. situations：状况，情境；D. phenomena：现象。结合语境可知，此处是指从一个积极的角度看事情。故选C。
33.考查名词词义辨析。A. experience：经验，体验；B. relationship：关系；C. conclusion：结论；D. virtue：美德。根据前面“listening thoughtfully to others’ experiences”可知，此处是指如果你单纯选择从一个积极的角度看问题，你很可能会忽视或否认真实的体验。故选A。
34.考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是一种有毒的正面情绪，这是当Goins在养育年幼孩子的挑战中寻求一点怜悯时所收到的。A. explained：说明，解释；B. received：收到，接待；C. exposed：揭露，显示；D. conveyed：传达。根据前文可知，之前Goins也收到了这种有毒的正面情绪。故选B。
35.考查名词词义辨析。A. pleasure：快乐；B. loss：减少，亏损；C. challenge：挑战；D. well-being：幸福。根据“A focus on positive thinking, while putting challenging and tough experiences to the side”可知，养育年幼孩子对Goins来说是一种挑战。故选C。
36.考查动词词义短语辨析。A. cheer up：使高兴；B. let down：使失望；C. speak highly of：赞扬；D. speak ill of：诋毁。根据Even if引导让步状语从句可知，此处是指即使你想让别人高兴起来，忽视别人的痛苦经历也会让他们觉得自己将来应该隐藏负面情绪。故选A。
37.考查动词词义辨析。A. present：颁发，赠送；B. hide：隐藏；C. indicate：表明；D. spread：传播，伸展。当一个人说出自己的痛苦，但是只是得到了有毒的正面情绪时，对方以后就会把负面情绪隐藏起来。故选B。
38.考查介词短语词义辨析。A. Regardless of：不顾，不管；B. In terms of：依据，按照；C. Instead of：代替，而不是；D. As a result of：由于。上文说当一个人说出自己的痛苦，但是只是得到了有毒的正面情绪时，对方以后就会把负面情绪隐藏起来，因此作者认为不应该只试图找到积极的一面，而是要使用理解性和包容性的语言。故选C。
39.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它允许某人表达真实的东西，即使它很难听或者很不舒服。A. artificial：人造的，仿造的；B. vague：模糊的，含糊的；C. accurate：精确的；D. authentic：真正的，真实的。根据上文可知，作者认为我们应该使用理解性和包容性的语言，从而鼓励对方表达真实的东西。故选D。
40.考查形容词词义辨析。A. uncomfortable：不舒服的；不安的；B. comprehensive：综合的，广泛的，有理解力的；C. optimistic：乐观的，乐观主义的；D. unavoidable：不可避免的，不能废除的。根据前文中的““Yeah, me too,” or “That makes total sense.””可知，这些话听起来可能让人不舒服，但却能表达真实的东西。故选A。
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