外研版 (2019) 英语 必修 第一册 第六讲 名词性从句学习学案

第五讲 名词性从句学习

【学习目标】

1．掌握名词性从句的基本概念和分类。

2．能够分析出名词次性从句的各个成分，正确运用各个连接词。

        基本概念

在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
　　 连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分）
　　 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
　　 连接副词：when, where, how, why

         名词性从句的类型

（一）主语从句

作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear.    他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
It is known to us how he became a writer.   我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。

注意：有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：
（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句     （2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句
（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句  （4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句

注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…

（二）宾语从句

名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句

由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.   他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.

我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：
I insist that she (should) do her work alone.   我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.  司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。

例如： I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；

b. 引导表语从句时；

c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；

d. 从句后有“or not”时；

e. 后接动词不定式时。

eg: Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.

月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。

eg：He studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）
He studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）
I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）
He has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）

注意：当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。

例如：The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。

eg： We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
（三）表语从句

在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：
The fact is that we have lost the game.    事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.  那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain.     看上去天要下雨了。
注意：当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：
eg: The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.

（四） 同位语从句

同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：
The news that we won the game is exciting.　 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别：

that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）
Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）。

【基础练习】

语法填空

1. _______ he doesn’t like them is very clear.
2. _______ there is life on another planet is almost impossible.
3. _______ Thomas Edison became a great inventor is known to all.
4. _______ we will go camping depends on the weather.
5. _______ is likely that we can bridge the generation gap.
6. _______we are sure about is the need to prevent children from being spoiled.
7. _______ matters most in learning English is enough practice.
8. The reason for his success is ________ he works hard.
9. The suggestion ______ students should learn some practical knowledge is worth considering.
10. You have no idea _________ anxious I have been for her safety.
11. There’s some doubt _________ she will be able to repay the money on time.
12. The chance _____ he will attend the meeting is very little.
13. Information has come ______ the superstar Zhang Ziyi will play the leading role in this film.
14. Mary came back with a massage _________ there would be a test soon.
15. The child is fat. That’s ______ he has a sweet teeth.

【参考答案】：1.That  2. That  3. That  4.Whether  5. It  6.What  7. What  8. that  9. that  10. how  11. whether  12. that  13. that  14. that  15. beacuse

【强化练习】

1. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。

2. 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。

3. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。

4. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。

5. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。

6. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。

7. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。

8. 爸爸许下了我通过英语考试就给我买CD player的承诺。

9. 我们还没有解决我们要去哪里度过暑假的问题。

10. 他们表达了他们将会再次来拜访中国的希望。

【参考答案】 1. It is unclear what he will say to us.

2. The question is that they can’t get here so early.
3. There is no doubt that he will come to your help.
4. It is unknown who can win the match.
5. It is an interesting question whether there is life on the moon.
6. It is not annuounced where the English party will be held.
7. We all know how he becomes a writer.
8. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I pass the English test.
9. We haven’t solved the question that where we can spend our holiday.
10. They expressed the wish that they would like to visit china once more.