(新高考)高考英语三轮冲刺大题优练3 阅读理解 说明文(2份打包，解析版+原卷版)

【例题】（2020·山东卷）According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份), it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.

To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly (表面上) participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.

Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.

For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.

The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we’re making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we’ll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?

1. What is the recent study mainly about?

A. Food safety.

B. Movie viewership.

C. Consumer demand.

D. Eating behavior.

2. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?

A. Big eaters.

B. Overweight persons.

C. Picky eaters.

D. Tall thin persons.

3. Why did the researchers hire the actor?

A. To see how she would affect the participants.

B. To test if the participants could recognize her.

C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.

D. To study why she could keep her weight down.

4. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?

A. How hungry we are.

B. How slim we want to be.

C. How we perceive others.

D. How we feel about the food.

【答案】1.D   2. D   3. A   4. C

【解析】本文为说明文，文章介绍了饮食同伴体型和消费习惯对个人饮食习惯的影响。

1.细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“According to a recent study …, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，我们饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量，故选D。

2.词义猜测题。根据划线单词所在句上文“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions”（与现有的研究结果相反的是，你应该避免和体重较胖的人一起吃饭，因为他们点的食物份量比较大）可知，beanpoles是heavier people的反义词，故选D。

3.细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments.”可知，招聘演员进行实验的目的是为了测试社交对饮食习惯的影响，故选A。

4.细节理解题。根据“adjust the influence”下文“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits…”可知，我们如何看待他人的饮食习惯很重要，故选C。

(一)

Human societies developed food preferences based on what was available and what the group decided it liked most. Those preferences were then passed along as socially learned behaviors, values, knowledge and customs that make up culture. Besides humans, many other social animals are believed to exhibit forms of culture in various ways, too.

In fact, according to a new study led by Harvard scientist Liran Samuni, bonobos(倭黑猩猩), one of our closest living relatives, could be the latest addition to the list.

The researchers studied the hunting and feeding habits of two neighboring groups of bonobos in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Analyzing the data, they saw many similarities in the lives of the two bonobo groups—the Ekalakala and the Kokoalongo. They also both have the access and opportunity to hunt the same kind of prey(猎物). This, however, is precisely where researchers noticed a striking difference.

The groups consistently preferred to hunt and feast on two different types of prey. The Ekalakala group went after an anomalure (鳞尾松鼠). The Kokoalongo group on the other hand, favored a duiker(小羚羊).

“It’s basically like two human cultures exploiting a common resource in different ways,” says Samuni. “Think about two cultures living close to each other but having different preferences: One prefers chicken while the other is more of a beef-eating culture.”

Using statistical modeling, the researchers found that the only variable that could reliably predict prey preference was whether the hunters were team Ekalakala or team Kokoalongo.

The researchers haven't yet investigated how the bonobo groups learned this hunting preference, but through their analysis they were able to rule out ecological factors or genetic differences. Basically, it means all evidence points toward this being a learned social behavior.

“If our closest living relatives have some cultural traits(特征), then it's likely our ancestors already had some capacity for culture,” Samuni says.

5. What do paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly talk about?

A. The findings of the study.

B. The background of the study.

C. The process of the study.

D. The challenges of doing the study.

6. How does Samuni perceive the two bonobo groups’ different hunting preferences?

A. They are an unusual phenomenon.

B. They are a learned social behavior.

C. They contradict human cultures.

D. They show bonobos’ high intelligence.

7. Which of the following could influence the bonobos' prey preference?

A. The timing of hunting.

B. The communities they belong to.

C. Their hunting techniques.

D. Their surrounding environment.

8. What might the findings of the bonobos' hunting preference indicate?

A. When human society was born.

B. How human society developed.

C. What helped human culture change.

D. How human culture first appeared.

(二)

Masks that helped save lives during the coronavirus pandemic(流行病) are proving a deadly danger for wildlife, with birds and marine creatures trapped in the incredible number of abandoned facial coverings littering on animal habitats.

Single-use surgical masks have been found thrown around pavements, waterways and beaches worldwide since countries began demanding their use in public places to slow the pandemic's spread. Macaques(猕猴) have been spotted chewing the straps(带子) off old and deserted masks in Malaysia a potential choking danger for the little monkeys. And in an incident that captured headlines in Britain, a gull(海鸥) was rescued in the city of Chelmsford after its legs became tangled（缠结）in the straps of a disposable mask for up to a week. The animal welfare charity was alerted after the bird was spotted motionless but still alive, and they took it to a wildlife hospital for treatment before its release.

The biggest impact may be in the water. More than l. 5 billion masks made their way into the world's oceans last year. Accounting for around 6,200 extra tons of marine plastic pollution, according to environmental group Oceans Asia. Already there are signs that masks are worsening threats to marine life. Conservationists in Brazil found one inside the stomach of a penguin after its body was washed up on a beach, while a dead pufferfish(河豚) was discovered caught inside another off the coast of Miami.

Masks and gloves are “particularly problematic” for sea creatures，says George Leonard, chief scientist from

U. S. -based NGO Ocean Conservancy. "When it takes those plastics hundreds of years to break down in the environment, they form smaller and smaller particles," he added, "those particles then enter the food chain and impact entire ecosystems."

Fortunately, there has been a shift towards greater use of reusable cloth masks as the pandemic has worn on，but many are still choosing the lighter single- use varieties.Campaigners have urged people to throw away them properly and remove the straps to reduce the risk of animals becoming trapped. Oceans Asia has also called on governments to increase fines for littering and encourage the use of washable masks.

9. What role do masks play during the coronavirus pandemic?

A. They keep people free of the pandemic

B. They make people look more mysterious.

C. They help reduce the speed of the pandemic's spread.

D. They are of great helpful to wildlife.

10. The author uses the example of Macaques and a gull to show that           .

A. the deserted masks put them in danger

B. the animals lack enough food

C. they enjoy playing with the straps

D. it's time for people to protect the animals

11. What does “particularly problematic” in Para. 4 mean by George Leonard?

A. Marine creatures are in trouble.

B. Masks and gloves will finally threaten the whole ecosystems.

C. The plastics are easy to break down.

D. The particles masks and gloves form are smaller and smaller.

12. What is the passage is mainly about?

A. Animal protection

B. Marine plastic pollution

C. How to reduce the risk of abandoned masks

D. The deserted masks endangering wildlife

(三)

As the effects of climate change become more disastrous, well-known research institutions and government agencies are focusing new money and attention on an idea: artificially cooling the planet, in the hopes of buying humanity more time to cut greenhouse gas emissions.

That strategy, called solar climate intervention (干预) or solar geoengineering, involves reflecting more of the sun’s energy back into space — abruptly reducing global temperatures in a way that imitates the effects of ash clouds flowing out from the volcanic eruptions. The idea has been considered as a dangerous and fancied solution, one that would encourage people to keep burning fossil fuels while exposing the planet to unexpected and potentially threatening side effects, producing more destructive hurricanes, wildfires floods and other disasters.

But, as global warming continues, producing more destructive hurricanes, wildfires floods and other disasters, some researchers and policy experts say that concerns about geoengineering should be outweighed by the imperative to better understand it, in case the consequence of climate change become so terrible that the world can’t wait for better solutions.

One way to cool the earth is by injecting aerosols (气溶胶) into the upper layer of the atmosphere where those particles reflect sunlight away from the earth. That process works, according to Douglas MacMartin, a researcher at Cornell University.

“We know with 100% certainty that we can cool the planet,” he said in an interview. What’s still unclear, he added, is what happens next. Temperature, MacMartin said, is an indicator for a lot of climate effects. “What does it do to the strength of hurricanes?” he asked, “What does it do to agriculture production? What does it do to the risk of forest fires?”

Another institution funded by the National Science Foundation will analyze hundreds of simulations of aerosol injection, testing the effects on weather extremes around the world. One goal of the research is to look for a sweet spot: the amount of artificial cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional rainfall patterns or similar impacts.

13．Why do researchers and government agencies work on cooling the earth?

A．To prevent natural disasters. B．To win more time to reduce gas emissions.

C．To imitate volcanic eruptions. D．To encourage more people to bur fossil fuels.

14．What are researchers worried about in terms of global warming?

A．More volcanoes will throw out.

B．More solar energy will go into space.

C．More disasters will endanger the future of the world.

D．People will keep burning fossil fuels to keep warm.

15．What can be inferred from Douglas’ words in an interview?

A．He thinks more research remains to be done.

B．He is optimistic about the effect of cooling the earth.

C．He is concerned about the reduction in agriculture production.

D．He disapproves of the practice of solar climate intervention.

16．What does the underlined words “sweet spot” in the last paragraph mean?

A．The rainfall pattern of a region.

B．The modest drop in temperature.

C．The number of extreme weather events.

D．The injection amount of aerosol.

(四)

China successfully sent the 52nd and 53rd satellites of its domestically developed BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)—the last two medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites for the BDS-3 constellation (星座)—into space on Monday, marking the completion of the global navigation system’s core constellation deployment (部署) and this year’s BDS satellite launch campaign.

Launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center, Sichuan Province, on board a Long March-3B carrier rocket with an Expedition-1 upper stage, the two satellites were injected into planned orbits after more than three hours’ flight.

Since the first BDS-3 satellite was launched on November 5, 2017, China has conducted 18 BDS satellite launch missions, successfully sending 30 into their planned orbit, setting a national record for highest mission frequency and success rate.

In-orbit tests will be carried out before the two MEO satellites are commissioned (正式委托). By then the core constellation for the Chinese global navigation satellite system will be successfully completed.

Wang Ping, chief designer of the BDS-3 system, said that the hybrid constellation design, in which three groups of satellites—the Inclined Geo Synchronous Orbit (IGSO), MEO and geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO)—work in concert in different orbits, was an exclusive BDS innovation and a world first. “Existing global navigation satellite systems, such as the US GPS and Russia’s GLONASS, only have a MEO satellite constellation,” said Wang.

The MEO satellites, in orbit 20,000 kilometers above Earth, are a special type of satellite providing global service, while the IGSO and GEO satellites, in an orbit 360,000 kilometers above Earth, mainly enhance regional service quality, according to Wang. That explained why completion of the MEO constellation was significant, marking the completion of the core network for BDS-3, meaning a stable BDS-3 global coverage without weak points has been carried out.

Feedback shows that the BDS service quality was already comparable to GPS since the end of 2018, and after completing BDS-3, “We will be as good as any GNSS.” Wang said.

17．How many BDS satellites were sent into their planned orbit successfully?

A．3. B．18. C．30. D．36.

18．What’s the advantage of BDS compared with GPS and GLONASS?

A．The diverse functions.

B．The excellent service quality.

C．The lower cost of designing it.

D．The ability to work in different orbits.

19．Why are the MEO satellites important?

A．They enhance regional service quality.

B．They can be put into use immediately.

C．They can enter farther orbits.

D．They can serve the world.

20．What may be the best title for the text?

A．China Becomes the First Country to Launch a MEO Satellite

B．The Core Constellation of BDS-3 Completes Deployment

C．The BDS-3 System Has Benefited Many Countries

D．Exploring Space Is Very Important to the World

 (五)

 If the world wants to control global warming, water shortage and pollution, then we all need to welcome “flexitarian” diets, say scientists.

This means eating mainly plant-based foods, and is a key step toward an environment friendly future for all in 2050, they say. Food waste will need to be halved ad farming practices will also have to improve, according to the study arid out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Without action, the influence of the food system could increase by up to 90%

The authors say that he present food industry has a number of considerable environmental effects including being a great driver of climate change, using up freshwater and causing pollution through heavy use of chemical fertilizer. The study says that thanks to the population and income growth expected between 2010 and 2050, these effects could grow between 50-90%. This could push our world beyond is planetary boundaries, which the authors say represent a “safe operating space for humanity and the international community”.

However, the study finds that no single solution will avoid the dangers, so a combined approach is needed. So when it comes to climate change, the authors looked at what they called a “flexitarian” diet.

“We can eat a range of healthy dies but what they all have in common, according to the latest scientific evidence, is that they are all relatively plant-based,” said Dr. Marco from the University of Oxford. “You can go from a diet that has small amounts of animal products (some might call it a Mediterranean-based diet; we call it a flexitarian diet) over to a vegetarian(素食的) diet—we tried to stay with the most traditional one of these which in our view is the flexitarian one, but even this has only one serving of red meat per week.”

If the world moved to this type of diet, the study found that greenhouse gas emissions(排放物) from farming would be reduced by more than half.

Dr. Marco says that all measures combined can result in keeping both the planet and people healthy.

21．What is the IPCCs study about?

A．The role of modem farming practices.

B．The differences between various diets.

C．The effects of food industry on the planet.

D．The harmful consequence of global warming.

22．What do we know about the recent food system?

A．It is far too wasteful.

B．It has raised farmers’ income.

C．It contributes to the development of farming.

D．It is a key step to an environment-friendly society.

23．What can be called a “flexitarian” diet?

A．Eating a variety of food.

B．Eating a lot of animal products.

C．Eating vegetables grown without fertilizer.

D．Eating mostly plant-based meals and some red meat.

24．What benefit will the new diet bring to the world?

A．The water pollution will be controlled in 2050.

B．Less greenhouse gas will be produced.

C．Food waste will be reduced by half.

D．Much more money will be saved.

【答案】5.A   6. B   7. B   8. D

【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了哈佛大学科学家Liran Samuni领导的一项新研究，倭黑猩猩可能是我们现存的最亲密的亲戚之一，并且对其进行研究观察，来证明这一种习得的社会行为。

5．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段The researchers studied the hunting and feeding habits of two neighboring groups of bonobos in the Democratic Republic of Congo研究人员研究了刚果民主共和国两个相邻的倭黑猩猩群体的狩猎和进食习惯。和文章第四段The groups consistently preferred to hunt and feast on two different types of prey. The Ekalakala group went after an anomalure(鳞尾松鼠). The Kokoalongo group on the other hand, favored a duiker(小羚羊).这两组动物一直喜欢捕食两种不同类型的猎物。埃卡拉卡拉小组寻找一个鳞尾松鼠。另一方面，科科阿隆戈部落更喜欢小羚羊。可知，文章第三段和第四段主要讲述了研究的发现。故选A。

6．推理判断题。根据文章第五段:这基本上就像是两种人类文化以不同的方式开发同一种资源，Samuni说。“想想两种文化，虽然相距很近，但却有着不同的偏好：一种更喜欢吃鸡肉，而另一种则更喜欢吃牛肉。”和文章倒数第二段:研究人员还没有调查倭黑猩猩群体是如何了解这种狩猎偏好的，但通过分析，他们能够排除生态因素或遗传差异。基本上，这意味着所有的证据都表明这是一种习得的社会行为。可知，Samuni认为两个倭黑猩猩群体不同的狩猎偏好是一种习得的社会行为。故选B。

7．推理判断题。根据文章第六段:利用统计模型，研究人员发现，唯一能可靠预测猎物偏好的变量是猎人是埃卡拉卡拉队还是科科阿隆戈队。可知，它们所属的群体会影响倭黑猩猩的猎物偏好。故选B。

8．推理判断题。根据文章第一段第一句Human societies developed food preferences based on what was available and what the group decided it liked most人类社会的食物偏好是建立在现有食物和群体最喜欢的食物的基础上的。和文章最后一段If our closest living relatives have some cultural traits(特征), then it's likely our ancestors already had some capacity for culture如果我们现存的近亲有一些文化特征，那么很可能我们的祖先已经有了一些文化能力。可推知，倭黑猩猩狩猎偏好的发现可能表明人类文化最初是如何出现的。故选D。

【答案】9.C   10. A   11. B   12. D

【解析】本文是一篇说明文。在新型冠状病毒大流行（流行病）期间帮助拯救生命的口罩大量地散落在动物栖息地，正被证明是野生动物、海洋生物的致命危险。

9．细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句Masks that helped save lives during the coronavirus pandemic(流行病) are proving a deadly danger for wildlife在冠状病毒大流行期间口罩帮助拯救生命和第二段最后一句to slow the pandemic's spread减缓流行病的蔓延。可知口罩有助于减缓大流行病的传播速度。故选C项。

10．推理判断题。根据第二段提到，自从各国开始要求在公共场所使用一次性外科口罩来减缓这种流行病的蔓延以来，全球各地的人行道、水道和海滩都发现了一次性外科口罩。猕猴咀嚼口罩带子存在窒息危险，一只海鸥（海鸥)的腿在一次性口罩的带子上缠住长达一周，可推断得出遗弃的口罩使野生动物面临危险。故选A项。

11．推理判断题。由第四段When it takes those plastics hundreds of years to break down in the environment, they form smaller and smaller particles,” he added, “those particles then enter the food chain and impact entire ecosystems.这些塑料需要数百年的时间在环境中分解，它们会形成越来越小的颗粒，他补充说，这些颗粒随后进入食物链，影响整个生态系统。可知，口罩和手套最终会威胁到整个生态系统。故选B项。

12．主旨大意题。根据第一段Masks that helped save lives during the coronavirus pandemic are proving a deadly danger for wildlife, with birds and marine creatures trapped in the incredible number of abandoned facial coverings littering on animal habitats.事实证明，在冠状病毒大流行期间曾帮助拯救生命的口罩对野生动物来说是一种致命的危险，大量被遗弃的面部覆盖物在动物栖息地随处散落，鸟类和海洋生物受到威胁。所以短文主要是关于废弃的口罩危及野生动物。故选D项。

【答案】13.B   14.C   15. A   16. B

【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述全球气候变化带来各种灾难性的天气，政府和相关研究机构提出的各种可能的应对办法。

13．细节理解题。根据第一段提到，随着气候变化的影响变得更加严重，知名研究机构和政府机构正把新的资金和注意力集中在一个想法上：人为地让地球降温，希望为人类赢得更多时间来减少温室气体排放。可知，研究者和政府机构给地球降温是为了赢得更多的时间来减少温室气体的排放。故选B项。

14．推理判断题。根据第三段some researchers and policy experts say that concerns about geoengineering should be outweighed by the imperative to better understand it, in case the consequence of climate change become so terrible that the world can’t wait for better solutions.一些研究人员和政策专家表示，当务之急是更好地了解地球工程，这比对地球工程的担忧更重要，以防气候变化的后果变得如此可怕，以至于世界不能等待更好的解决方案。可知，研究者担心全球变暖造成的各种灾难可能会让未来的世界处于危险中。故选C项。

15．推理判断题。根据第五段“What does it do to the strength of hurricanes?” he asked, “What does it do to agriculture production? What does it do to the risk of forest fires?”他问：“它对飓风的强度有什么影响？这对农业生产有什么影响？它对森林火灾的风险有什么影响？”可知，Douglas认为还有很多疑问没有解开，所以还有很多研究有待去做。故选A项。

16．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句One goal of the research is to look for a sweet spot: the amount of artificial cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional rainfall patterns or similar impacts.这项研究的目标之一是寻找一个“最佳点”：人工降温的数量，既可以减少极端天气事件，又不会造成区域降雨模式的广泛变化或类似影响。可知，这里的“最佳点”指的是，人工降温要适度，既可以解决气候变暖带来的极端天气，又不会给气候造成太大的影响，因此“a sweet spot”指的是适度的降温。故选B项。

【答案】17.C   18.D   19. D   20. B

【解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述中国成功发射自主研发的第52和53颗北斗导航卫星，完成全球导航系统的核心部署，并对北斗导航系统进行了介绍。

17．细节理解题。根据第三自然段中Since the first BDS-3 satellite was launched on November 5, 2017, China has conducted 18 BDS satellite launch missions, successfully sending 30 into their planned orbit.自2017年11月5日发射第一颗北斗三号卫星以来，中国已成功执行18次北斗卫星发射任务，将30颗卫星送入计划轨道。可知，已经有30颗北斗卫星被送入计划轨道。故选C。

18．细节理解题。根据第三自然段中…the hybrid constellation design, in which three groups of satellites—the Inclined Geo Synchronous Orbit (IGSO), MEO and geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO)—work in concert in different orbits, was an exclusive BDS innovation…将倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)、中轨卫星(MEO)和地球同步轨道(Geo)三组卫星在不同轨道协同工作的混合星设计，是北斗系统的独家创新和Existing global navigation satellite systems, such as the US GPS and Russia’s GLONASS, only have a MEO satellite constellation,现有的全球卫星导航系统，如美国的GPS和俄罗斯的GLONASS，只有中轨卫星。可知，只有北斗拥有不同轨道协同工作能力。故选D。

19．细节理解题。根据第六自然段中The MEO satellites, in orbit 20,000 kilometers above Earth, are a special type of satellite providing global service, while the IGSO and GEO satellites, in an orbit 360,000 kilometers above Earth, mainly enhance regional service quality, according to Wang. That explained why completion of the MEO constellation was significant.”据王介绍，在地球上空2万公里轨道上运行的MEO卫星是提供全球服务的特殊卫星类型，而在地球上空36万公里轨道上运行的IGSO和GEO卫星主要提高区域服务质量。这就解释了中MEO星座的完成为何意义重大。可知，MEO卫星提供全球服务, 意义重大。故选D。

20．主旨大意题。根据第一段China successfully sent the 52nd and 53rd satellites of its domestically developed BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)—the last two medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites for the BDS-3 constellation (星座)—into space on Monday, marking the completion of the global navigation system’s core constellation deployment (部署) and this year’s BDS satellite launch campaign.中国于本周一成功地将其国内研制的北斗导航卫星系统（BDS）的第52颗和第53颗卫星（BDS-3星的最后两颗中轨卫星）送入太空，标志着全球导航系统的核心星座部署和今年的北斗导航卫星的完成启动活动。所以短文的最佳标题为“BDS-3的核心星座完成部署”。故选B。

【答案】21.C   22. A   23. D   24. B

【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究表明，人类采用“弹性素食”饮食可以更有效地应对气候变化等环境问题。

21．细节理解题。根据第一段的内容及第二段中This means eating mainly plant-based foods, and is a key step toward an environment friendly future for all in 2050, they say. Food waste will need to be halved ad farming practices will also have to improve, according to the study arid out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 他们说，这意味着以植物性食物为主，这是迈向2050年所有人的环境友好型未来的关键一步。根据政府间气候变化专门委员会的研究报告，食物浪费需要减少一半，耕作方式也需要改善。可知，该研究是有关食品业对环境的影响，以植物性食物为主的饮食有助于环境保护。故选C项。

22．推理判断题。根据第三段中The authors say that he present food industry has a number of considerable environmental effects including being a great driver of climate change, using up freshwater and causing pollution through heavy use of chemical fertilizer.作者说，食品工业对环境有许多相当大的影响，包括成为气候变化的主要驱动因素，消耗淡水，通过大量使用化肥造成污染。可知，研究结果显示，如今的食品系统对水资源造成了浪费，并对环境产生了巨大的影响。故选A项。

23．推理判断题。根据第一段中…then we all need to welcome “flexitarian” diets那么我们都需要欢迎“弹性素食”饮食以及第二段中This means eating mainly plant-based foods …这意味着以植物性食物为主…和第五段中…a diet that has small amounts of animal products …包含少量动物制品的饮食和… but even this has only one serving of red meat per week但即使这样每周也只有一份红肉。可知，采用“flexitarian” diet的人依旧会每周吃一次红肉，因此“flexitarian” diet“弹性素食”饮食。指的是以植物性食物为主并搭配少量动物制品的饮食。故选D项。

24．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段If the world moved to this type of diet, the study found that greenhouse gas emissions(排放物) from farming would be reduced by more than half. 研究发现，如果全世界都采用这种饮食方式，农业产生的温室气体排放量将减少一半以上。可知，如果人们采用“弹性素食”饮食，那么温室气体的排放就会降低一半，将有利于解决气候变化等环境问题。故选B项。