福建省厦门市厦门外国语学校2021-2022学年高二下学期期末英语试题含答案

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福建省厦门市厦门外国语学校2021-2022学年高二下学期期末英语试题
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、阅读理解
As 2021 unfolds ….
…and you're joining us from Canada, we have a small favour to ask. Through these challenging times, millions rely on the Guardian for independent journalism that stands for truth. Readers chose to support us financially more than 1.5 million times in 2020, joining existing supporters in 180 countries.
For 2021, we commit to another year of high-impact reporting that can offer an authoritative and trustworthy source of news for everyone. When important events happen, we can investigate and challenge without fear or favour.
Unlike many others, we have maintained our choice: to keep Guardian journalism open for all readers, regardless of where they live or what they can afford to pay. We do this because we believe in information equality, where everyone deserves to read accurate news and thoughtful analysis. Greater numbers of people are staying well-informed on world events, and being inspired to take meaningful action.
In the last year alone, we offered readers a comprehensive, international viewpoint on critical events, especially on the climate emergency. We made the decision to reject advertising from fossil fuel companies.
If there were ever a time to join us, it is now. Every contribution, however big or small, powers our journalism and helps sustain our future. Support the Guardian from as little as CA$1 — it only takes a minute. Thank you.


1. According to the text, the Guardian ________.
A. favors important events B. provides trustworthy reports
C. finances readers in 180countries D. receives CA$1.5 million annually
2. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 4 refer to?
A. Making readers well-informed. B. Inspiring readers to take action.
C. Fighting for information equality. D. Keeping the Guardian easily accessible.
3. What is the purpose of the text?
A. To advertise the Guardian. B. To review achievements.
C. To encourage donations. D. To inspire new ambitions.
【答案】1．B
2．D
3．C
【解析】
【分析】
本文是应用文，介绍了《卫报》的办报特色并号召捐款支持其发展。
1. 细节理解题。根据第三自然段“For 2021, we commit to another year of high-impact reporting that can offer an authoritative and trustworthy source of news for everyone.”（2021年，我们承诺将继续提供高影响力的报道，为所有人提供权威和可靠的新闻来源。）可知the Guardian承诺提供可靠的新闻。故选B项。
2. 词句猜测题。根据前文“Unlike many others, we have maintained our choice: to keep Guardian journalism open for all readers, regardless of where they live or what they can afford to pay.”（与其他许多媒体不同，我们坚守自己的选择：无论他们住在哪里，也不管他们付得起多少钱，我们让《卫报》新闻对所有读者开放。）可知下文We do this中的this指代的是让更多的读者读到《卫报》，让《卫报》更容易接近。故选D项。
3. 推理判断题。根据末段“Every contribution, however big or small, powers our journalism and helps sustain our future. Support the Guardian from as little as CA$1 — it only takes a minute. Thank you.”（无论大小，每一份捐献都能为我们的新闻事业提供动力，并帮助我们走向未来。1加元也可以支持《卫报》——只需要一分钟。谢谢你！）可知本文写作目的就是号召大家为the Guardian捐款。故选C项。
It was this very morning that Garrone let us know what he is like.
The master had not yet arrived, and three or four boys were bullying Crossi, the one with the red hair who has a dead arm and whose mother sells vegetables. They were hitting him in the face with chestnut shells. And he, alone on the end of the bench, became quite pale, begging that they leave him in peace.
All at once, Franti sprang upon a bench. Pretending that he was carrying a basket on each arm, he aped the mother of Crossi when she used to come to wait for her son at door. Many began to laugh loudly and Crossi was trembling and turning red with anger.
Suddenly Crossi seized an inkstand and threw it at the other’s head with all his strength, but Franti moved aside, and the inkstand struck the master who entered at the moment, full in the breast. All flew to their places and became silent with terror. The master, quite pale, went to his table, and said in a controlled voice:
“Who did it?”
No one replied.
The master cried out once more, raising his voice still louder, “Who is it?”
Then Garrone, moved to pity for poor Crossi, rose sharply and said resolutely, “It was I.”
The master looked at him, looked at the confused scholars, then said in a calm voice, “It was not you.”
And after a moment. “The culprit shall not be punished. Let him rise!”
Crossi rose and said, weeping “They were striking me and insulting me, and I lost my head and threw it.”
“Sit down,” said the master. “Let those who provoked him rise.”
Four rose and hung their heads. “You,” said the master, “have insulted an unfortunate companion; you have struck a weak person who could not defend himself. You have committed one of the most shameful acts!”
Then he went over to Garrone and looked him straight in the eye, and said to him, “You are a noble soul.”
Garrone profited by the occasion to murmur some words, I know not what, in the ear of the master; and he, turning towards the four boys, said abruptly, “I forgive you.”
4. What finally provoked Crossi to throw an inkstand?
A. Franti made fun of Crossi’s mother walking with a dead arm.
B. Franti imitated the way Crossi’s mother carried her basket.
C. The boys hit Crossi in the face hard with chestnut shells.
D. The boys pulled Crossi upon a bench and laughed at him loudly.
5. The underlined word “culprit” probably means ________.
A. advocate B. leader C. captain D. offender
6. The master praised Garrone as a noble soul because ________.
A. he dared to speak his mind B. he forgave the four bullies
C. he took the blame for Crossi D. he brought bad guys to justice
7. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. A Generous Deed B. A Domestic Incident
C. Making the Right Choice D. To Believe or Not to Believe
【答案】4．B
5．D
6．C
7．A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Franti因为模仿Crossi妈妈提篮子的样子激怒了Crossi，Crossi朝他扔了一个墨水瓶，却打到了老师身上。Garrone因为同情Crossi主动站出来承认，而被老师称为高尚的人。
4. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Pretending that he was carrying a basket on each arm, he aped the mother of Crossi when she used to come to wait for her son at door. Many began to laugh loudly and Crossi was trembling and turning red with anger.(他假装两手各提着一个篮子，模仿Crossi的母亲到门口等儿子的样子。许多人开始大声笑起来，Crossi气得浑身发抖，脸都红了)”以及第四段中“Suddenly Crossi seized an inkstand and threw it at the other’s head with all his strength, but Franti moved aside, and the inkstand struck the master who entered at the moment, full in the breast.(突然，Crossi抓起一个墨水瓶，用尽全身力气朝另一个人的头扔去，但Franti躲开了，墨水瓶正好打在这时进来的老师的胸膛上)”可知Franti模仿Crossi妈妈提篮子的样子最终促使Crossi扔了一个墨水瓶。故选B。
5. 词句猜测题。根据倒数第五段“Crossi rose and said, weeping “They were striking me and insulting me, and I lost my head and threw it.”(Crossi站起来，哭着说：“他们打我，侮辱我，我失去了理智，把它扔了出去。”)”可知，Crossi站了起来，承认是自己扔的瓶子，可见老师是说让犯事的人主动站出来承认错误，不会受到惩罚。故画线词意思是“犯人”，A. advocate拥护者；B. leader领导；C. captain队长；D. offender犯人。故选D。
6. 细节理解题。根据倒数第八段“Then Garrone, moved to pity for poor Crossi, rose sharply and said resolutely, “It was I.”(然后，Garrone对可怜的Crossi产生了怜悯之情，他突然站起来，坚定地说：“是我。”)”可知，老师称赞加Garrone是一个高尚的人，因为他为Crossi承担了责任。故选C。
7. 主旨大意题。根据文章主要讲述了Franti因为模仿Crossi妈妈提篮子的样子激怒了Crossi，Crossi朝他扔了一个墨水瓶，却打到了老师身上。Garrone因为同情Crossi主动站出来承认，而被老师称为高尚的人。可知，A选项“一次慷慨的行为”最符合文章标题。故选A。
It’s peak cold and flu season, which means taking a lot of preventative measures. Frequent hand-washing is a must, as is avoiding co-workers or friends who are sick. But we humans are not the only animals that change behaviors to keep diseases at bay. So do ants.
“So there are the foragers (工蚁) and the nurses — it’s two different groups of work,” said Natha of the University of Lausanne. She and her colleagues observed ants to see their reaction to the presence of a disease.
“The nurses being made of young workers typically, stay inside the nest and take care of the eggs. And the foragers are all the workers spending most of time at outside of the nest to collect food and defend the territory.”
Forager ants are at greater risk of getting exposed to diseases because they leave the safety of the nest. So the researchers sprayed a common virus on a small group of forager ants and then followed their movements to see the way other ants reacted.
“We marked all ants in the colony with individual labels, which carries these two-dimensional bar code marks like QR code which is automatically detected and recorded using a tracking system.”
After the infection, the nurse and forager ants stayed within their working places and interacted less outside of their work group. The researchers also saw that forager ants spent more time outside of the nest. “They increase that amount by 15 percent, so by quite a large amount.”
Isolating behavior stops the spread of the virus. “Something that’s quite interesting in these ants that’s been shown by the study is that in their ability to avoid infecting other members of the community, ants may be more advanced than we are,” Natha said.
8. How did the researchers track the infected ants?
A. They labeled the movements of infected ants.
B. They used the QR codes to follow the ants’ movements.
C. They had some nurse and forager ants infected with the virus.
D. They applied a tracking technology to record the ants’ movements.
9. How did the ants act after being infected?
A. Forager ants stayed inside the nest more.
B. Infected ants tended to stay away from healthy ants.
C. The nurses stayed inside the nest, working and living as usual.
D. 15% more forager ants stayed outside after they were infected.
10. What’s Natha’s attitude toward ants’ behaviors?
A. Doubtful. B. Objective. C. Appreciative. D. Conservative.
11. What is true about ants?
A. They can change behaviours to prevent diseases.
B. They are highly cooperative and adaptable.
C. Forager ants have better resilience than nurse ants.
D. Ants societies are more advanced than human societies.
【答案】8．D
9．B
10．C
11．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。流感高峰期，人们会采取各种防护措施。那蚂蚁也会像人类一样采取措施来避免疾病的传播吗？研究人员发现，蚂蚁也会通过减少接触的方式来避免疾病的传播，而且它们的隔离方式有可能比人类更为先进。
8. 细节理解题。根据第五段“We marked all ants in the colony with individual labels, which carries these two-dimensional bar code marks like QR code which is automatically detected and recorded using a tracking system.(我们给蚁群里的所有蚂蚁都贴上了单独的标签，上面有二维码这样的条形码标记，可以通过跟踪系统自动检测和记录)”可知，研究人员是通过追踪技术来记录蚂蚁的活动轨迹的。故选D。
9. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“After the infection, the nurse and forager ants stayed within their working places and interacted less outside of their work group.(感染后，看护蚁和觅食蚁呆在它们的工作地点内，很少与工作小组以外的蚂蚁互动)”可知，被感染的蚂蚁会远离健康的蚂蚁。故选B。
10. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Something that’s quite interesting in these ants that’s been shown by the study is that in their ability to avoid infecting other members of the community, ants may be more advanced than we are, (这项研究显示，这些蚂蚁非常有趣的一点是，在避免感染群落其他成员的能力方面，蚂蚁可能比我们更先进)”可推知，Natha对蚂蚁的行为持赞赏的态度。故选C。
11. 细节理解题。根据第一段“But we humans are not the only animals that change behaviors to keep diseases at bay. So do ants.”（但我们人类并不是唯一通过改变行为来阻止疾病的动物。蚂蚁也是如此。）根据倒数第二段中“After the infection, the nurse and forager ants stayed within their working places and interacted less outside of their work group. The researchers also saw that forager ants spent more time outside of the nest. (感染后，护士蚂蚁和觅食蚂蚁都呆在各自的工作场所内，较少与工作群体外的互动。研究人员还发现觅食蚂蚁在巢外待的时间更长)”可知，在感染后，蚂蚁可以通过改变行为来预防疾病。故选A。
This is an excerpt from a speech at the United Nations headquarters given by Emma Watson, who starred in Harry Potter series.
Today we are launching a campaign (called “He For She”). I am reaching out to you because we need your help. We want to end gender inequality, and to do this, we need everyone involved. This is the first campaign of this kind in the UN. We want to try to involve as many men and boys as possible to be advocates for change.
I started questioning gender-based assumption a long time ago. When I was 8, I was confused being called bossy because I wanted to direct a play that we put on for our parents, but the boys were not. When I was 14, I started to be sexualized by certain elements of the media. At 15, my girlfriends started dropping out of a lot of sports teams because they didn’t want to appear masculine(男性化的). At 18, my male friends were unable to express their feelings.
I decided that I was a feminist (女权主义者). This seemed uncomplicated to me. But my recent research has shown me that feminism has become an unpopular word. Women are choosing not to identify as feminists. Why has the word become such an uncomfortable one? I’m from Britain and I think it is right that I am paid the same as my male counterparts. I think it is right that I should make decisions about my own body. I think it is right that women be involved on my behalf in the policies and decisions that will affect my life. I think it is right that socially, I am afforded the same respect as men.
But sadly, I can say that there is no one country in the world where all women can expect to receive these rights. No country in the world can yet say that they have achieved gender equality. These rights, I considered to be human rights, but I am one of the lucky ones.
My life is a sheer privilege because my parents didn’t love me less because I was born a daughter. My school did not limit me because I was a girl. My tutors didn’t assume that I would end up nowhere because I might give birth to a child one day. These influences were the gender equality ambassadors that made me who I am today. They may not know it but they are the unintentional feminists who are changing the world today. We need more of those.
Men, I would like to take this opportunity to extend you a formal invitation. Gender equality is your issue, too. Because to date, I’ve seen young men suffering from mental illness, unable to ask for help for fear it will make them less of a man, or less of men. I’ve seen men made fragile and insecure by false sense of male success. Men don’t have the benefits of equality, either. Both men and women should feel free to be sensitive; both men and women should be free to be strong. This is what “He For She” is about. It’s about freedom.
You might be thinking: who is this Harry Potter girl? What is she doing at the UN? I’ve been asking myself at the same thing. All I know is that I care about this problem and I want to make it better. And having seen what I’ve seen and given the chance, I feel my responsibility to say something. Statesman Edmund Burke said all that is needed for the forces of evil to triumph is for good men and women to do nothing.
In my nervousness for this speech and in my moment of doubt, I told myself firmly: if not me, who? If not now, when? If you have similar doubts when opportunities are presented to you, I hope those words would be helpful. Because the reality is that if we do nothing, it will take 75 years, or for me it will be nearly 100 before women can be expected to be paid as same as men for the same work. 15.5 million girls will be married in the 16 years as children. At current rate, it will be until 2086 before all rural African girls can have secondary education. We are struggling for a uniting world, but the good news is that we have a uniting movement. It is called “He For She”. I am inviting you to step forward, to be seen and to ask yourself: if not me, who? If not now, when?
Thank you.
12. The campaign “He For She” aims to ________.
A. give women more freedom than before
B. give men more freedom than women
C. involve as many men and boys as possible to live a free life
D. involve everyone to struggle for the end of gender inequality
13. We can know from Emma Watson’s personal experience that ________.
A. feminism has become an unpopular word
B. her parents didn’t love her because she was born a daughter
C. her tutors treated her the same way they treated boy students
D. she was called bossy because she didn’t want to appear masculine
14. What does the underlined part in the last but one paragraph mean?
A. Good men and women doing nothing lead to the growth of evil forces.
B. If evil forces do nothing, good men and women can win the victory.
C. When evil forces dominate, there’s nothing good men and women can do.
D. All that is necessary for good men and women to do is nothing compared to evil forces.
15. In the speech, Emma calls on people to ________.
A. participate in the campaign actively and take action
B. admit that men and women should be equally paid
C. believe in her as the spokesperson of Harry Potter series
D. pay more attention to both genders suffering from mental illnesses
【答案】12．D
13．C
14．A
15．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇应用文，文章是Emma Watson在联合国关于两性平等的演讲。
12. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“We want to end gender inequality, and to do this, we need everyone involved.(我们要终止两性不平等，为此，我们需要所有的人都参与其中)”可知，“He For She”运动旨在让每个人都参与到结束性别不平等的斗争中来。故选D项。
13. 推理判断题。根据第六段中“My tutors didn’t assume that I would end up nowhere because I might give birth to a child one day.(我的导师并没有因为或许有一天我会生育而贬低我的前途)”可知，作者的导师们并没有因为Emma Watson是女生而歧视她，相反导师们对待Emma Watson的方式和他们对待男孩的方式一样。故选C项。
14. 句意猜测题。根据划线部分前一句“And having seen what I’ve seen and given the chance, I feel my responsibility to say something.(看到了这样的现状，也获得了这样的机会，我自觉有责任说些什么)”可知，作者认为自己有责任去为性别不平等发声，结合划线部分句意“邪恶压制正义只需要善良的男男女女们坐视不理，无动于衷”可知，此处意为：善良的男男女女什么都不做时会导致邪恶力量的增长。故选A项。
15. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Today we are launching a campaign (called “He For She”). I am reaching out to you because we need your help.(今天我们发起一项名为‘He For She’的运动。我站在这里，因为我们需要各位的帮助)”及倒数第二段中“We are struggling for a uniting world, but the good news is that we have a uniting movement. It is called “He For She”. I am inviting you to step forward, to be seen and to ask yourself: if not me, who? If not now, when?(我们正在为天下大同而奋战，但好消息是我们现在就有一个大一统的行动，这就是‘He For She’。我诚邀你们，挺身而出扪心自问，我不挺身，更待何人，此时无为，更待何时)”可知，在演讲中，Emma呼吁人们积极参与这场运动并采取行动。故选A项。
二、七选五
Optimism Bias (偏见)
While we often like to think of ourselves as highly rational and logical, researchers have found that the human brain is sometimes too optimistic for its own good. If you were asked to estimate how likely you are to experience illness, job loss, or an accident, you are likely to underestimate the probability that such events will ever impact your life. ___16___
This bias leads us to believe that we are less likely to suffer from misfortune and more likely to attain success than reality would suggest. We believe that we will live longer, and that we will be more successful in life than the average. ___17___
The optimism bias is essentially a mistaken belief that our chances of experiencing negative events are lower and our chances of experiencing positive events are higher than those of our peers. And this overly positive assumption doesn’t mean that we have an overly sunny outlook on our own lives. ___18___ People might skip their yearly physical, not wear their seatbelt, or fail to put on sunscreen because they mistakenly believe that they are less likely to get sick, get in an accident, or get skin cancer.
Cognitive neuroscientist Tali Sharot, author of The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive Brain, notes that this bias is widespread and can be seen in cultures all over the world. Sharot also suggests that while this optimism bias can at times lead to negative outcomes like foolishly engaging in risky behaviors or making poor choices about your health, it can also have its benefits. ___19___ If we expect good things to happen, we are more likely to be happy. This optimism can act as a self-fulfilling prophecy. By believing that we will be successful, people are in fact more likely to be successful.
___20___ After all, if we didn’t believe that we could achieve success, why would we even bother trying? Optimists are also more likely to take measures to protect their health such as exercising, taking vitamins, and following a nutritious diet.
A. Optimism also motivates us to pursue our goals.
B. But we are also highly motivated to be so optimistic.
C. But definitely not everyone is blessed with such luck.
D. This is because your brain has a built-in optimism bias.
E. .It can also lead to poor decision-making, which can sometimes have disastrous results.
F. This optimism enhances well-being by creating a sense of anticipation about the future.
G. Various causes may lead to the optimistic bias, including cognitive and motivational factors.
【答案】16．D
17．C
18．E
19．F
20．A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要围绕着乐观偏见展开，介绍了什么是乐观偏见以及乐观偏见的优缺点。
16. 根据上文While we often like to think of ourselves as highly rational and logical, researchers have found that the human brain is sometimes too optimistic for its own good. If you were asked to estimate how likely you are to experience illness, job loss, or an accident, you are likely to underestimate the probability that such events will ever impact your life.可知虽然我们通常认为自己是高度理性和逻辑性的，但研究人员发现，人类大脑有时过于乐观，不利于自身的健康。如果你被要求估计你经历疾病、失业或事故的可能性，你可能会低估这些事件影响你生活的可能性。由此可知，本句承接上文，解释说明产生上述这种现象的原因。故D选项“这是因为你的大脑有一种内在的乐观偏见”符合上下文语境，故选D。
17. 根据上文We believe that we will live longer, and that we will be more successful in life than the average.可知我们相信我们会活得更久，我们会比一般人更成功。由此可知，乐观偏见会让我们认为我们比其他人更幸运，本句则应当是表明不是每个人都这么幸运，与下文介绍乐观偏见的误区紧密联系。故C选项“但肯定不是每个人都有这样的运气”符合上下文语境，故选C。
18. 根据后文People might skip their yearly physical, not wear their seatbelt, or fail to put on sunscreen because they mistakenly believe that they are less likely to get sick, get in an accident, or get skin cancer.可知人们可能会跳过每年一次的体检，不系安全带，或者不涂防晒霜，因为他们错误地认为自己不太可能生病、出事故或得皮肤癌。由此可知，下文提到的不去体检，不系安全带以及不涂防晒霜就是乐观偏见导致的决策失误以及带来的一系列后果，故E选项“它还会导致错误的决策，有时会导致灾难性的结果”符合上下文语境，故选E。
19. 根据后文If we expect good things to happen, we are more likely to be happy. This optimism can act as a self-fulfilling prophecy.可知如果我们期待好事发生，我们就更有可能快乐。这种乐观可以作为一种自我实现的预言。由此可知，上文已经从乐观偏见带来的弊端转到好处，那么本句则是具体解释了乐观偏见带来的好处。故F选项“这种乐观主义通过创造一种对未来的期待来增强幸福感”符合上下文语境，故选F。
20. 根据后文After all, if we didn’t believe that we could achieve success, why would we even bother trying?可知毕竟，如果我们不相信我们能成功，我们为什么还要去尝试呢？由此可知，首先要有一个乐观的心态，认为自己能够成功，才有信心去尝试。本段是在说明乐观会激励人们追求目标。故A选项“乐观也会激励我们追求目标”符合上下文语境，故选A。
三、完形填空
What's the first thing that comes to mind when you think of the word “culture”? Do you think of different groups of people across the world with various ___21___ and clothing? What about animals?
Sam Williams, executive director of the Macaw(金刚鹦鹉) Recovery Network in Costa Rica, helps to ___22___ the impact of the decline of macaw populations by taking birds that were born ___23___ and releasing them into the wild. But this process is very ___24___.
“In a cage, you can't ___25___ them to know where, when and how to find that food, or about trees with good nest sites,” Williams told ecologist and writer Carl Safina for the Guardian. In the wild, the parents would be the ones to teach them this important ___26___.
This type of knowledge is known as cultural knowledge. Cultural knowledge can be ___27___ from the older generation to the newer one. For many species, cultural knowledge is necessary for ___28___.
Culture helps animals to ___29___ different habitats. For example, some crows(乌鸦) have learned to put nuts in the middle of the road for cars to drive over. And in other areas, they have learned to do this at intersections so they can ___30___ get the food when the cars stop at red lights.
Other important parts of cultural knowledge include things like group identity, using different tools, taking different ___31___ routes and using different socializing methods.
These traditions can especially be seen in chimpanzee communities. Cat Hobaiter, who studies chimpanzees in Uganda, said: “It's not just the ___32___ of populations of chimps that worries me. I find ___33___ the possibility of losing each population's unique culture. That's permanent.”
Culture isn't just for ___34___. Culture is also an important part of life in the wild from using tools to ___35___.
21. A. communities B. zones C. traditions D. divisions
22. A. squeeze B. reduce C. wrestle D. delete
23. A. encaged B. enlarged C. encouraged D. ensured
24. A. tentative B. slow C. lame D. abrupt
25. A. elect B. swap C. assess D. train
26. A. brochure B. seminar C. framework D. information
27. A. passed down B. taken up C. followed up D. put together
28. A. management B. survival C. currency D. cooperation
29. A. cater to B. push for C. adapt to D. dive in
30. A. safely B. desperately C. surprisingly D. hopefully
31. A. irrigation B. migration C. suspension D. collision
32. A. loss B. dilemma C. adjustment D. prevention
33. A. enterprising B. flexible C. artificial D. terrifying
34. A. animals B. plants C. humans D. nails
35. A. refreshing B. weeping C. negotiating D. socializing
【答案】21．C
22．B
23．A
24．B
25．D
26．D
27．A
28．B
29．C
30．A
31．B
32．A
33．D
34．C
35．D
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。短文说明了文化与传承对于野生动物的重要性，动物在进化中适应环境产生了不同的文化，这也帮助他们能更好的生存下去。
【详解】
1. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：你认为世界上不同的民族有不同的传统和服装吗？A. communities社区；B. zones空间；C. traditions传统；D. divisions分支。根据前文讲到文化可知，此处是讲不同的传统和服装。故选C。
2. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Sam Williams是哥斯达黎加金刚鹦鹉恢复网络的执行主任，他帮助减少金刚鹦鹉数量减少的影响，方法是将出生在笼子里的鸟放回野外。A. squeeze挤压；B. reduce减少；C. wrestle缠绕；D. delete删除。根据“by taking birds that were born ____3____ and releasing them into the wild.”可知，他帮助减少金刚鹦鹉数量减少的影响。故选B。
3. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Sam Williams是哥斯达黎加金刚鹦鹉恢复网络的执行主任，他帮助减少金刚鹦鹉数量减少的影响，方法是将出生在笼子里的鸟放回野外。A. encaged关进笼子；B. enlarged扩大；C. encouraged鼓励；D. ensured保证。他做的努力是把出生在笼子里的鸟儿放归大自然。我们继续往下看文章发现下一段的第一句话in a cage，you can't......所以显然我们推断出他是把出生在笼子里的鸟儿放回自然，所以此处选择encaged。故选A。
4. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但这个过程非常缓慢。A. tentative实验性的；B. slow缓慢的；C. lame瘸的；D. abrupt突然的。从下文可以看出，因为缺乏亲生父母的教导，这个过程非常的困难、非常艰辛，所以此处选择slow。故选B。
5. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在笼子里，你无法训练它们知道在哪里、何时以及如何找到食物，也无法训练它们找到有好的筑巢地点的树。A. elect选举；B. swap交换；C. assess评价；D. train训练。根据“know where, when and how to find that food, or about trees with good nest sites”可知，将出生在笼子里的鸟放回野外需要训练。故选D。
6. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在野外，父母会教给孩子这些重要的信息。A. brochure手册；B. seminar讨论会；C. framework框架；D. information信息。此处是指前文提到的“在哪里、何时以及如何找到食物”、“有好的筑巢地点的树”，这些都是信息。故选D。
7. 考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：文化知识可以从老一辈传给下一代。A. passed down传递；B. taken up占据；C. followed up跟随；D. put together组装。根据“from the older generation to the newer one”可知，此处是讲文化知识可以从老一辈传给下一代。故选A。
8. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于许多物种来说，文化知识是生存所必需的。A. management管理；B. survival生存；C. currency货币；D. cooperation合作。从上文的食物和筑巢中不难推测出，这些知识至关重要以至于没有了它们甚至无法存活的。故选B。
9. 考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：文化帮助动物适应不同的栖息地。A. cater to迎合；B. push for奋力争取；C. adapt to适应；D. dive in潜入。根据后文讲乌鸦在不同的地区做出相应的行为来适应环境可知，此处是讲文化帮助动物适应不同的栖息地。故选C。
10. 考查副词词义辨析。句意：在其他地区，他们已经学会在十字路口这样做，这样当汽车红灯时，他们可以安全地拿到食物。A. safely安全地；B. desperately不顾一切地；C. surprisingly惊讶地；D. hopefully有希望地。根据前文提到乌鸦把坚果放在路中间是为了让车停下可知，这样就能安全地获得食物。故选A。
11. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：文化知识的其他重要部分包括群体认同、使用不同的工具、采取不同的迁移路线和使用不同的社交方法。A. irrigation灌溉；B. migration迁徙；C. suspension暂停；D. collision碰撞。这里讲的动物们的习惯，并且后面有routes，显然会想到迁移路线migration routes。故选B。
12. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：让我担心的不仅仅是黑猩猩数量的减少。A. loss损失；B. dilemma窘境；C. adjustment调整；D. prevention阻止。下一句话中的losing each population's unique culture暗示了上一句话空格处是loss of populations。此处需要注意前后文的呼应。故选A。
13. 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我发现失去每个民族独特的文化是可怕的。A. enterprising有事业心的；B. flexible灵活的；C. artificial人造的；D. terrifying令人恐惧的。作者发现失去每个民族独特的文化是可怕的。故选D。
14. 考查名词词义辨析。句意：文化不仅仅是人类的。A. animals动物；B. plants食物；C. humans人类；D. nails钉子。空格后一句说，文化也是野生动物的。所以空格前面与之对应应该选择humans。故选C。
15. 考查动词词义辨析。句意：从使用工具到社交，文化也是野外生活的重要组成部分。A. refreshing更新；B. weeping哭泣；C. negotiating协商；D. socializing社交。根据前文讲乌鸦使用工具和动物的群体认同（Other important parts of cultural knowledge include things like group identity）可知，此处是讲从使用工具到社交。故选D。
四、根据首字母填写单词
36. The government is trying to do more to educate the public about the harmful c________ of drug abuse. （根据首字母单词拼写）
【答案】consequences##onsequences
【解析】
【详解】
考查名词。句意：政府正努力做更多的事情来教育公众关于药物滥用的有害后果。根据单词首字母及句意“后果”以及空前的介词about可知空处应填名词作宾语，consequence可数名词，依据句意滥用药物所带来的有害后果不止一种，需用复数。故填consequences。
37. The twin sisters were i________ in appearance and character. （根据首字母单词拼写）
【答案】identical##dentical
【解析】
【详解】
考查形容词。句意：这对孪生姐妹在外貌和性格上是一样的。根据“The twin sisters”和首字母提示可知，应填入形容词identical作表语，意为“完全相同的”。故填identical。
38. His failure in catching his flight proved to be a b________ in disguise as he met an old friend while he was waiting for the next one.（根据首字母单词拼写）
【答案】blessing##lessing
【解析】
【详解】
考查名词。句意：他没赶上航班是塞翁失马，焉知非福，因为他在等下一班飞机的时候遇到了一位老朋友。结合空前的a可知，空处应填名词单数，由“as he met an old friend while he was waiting for the next one”可知，此处指“好事”，blessing幸事，福祉，名词。故填blessing。
39. He was a loud friendly man. In c________, his brother was rather shy.（根据首字母单词拼写）
【答案】contrast##ontrast
【解析】
【详解】
考查固定短语。句意：他是一个大嗓门且很友好的人。相比之下，他的哥哥却相当害羞。结合句意及首字母提示可知，此处考查固定短语in contrast，意为“相比之下”，故填contrast。
40. The government should a________ a high-tech approach to solving the problem.（根据首字母单词拼写）
【答案】adopt##dopt
【解析】
【详解】
考查动词。句意：政府应该采用高科技方法来解决这个问题。结合空后“a high-tech approach”及首字母提示可知，此处指“采用一种高科技方法”，adopt采用，动词，情态动词should后接动词原形。故填adopt。
41. Food deliveries and single-use plastics may p________ threats to the environment.（根据首字母单词拼写）
【答案】pose##ose
【解析】
【详解】
考查动词。句意：食品运输和一次性塑料可能会对环境造成威胁。根据句意和首字母提示可知，应填入动词pose构成动词短语pose threat to...，意为“对……造成威胁”，情态动词后用动词原形。故填pose。
五、根据汉语意思填写单词
42. .The conservation of tropical forests is of ________(至关重要的) importance.（根据汉语提示单词拼写）
【答案】vital
【解析】
【详解】
考查形容词。句意：热带森林的保护很重要。根据句意和提示词可知，vital意为“必不可少的，至关重要的”。be of vital importance是be of +adj+抽象名词。故填vital。
43. Machines will be faster and more ________ (准确的) than humans can ever be.（根据汉语提示单词拼写）
【答案】accurate
【解析】
【详解】
考查形容词。句意：机器将比人类更快、更准确。分析句子结构，根据空前的more可知，空处应填形容词，与空前more够成多音节单词的比较级，再结合所给中文提示词应填accurate意为“准确的”。故填accurate。
44. To celebrate Children’s Day on June 1, fast food ________ (一系列，一连串) restaurant KFC recently introduced three new Pokemon toys.（根据汉语提示单词拼写）
【答案】chain
【解析】
【详解】
考查名词。句意：为庆祝6月1日儿童节，快餐连锁餐厅肯德基最近推出了三款新的口袋妖怪玩具。结合句意和汉语提示词，可知空处修饰名词restaurant，一系列，一连串为名词“chain”。故填chain。
六、用单词的适当形式完成句子
45. Class means a person’s economic position, a commonly used ________ (classify) of which is lower class, middle class and upper class.（所给词的适当形式填空）
【答案】classification
【解析】
【详解】
考查名词。句意：阶级是指一个人的经济地位，常用的分类有下层、中层和上层。分析句子可知，介词+which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词economic position，空处前used作为前置定语修饰名词，classify的名词，classification意为“分类”，冠词a修饰，可数名词单数，故填classification。
46. It is generally believed that people with low ________ (emotion) intelligence won’t be successful at work or in life. （所给词的适当形式填空）
【答案】emotional
【解析】
【详解】
考查形容词。句意：人们普遍认为，情商低的人不会在工作或生活中取得成功。空处应用形容词作定语，修饰名词intelligence，emotional情感的，情绪的。故填emotional。
47. Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He then wrote a sentence ________ (contain) the best advice I’ve ever had: “Be bold and brave”.（所给词的适当形式填空）
【答案】containing
【解析】
【详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：有一次，当我面临一个涉及高风险的决定时，我去了一个朋友那里。然后，他写了一句话，其中包含了我有过的最好的建议：“大胆勇敢”。分析可知，此处为非谓语，动词contain和前文名词sentence之间是主动关系，故用其现在分词作后置定语。故填containing。
48. Dr. Wang, whose office ________ (locate) on a university campus, is conducting a thorough and systematic research on the new virus. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】is located
【解析】
【详解】
考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：王博士的办公室位于一所大学校园内，他正在对这种新病毒进行全面、系统的研究。分析句子可知，locate(把……安置在或建造于)是定语从句中谓语动词，与主语office之间是被动关系，结合主句时态可知，陈述客观事实，应使用一般现在时态，又因主语是单数名词，所以谓语动词也应使用单数形式。综上，谓语应用一般现在时的被动语态，单数形式。故填is located。
49. Scientists have known that in the reaction to stress, an important role is played by a kind of chemical ________ (release) by the body.（所给词的适当形式填空）
【答案】released
【解析】
【详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：科学家们已经知道，在对压力的反应中，身体释放的一种化学物质起着重要作用。分析可知，此处为非谓语，动词release和前文名词chemical之间是被动关系，故用其过去分词作后置定语。故填released。
50. He stared at the result of his math exam, his mouth wide open and his smile ________ (freeze).（所给词的适当形式填空）
【答案】freezing
【解析】
【详解】
考查非谓语动词和时态。句意：他盯着数学考试的结果，嘴巴张得大大的，笑容僵住了。分析句子结构可知and his smile ________ 与his mouth wide open同为独立主格结构，空处应填非谓语的形式，smile与freeze之间为主谓关系，需用现在分词表主动，freeze vi.“(因害怕等)停住不动”；惊呆；吓呆，其现在分词为freezing，故答案为freezing。
51. I have been consistently opposed ________ the idea of moving to the city.（用适当的词填空）
【答案】to
【解析】
【详解】
考查介词。句意：我一直反对搬到城里去。be opposed to...是固定短语，意为“反对”，其中to为介词。故填to。
52. An epidemic is an infectious disease that rapidly spreads to a large number of people within ________ short period of time.（用适当的词填空）
【答案】a
【解析】
【详解】
考查冠词。句意：流行病是指在短时间内迅速传染给大量人群的传染病。可数名词period在句中表示“一段时间”，泛指，应使用不定冠词限定，又因空格后short读音是以辅音音素开头，所以应使用不定冠词a。故填a。
53. Instead of staying in our flat, feeling angry, we went over to their flat and told them ________ unhappy the noise was making us.（用适当的词填空）
【答案】how
【解析】
【详解】
考查连接副词。句意：我们没有留在我们的公寓里，愤怒，而是去了他们的公寓，告诉他们噪音让我们多么不高兴。分析句子可知，空处后形容词unhappy，后半部分是主谓结构，how+adj+主语+谓语，how引导的感叹句作宾语，故填how。
54. With a sob she quickly undressed, put on her nightclothes and jumped into bed ________ she pressed her face down in the pillow and pulled the clothes over her head.（用适当的词填空）
【答案】where
【解析】
【详解】
考查定语从句。句意：她抽泣着快速脱掉衣服，穿上睡衣，跳上床，把脸埋在枕头上，把衣服拉到头上。分析句子可知，空格处为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词bed，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，表示“在床上”，应使用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。
七、选用适当的单词或短语补全句子
从方框中选择合适的词组，并将其恰当的形式填入空格中完成句子，有两个多余选项。
consist of
cut down on
carry out
put down
put away
hang out
step in
sort out
go over to
burst into
take place
put out

55. Unlike most of the Netherlands, the city of Hilversum is actually in a hilly area with the soil mostly ________ sand.
56. Our country ________ harmful gases from cars and factories for the past decade, bringing us closer to the goal of carbon — neutral growth in 2050.
57. The little girl ________ tears even before I could utter a word to comfort her.
58. Extensive tests ________ on the patient by the end of last month.
59. The Foreign Language Festival ________ every year in our school.
60. Fiona ________ with friends when she suddenly heard someone calling out for help.
61. On my way home it suddenly occurred to me that I need ________ the janitor’s room to collect my package.
62. After ________ the fire, the firemen immediately proceeded to free the people trapped in the building.
63. It is good manners ________ the dishes to the required place after every meal.
64. When the leading actress broke her leg, Isabel ________ and took over.
【答案】55．consisting of
56．has cut down on
57．burst into
58．had been carried out
59．takes place
60．was hanging out
61．go over to
62．putting out
63．to put away
64．stepped in
【解析】
55. 考查词组词义辨析。句意：与荷兰的大部分地区不同，希尔弗瑟姆市实际上位于丘陵地区，土壤主要是沙子。分析句子可知，后半句是with的复合结构，consist of固定词组“由……组成，构成”。且soil和sand之间是主动关系，故填consisting of。
56. 考查时态和短语。句意：过去十年，我国减少了汽车和工厂产生的有害气体，使我们更接近于 2050 年实现碳中和增长的目标。结合句意分析句子可知，cut down on“减少”。时间状语是for the past decade，现在完成时的标志，故填has cut down on。
57. 考查动词和时态。句意：我还没来得及安慰她，小女孩就泪流满面。“burst into tears”固定搭配“突然大哭起来”。且before引导的时间状语从句是一般过去时，故填burst into。
58. 考查时态和语态。句意：截至上月底，已对该患者进行了广泛的测试。根据时间状语by the end of last month可知，句子是过去完成时，表示发生在国过去的过去。carry out固定短语“实施，施行”。extensive tests和动词carry out之间是被动关系，所以是过去完成时的被动。故填had been carried out。
59. 考查时态和词义。句意：我们学校每年都会举办外语节。take place固定短语“发生，举行”。且时间状语是every year， 所以是一般现在时。故填takes place。
60. 考查词组和时态。句意：菲奥娜正在和朋友闲逛，突然听到有人呼救。结合句意分析可知，hang out固定短语“闲逛”。be doing……when……固定句型“正在做某事……突然……”。从句句子是一般过去时，所以主句是过去进行时，故填was hanging out。
61. 考查动词短语。句意：在我回家的路上，我突然想到我需要去看门人的房间取我的包裹。分析句子可知，go over to……固定搭配“朝……（地方）去”符合句意，need为情态动词后接动词原形。故填go over to。
62. 考查短语和动名词。句意：扑灭大火后，消防员立即着手解救被困在大楼内的人。put out固定搭配“扑灭”。且动词put out位于介词after之后，故填putting out。
63. 考查动词不定式。句意：每顿饭后把盘子放到指定的地方是有礼貌的。结合句子可知，put away“把……收好，储存”符合句意，动词不定式作主语。故填to put away。
64. 考查短语和时态。句意：当女主角摔断腿时，伊莎贝尔介入并接手。结合句意可知，step in固定词组“介入，涉足”。时态为一般过去时，故填stepped in。
八、汉译英（整句）
65. 是她的能力让她在所有参与者中脱颖而出。（强调句）（汉译英）
【答案】It was her ability that made her stand out from all the participants.
【解析】
【详解】
考查强调句。本句描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时。强调句句型为：it is/was +被强调部分+that/who +其他部分。本句强调主语部分“她的能力”，表示“是她的能力”为it was her ability；强调部分是事物，故用that引导后文；表示“让她在所有参与者中脱颖而出”为made her stand out from all the participants，make sb. do sth.是固定用法，不带to不定式作宾补，介词短语from all the participants作状语。句首字母大写，故翻译为It was her ability that made her stand out from all the participants.
66. 当我到达那里的时候，获奖者的名单正在被宣布。（过去时态的被动式）（汉译英）
【答案】When I got there, the list of winners was being announced.
【解析】
【详解】
考查动词以及时态语态。句意：当我到达那里的时候，获奖者的名单正在被宣布。结合句意和时态提示可知，“当我到达那里的时候”为时间状语从句，故翻译为when I got there；后半句为主句，获奖者名单the list of winners，宣布动词“announce”，且时态为一般过去时，因为是“正在被宣布”，所以是过去进行时的被动，所以是being announced，故翻译为When I got there, the list of winners was being announced。
67. 调查着这场火的起因，消防员们没有胃口吃顿好饭。（现在分词做状语）（汉译英）
【答案】Investigating the cause of the fire, the firemen had no appetite for a good meal.
【解析】
【详解】
考查短语、动词时态和非谓语。表示“调查”应用动词investigate；表示“这场火的起因”短语为the cause of the fire；表示“消防员们”应用名词复数firemen；表示“没有胃口吃顿好饭”短语为have no appetite for a good meal。根据句意可知，此事已经发生了，应用一般过去时。根据题干“现在分词做状语”以及句意可知，本句应采用现在分词作原因状语。the firemen和investigate是主动关系，故用investigate的现在分词investigating。故翻译为Investigating the cause of the fire, the firemen had no appetite for a good meal.
68. —旦年轻一代断绝与传统的社会联系，保持这种健康的生活方式会变得困难。(once, reject) （汉译英）
【答案】Maintaining this healthy lifestyle can become difficult for the younger generation once they reject their connections with traditional society.
【解析】
【详解】
考查动词、名词、once引导的条件状语从句和动名词短语作主语。分析句子结构可知，保持这种健康的生活方式会变得困难是主句。maintain保持；healthy lifestyle健康的生活方式；此处使用动名词短语作主语，can会；可能，become变得，为系动词，difficult困难的，形容词作表语，主句用can表示理论上的可能性；—旦年轻一代断绝与传统的社会联系是从句，once“一旦”；引导条件状语从句，从句使用一般现在时；the younger generation年轻一代；reject拒绝，其后直接加名词作宾语，connections联系，with与，traditional society，传统的社会，故答案为Once the younger generation reject their connectios with traditional society，maintaining this healthy lifestyle can be difficult.
69. 随着越来越多的克隆动物被当作物品对待，科学家们所担心的道德问题出现了。（with+宾语+过去分词，全倒装）（汉译英）
【答案】With more and more cloned animals treated as objects, then arose the moral problems that scientists worry about.
【解析】
【详解】
考查介词、复合结构和全倒装。介词with后接复合宾语，本句中作状语。表示“随着越来越多的克隆动物被当作物品对待”为with more and more cloned animals treated as objects，动词treat和宾语animals之间是被动关系，故用其过去分词作宾补；表示主语“科学家们所担心的道德问题”为“the moral problems that scientists worry about”是名词短语，其中“that scientists worry about”为that引导的定语从句，副词then位于句首可引起全倒装，即：then+谓语+主语。根据句意可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，谓语动词arise“出现”用过去式arose。句首字母大写，故翻译为With more and more cloned animals treated as objects, then arose the moral problems that scientists worry about.
九、根据句意填空
70. Suddenly she seemed ________ ________ and clasped her hands.（根据句意填空）
【答案】to understand
【解析】
【详解】
考查固定搭配。句意：突然，她似乎明白了，紧握着双手。根据“clasped her hands”可知，她似乎明白了，并紧握双手。seem to do sth.“似乎做某事”，understand“理解，明白”。故填to understand。
71. ________, throwing her arms on it, and burying her face in them, she proceeded to cry stormily.（根据句意填空）
【答案】Sitting down on a chair by the table
【解析】
【详解】
考查现在分词。句意：她一下坐到桌边的椅子上，扑到桌上，脸埋在臂弯里，放声大哭。结合句意可知，此处指“坐在桌边的椅子上”，使用动词短语sit down on a chair by the table，空处和throwing her arms on it以及and burying her face in them并列，动词sit和逻辑主语she之间是主谓关系，用现在分词作状语。故填Sitting down on a chair by the table。
72. Despite, or perhaps because of, the epidemics the world has faced in recent years, governments worldwide ________ medical research on epidemics to get at the causes and come up with cures as soon as possible. Countries will need to work together to do this because ________.（根据句意填空）
【答案】have underlined the fact that they want thorough and systematic teamwork among nations across the globe can save lives
【解析】
【详解】
考查动词时态，同位语从句和介词短语。句意：尽管(或者是因为)近年来全球爆发了流行病，世界各国政府都已经强调，要对流行病进行彻底和系统地医学研究，以便尽快找出原因并找到治疗方法。这需要各个国家的共同努力，因为全球各国之间的团队合作才能拯救生命。第一空结合句意表示“都已经强调，要对流行病进行彻底和系统地”，根据已经强调，可知应用现在完成时，翻译为have underlined，后文分析可知，最好用同位语从句表达，翻译为the fact that they want thorough and systematic，所以空处填have underlined the fact that they want thorough and systematic；二空结合句意表示“全球各国之间的团队合作才能拯救生命”，分析句子可知，主语是“合作”翻译为teamwork，“全球各国之间的”做定语，应该用介词短语做后置定语翻译为among nations across the globe，所以空处填teamwork among nations across the globe can save lives。故填①have underlined the fact that they want thorough and systematic；②teamwork among nations across the globe can save lives。
73. When he had killed the guard, ________. Working rapidly in the darkness, he soon changed into the dead man’s clothes. （根据句意填空）
【答案】the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes
【解析】
【详解】
考查句子结构、时态、语态。句意：战俘杀了卫兵后，迅速把他拖进了灌木丛。他在黑暗中飞快地行动着，很快就换上了死者的衣服。根据前文When he had killed the guard可知，此处应填主句部分，the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes“这战俘迅速把他拖进了灌木丛”符合句意，根据句意可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，动词drag和主语之间是主动关系。故填the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes。
74. ________: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped.（根据句意填空）
【答案】Lights were blazing and men were running here and there
【解析】
【详解】
考查时态和语态。句意：灯火通明，人们四处奔跑：他们刚刚发现一名囚犯逃跑了。根据后文“they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped”可知，监狱里一篇混乱，故Lights were blazing and men were running here and there“灯火通明，人们四处奔跑”符合句意。故填Lights were blazing and men were running here and there。
75. As the man came near, ________.（根据句意填空）
【答案】the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow
【解析】
【详解】
考查动词时态和介词短语。句意：当这个人走近时，囚犯猛地一拳将他打翻在地。根据上文可知，此处可描写为“囚犯猛地一拳将他打翻在地”，prisoner意为“囚犯”；knock sb. to the ground 意为“把某人打倒在地”；with a sharp blow意为“一击而中”。根据上文“As the man came near”可知，此句是描述过去的事情，谓语动词用一般过去式，knock的过去式是knocked。故填the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow。