高中英语上教版必修一 Unit4.单元知识点讲解

Unit 4 Customs and Traditions

【词汇和短语】
1. worldwide adv. 在全世界；在世界各地
2. adulthood n. 成年
3. childishness n. 孩子气；稚嫩
4. responsibility n. 职责；义务
5. ceremony n. 典礼；仪式
6. youth n. (统称)青年，年轻人；青年时期(尤指成年以前)
7. coming-of-age n. 成年；成人年龄
8. occasion n. 特别的事情(或仪式、庆典)
9. topic n. 话题；标题
10. citizen n. 公民
11. multiculturalism n. 多元文化主义
12. civic adj. 市民的；城镇居民的
13. respect n.v. 尊重；重视
14. duty n. 责任；义务
15. event n. 公开活动；社交场合；(尤指)重要事情，大事
16. tradition n. 传统，传统的信仰(或风俗)
17. entry n. 进入(指行动)，加入(指权利、机会)
18. womanhood n. 成年女子的状态
19. marriage n. 婚姻；结婚
20. sewing n. 缝纫
21. household adj. 家庭的；家用的n. 家庭；一家人；
22. upcoming adj. 即将发生(或来临)的
23. male n.t男性；雄性 adj. 男性的
24. individual adj. 一个人的 n. 个人
25. sacred adj. 神圣的
26. thread n. (棉、毛、丝等的)线
27. perform v. 履行；执行
28. strand n. (线、绳、毛发等的)股，缕
29. represent v. 作为……的象征；代表
30. intellectual adj. 智力的；理智的
31. vary v. (根据情况)变化，改变
32. significantly adv. 有重大意义地；显著地；明显地
33. specific adj.特有的；独特的；明确的；具体的
34. ritual n. 仪式；程序；礼节
35. symbolise v. 是……的象征；代表
36. transition n. 过渡；转变
37. childhood n.童年；孩童时期
38. refer v. 描述；与……相关； 提到；谈及；说起
39. graduate v. 获得学位(尤指学士)；大学毕业
40. campus n. 大学、学院的)校园，校区
41. reminisce v. 回忆，追忆
42. current adj. 当前的；现在的
43. alumni n.(统称)校友，毕业生
44. themed adj. 特定主题的
45. rent v. (短期)租用，租借
46. senior n. 高年级学生
47. pajamas n. (一套)睡衣裤
48. election n. 选举，推选(尤指从政)
49. accompany v. 伴随；与……同时发生； 陪同；陪伴
50. court n. t 王宫；宫殿；宫廷； 法院；法庭；审判庭
51. prince n. 王子；亲王
52. princess n. a 王室女成员；(尤指)公主
53. select v. 选择；挑选；选拔
54. elect v. 选举，推选
55. involve v. (使)参加，加入； 牵涉；牵连
56. stage v. 上演；阶段，状态
57. parade n. 游行
58. march v. 齐步走；行进
59. band n. 乐队
60. classic adj. 典雅的，古朴的
61. socialize v. 交往，交际
62. casual adj. 非正式的
63. formal adj. 正式的；庄重的
64. affair n. 事件；事情
65. DJ n. (电台、电视台、夜总会)唱片节目主持人
66. gymnasium n. 健身房；体育馆
67. cafeteria n. 自助餐厅，自助食堂
68. entire adj. 全部的；完全的
69. partner n. 搭档；同伴
70. bow n. 鞠躬；弯腰行礼
71. remind v. 提醒；使想起
72. participant n. 参与者；参加者
73. graceful adj. 优美的；优雅的；雅致的
74. nation n. 国家；民族
75. wreath n. 花环(传统上圣诞节时挂在门上)
76. symbol n. 象征
77. Jew n. 犹太人
78. stationery n. 文具
79. item n. 一件物品(或商品)；.项目
80. indicate v 象征；暗示
81. dress up穿上盛装；穿上正装
82. stand for 象征；是……意思
83. leave ... behind脱离(某状态)；离开(某人或某地)
84. shoulder responsibilities 对某事承担责任
85. on the rise在上涨，在上升
86. a sense of……感，……意识
87. take on接受；承担(责任)
88. give … away (在婚礼上)将新娘交给新郎
89. homecoming n. (一年一度的)校友返校活动
90. centre around 围绕
91. show up如约赶到；出现
92. (be) involved in 参与……；与……有关联



【词汇重点】

1. responsibility /rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪlɪtɪ/ n. a duty to help or take care of sb because of your job, position, etc.职责；义务
No one admitted responsibility for the attacks.
没有人对这些袭击负责。

【固定搭配】
have a responsibility to do sth. 有责任去做某事.

【近义词辨析】
duty, responsibility
这组词都有“责任”的意思，其区别是：
duty 意义较广，多指发自内心的道德伦理上的责任感。

responsibility 着重指从道义或法律上对事件之后果负责。
如：I took full responsibility for breaking the vase.(我承担打破花瓶的全部责任。)

2. occasion n. a special event, ceremony or celebration 特别的事情(或仪式、庆典)
Taking her with me on official occasions has been a challenge.
在正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。

【短语及搭配】
1）An occasion for doing something is an opportunity for doing it. 机会

It is an occasion for all the family to celebrate.
那是个全家庆祝的机会。

2） If you have occasion to do something, you have the opportunity to do it or have a need to do it. 有机会; 有必要
Over the next few years many people had occasion to reflect on the truth of his warnings.
在随后的几年里许多人有机会反思他那些警告的真相。

3） If you say that someone rose to the occasion, you mean that they did what was necessary to successfully overcome a difficult situation. 应付自如
Colorado rose to the occasion with four players scoring 16 points or more.
科罗拉多队从容应对，4个队员赢得16分或更多得分。

a particular time when sth happens 某次；……的时候

【词组短语】
on the occasion 在那时；值此…之际
special occasion 特别的时刻；特别的场合
on the occasion of 值此…之际
on occasion 有时；偶尔
on this occasion 这一次

【近义词辨析】
event 重大事件
occasion 场合，时刻，机关
indicate 小事件
case 事实，情况，实例

【拓展】
occasional /əˈkeɪʒənəl/ adj. 偶尔的
I've had occasional mild headaches all my life.
我此生一直有偶尔的轻微头疼。

3. civic /ˈsɪvɪk/ adj. connected with the people who live in a town or city 市民的；城镇居民的
.the businessmen and civic leaders of Manchester.
曼彻斯特的商人们和市政领导。
a sense of civic pride.
市民自豪感。

4. respect /rɪˈspɛkt/ n. polite behaviour towards or care for sb/sth that you think is important尊重；重视
I want him to respect me as a career woman.
我要他把我作为一个职业女性来尊重。

I have tremendous respect for Dean.
我非常敬重迪安。


【固定搭配】
1）You can say with all due respect when you are politely disagreeing with someone or criticizing them. 请恕我冒犯
With all due respect, I hardly think that's the point.
请恕我冒犯，我不认为那是要点。

2）If you pay your respects to someone, you go to see them or speak to them. You usually do this to be polite, and not necessarily because you want to do it. 表示某人的敬意
Carl had asked him to visit the hospital and to pay his respects to Francis.
卡尔已要求他去那所医院向弗朗西斯表示他的敬意。

3）You use expressions like in this respect and in many respects to indicate that what you are saying applies to the feature you have just mentioned or to many features of something. 在这方面; 在许多方面
4）Within the Department of Justice（司法部） are several drug-fighting agencies. The lead agency in this respect is the centre.
司法部内部有几个禁毒机构，在这方面的领导机构是该中心。

You use with respect to to say what something relates to. 关于; 至于
Parents often have little choice with respect to the way their child is medically treated.
至于他们孩子被医治的方式,父母通常少有选择的余地。

If you show respect for someone's wishes, rights, or customs, you avoid doing anything they would dislike or regard as wrong. 尊重
They will campaign for respect for aboriginal rights and customs.
他们将开展尊重土著居民权利和风俗的活动。

v. to have a very good opinion of sb/sth; to admine sb/sth 尊敬；尊重
It is about time tour operators respected the law and their own code of conduct.
现在该是旅行社经营者们遵守法律和他们自己的行业规范的时候了。

5. male n. a male person, animal or plant男性；雄性
The naked male figure was always the central theme of Greek art.
男性裸体人像总是希腊艺术的中心主题。

adj. belonging to the sex that does not give birth to babies 男性的
Massive male unemployment has diminished the status of men in the family.
大量男性失业已经降低了男人在家庭中的地位。

6. individual adj. connected with one person; designed for one person 一个人的
It's impossible to hold any individual responsible.
不可能让任何个人承担责任。

n. a person considered separately rather than as part of a group 个人
The author stresses the uniqueness of the individual.
这位作者强调个人的独特性。

7. sacred adj. considered to be holy 神圣的
The eagle is the animal most sacred to the Native Americans.
鹰是印第安人眼中最为神圣的动物。

8. perform v. to do sth, such as a piece of work, task or duty 履行；执行
We're looking for people of all ages who have performed outstanding acts of bravery, kindness, or courage.
我们正在寻找各个年龄的、曾有过无畏、善良或英勇之举的杰出人士。

An engine has many parts, each performing a different function.
一部发动机有很多部件，各自行使不同的功能。
perform well/ badly 表现好/糟糕

【拓展】
V-T If you perform a play, a piece of music, or a dance, you do it in front of an audience. 演出; 演奏
This play was first performed in 411 BC.
该剧于公元前411年首次上演。

9. strand n. a single thin piece of thread, wire, hair, etc. (线、绳、毛发等的)股，缕
She tried to blow a grey strand of hair from her eyes.
她试图吹开眼前的一缕白发。

【拓展】
strand vt. 使滞留；搁浅
The climbers had been stranded by a storm.
这些登山者被暴风雨困住了。


10. represent /ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt/ v. to be a symbol of sth 作为……的象征；代表
represent CET4 TEM4 ( representing, represented, represents )
The general secretary may represent the president at official ceremonies.
秘书长可以在官方仪式上代表主席。

women are already well represented in the area of TV drama.
女性在电视戏剧领域已经占有很大比例。

【拓展】
representative 典型的，有代表性的；代议制的
representational 代表的；具象派的
representable 能被代表的；能上演的；能被描绘的
representative 代表；典型；众议员


11. intellectual adj. connected with or using a person’s ability to think in a logical way and understand things智力的；理智的
High levels of lead could damage the intellectual development of children.
高含铅量会损害儿童的智力发育。

【拓展】
intellectual n. 知识分子
Some Americans see Oxford as an intellectual Disneyland.
一些美国人把牛津视为知识分子的乐园。

12. vary v. to change or be different according to the situation (根据情况)变化，改变
As they're handmade, each one varies slightly.
由于它们是手工制作的，每一件都会略有不同。

【固定搭配】
vary with… 随着…变化而变化；
Things such as nostril size vary with temperature and humidity in ways that suggest evolution is at work.
鼻孔大小等因素随着温度和湿度的变化而变化，这种事表明进化在起作用。

vary from…to… 从…到…而变化.
A baby's need for food can vary from day to day.
婴儿对食物的需求天天都在变化。

【同根词汇】
variable 变量的；可变的；易变的，多变的；变异的， 畸变的
varied 多变的；各式各样的；杂色的
varying 不同的；变化的


13. significantly adv. in a way that is large or important enough to have an effect on sth or to be noticed 有重大意义地；显著地；明显地

The two sets of figures are not significantly different.
这两组数字没有明显的差别。

【拓展】
significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ adj. 重大的; 显著的
Most 11-year-olds are not encouraged to develop reading skills; a small but significant number are illiterate.
大多数11岁的儿童没有被鼓励去培养阅读技能。有为数不多、但足以引起人们注意的数目的儿童是文盲。


14. specific adj. (formal) existing only in one place or limited to one thing特有的；独特的
detailed and exact明确的；具体的
Massage may help to increase blood flow to specific areas of the body.
按摩也许会帮助加快血液流向身体各个特定部位。

There are several specific problems to be dealt with.
有好几个特定问题要解决。

15. ritual /ˈrɪtjʊəl/ n. a series of actions that are always performed in the same way, especially as part of a religious ceremony仪式；程序；礼节
This is the most ancient, and holiest of the Shinto rituals.
这是最古老、最神圣的神道教仪式。
The whole Italian culture revolves around the ritual of eating.
整个意大利文化是围绕着饮食习俗的。

【拓展】
ritual /ˈrɪtjʊəl/ adj. 例行公事般的; 习惯性的; 传统的
I realized that here the conventions required me to make the ritual noises.
我意识到这里的习俗要求我得说套话。

16. symbolize v. to be a symbol of sth是……的象征；代表
The fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the end of the Cold War between East and West.
柏林墙的倒塌象征着东西方冷战的结束。

【拓展】
symbol /ˈsɪmbəl/ n. 象征; 象征物; 符号

To them, the monarchy is the special symbol of nationhood.
对他们而言，君主政体是国家的特殊象征。

Later in this same passage Yeats resumes his argument for the Rose as an Irish symbol.
后来在这同一篇文章里，叶芝再次提到把玫瑰作为爱尔兰象征的观点。

What's the chemical symbol for mercury?
水银的化学符号是什么？

【近义词辨析】
sign, emblem, symbol, token, attribute, mark, signal, badge
这组词都有“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是：

sign 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。
symbol 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。
mark 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。
signal 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。

17. transition n. the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another 过渡；转变
Most traditional societies have transition rites at teenage time.
大多数传统社会在青春期举行过渡仪式。

【拓展】
transit /ˈtrænsɪt/ n/ vt 运输; 运送
During their talks, the two presidents discussed the transit of goods between the two countries.

在会谈中，两位总统讨论了两国之间货物的运输。

18. refer v. to describe or be connected to sb/sth 描述；与……相关
The term electronics refers to electrically induced action.
电子学描述的是电力产生的作用。

to mention or speak about sb/sth 提到；谈及；说起
In his speech, he referred to a recent trip to Canada.
在他的讲话中，他提到了最近的加拿大之行。

【固定搭配】
refer to… 查看；参考
He referred briefly to his notebook.
他迅速查看了一下他的笔记。

refer sb. to sb. 把…介绍给…
Now and then I referred a client to him.
我不时地介绍客户给他。

19. graduate v. to get a degree, especially your first degree, from a university or college 获得学位(尤指学士)；大学毕业
The top one-third of all high school graduates are entitled to an education at California State University.
全部高中毕业生当中排名前三分之一的有资格到加利福尼亚州立大学学习。
【固定搭配】
graduate from…从…学校毕业。

【拓展】
V-I If you graduate from one thing to another, you go from a less important job or position to a more important one. 升迁

Bruce graduated to chef at the Bear Hotel.
布鲁斯晋升为大熊酒店的厨师长。

20. current /ˈkʌrənt/ adj. happening now; of the present time当前的；现在的；流行的
The current situation is very different to that in 1990.
当前的形势与1990年大不相同。

【拓展】
current 也常用作名词：
1）. 水流
Under normal conditions, the ocean currents of the tropical Pacific travel from east to west.
在正常情况下，太平洋热带洋流自东流向西。

2）. 气流
I felt a current of cool air blowing in my face.
我感到一股凉气吹在脸上。

3）. 电流
A powerful electric current is passed through a piece of graphite（石墨）.
一股强大的电流被传导经过一块石墨。

4）. 倾向
Each party represents a distinct current of thought.
每个党派都代表一种独特的思想倾向。


22. senior n. an older child in a school 高年级学生

【拓展】
senior常常也用作形容词：
senior /ˈsiːnjə/
1）. 级别高的; 资深的
the company's senior management.
该公司的高级管理人员。
2）年纪大的；年长的
senior citizen 老年人

另外 作名词时还有“上级; 地位较高者”的意思：
He was described by his seniors as a model officer.
他被上级称为模范军官。


23. accompany v. to happen or appear with sth else 伴随；与……同时发生
to travel or go somewhere with sb 陪同；陪伴
She was accompanied by her younger brother.
她由她的弟弟陪着。

【拓展】 accompany 还有“伴随”的意思
If she sang, he would accompany her on the piano.
如果她歌唱，他会为她钢琴伴奏。

24. symbol 详见词条16拓展

25. select v. to choose sb/sth from a group of people or things, usually according to a system 选择；挑选；选拔
I selected a file and pressed the delete key.
我选定了一份文件，然后按下了删除键。
26. elect v. to choose sb to do a particular job by voting for them 选举，推选
The people of the Philippines have voted to elect a new president.
菲律宾人民已经投票选举出一位新总统。

The University of Washington elected him dean in 1956.
华盛顿大学在1956年选他为院长。

27. involve v. to make sb take part in sth (使)参加，加入
Nasser and I do everything together, he involves me in everything.
纳萨和我做什么事都在一起，他让我参与所有的事情。

if a situation, an event or an activity involves sb/sth, they take part in it or are affected by it 牵涉；牵连；影响
If there was a cover-up, it involved people at the very highest levels of government.
如果有掩盖真相的行为，它就牵扯到了处于政府最高层的那些人

【固定搭配】
be/get involved in sth. 牵涉到…;卷入
She really didn't want to be involved in the whole family thing.
她实在不想卷入这件家事中。

28. parade n. a public celebration of a special day or event, usually with n bands in the streets and decorated vehicles 游行；阅兵式
A military parade marched slowly and solemnly down Pennsylvania Avenue.
一个军事阅兵队伍沿着宾夕法尼亚大街缓慢而庄严地行进。

He had them on parade at six o'clock in the morning.
他让他们在早上6点接受检阅。

【拓展】parade作动词时，也很常用
1）. 把…游街; 把…示众
Five leading fighter pilots have been captured and paraded before the media.
5名领先的战斗机飞行员被俘，并在媒体前示众。

2. (为使自己获益而) 展示
Captured prisoners were paraded before television cameras.
被捕获的罪犯们被展示在电视摄像机前。

3). (为炫耀而) 展示
Valentino is eager to see celebrities parading his clothes at big occasions.
瓦伦蒂诺渴望看到名人们在盛大场合展示他的服装。

4). 吹嘘; 夸耀

all the fashions that parade as modern movements in art.
所有被吹嘘成现代艺术运动的风尚。

29. march v. to walk with stiff regular steps like a soldier 齐步走；行进; n. 行军
A U.S. infantry battalion was marching down the street.
一个美军步兵营沿着街道行进。

After a short march, the column entered the village.
短途行军之后，队伍进入了村子。


30. classic adj. elegant, but simple and traditional in style or design, not affected by changes in fashion (风格或设计)典雅的，古朴的; 典型的
During the festival, we'll be showing 13 classic oldie films.
电影节期间，我们将放映13部经典老片。

The debate in the press has been a classic example of hypocrisy.
新闻界的这场争论是虚伪的典型例子。

【拓展】n. 经典作品
Former best-seller, this book is now recognised as a classic.
这本书曾经是畅销书，现在被公认为是本经典著作。

31. socialize v. to meet and spend time with people in a friendly way, in order to enjoy yourself (和他人)交往，交际
Maybe you should socialize more.
也许你应该多和人交往。

32. casual adj. not formal 非正式的，休闲的；不经意的的
I also bought some casual clothes for the weekend.
我还买了些休闲服准备周末穿。

What you mean as a casual remark could be misinterpreted.
你不经意所说的话可能会被误解。

33. formal adj. (of a style of dress, speech, writing, behaviour, etc.) very correct and suitable for official or important occasions 正式的；庄重的
He wrote a very formal letter of apology to Douglas.
他写了一封非常正式的道歉信给道格拉斯。

No formal announcement had been made.
尚无官方声明。


34. affair n. an event that people are talking about or describing in a particular way 事件；事情
The administration has mishandled the whole affair.
政府错误地处理了整个事件。


[pl.] matters connected with a person's private business and financial situation 私人事务
Her mistake was to blab about their affair.
她的错误在于泄露了他们的风流韵事。

35. entire adj. including everything, everyone or every part 全部的；完全的
There are only 60 swimming pools in the entire country.
整个国家仅有60个游泳池。

【近义词辨析】
total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole
这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是：

total 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。
entire 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。
gross 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。
full 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。
complete 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。
whole 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。

36. remind v. to help sb remember sth, especially sth important that they must do 提醒；使想起
So she simply welcomed Tim and reminded him of the last time they had met.
因此她只是欢迎了蒂姆，让他想起他们上次的相遇。

Can you remind me to buy a bottle of wine?
你能提醒我买一瓶葡萄酒吗？

【固定搭配】
remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起；
remind sb to do sth. 提醒某人去做某事。

【近义词辨析】
remember, memorize, recall, remind, recolect
这组词都有“记忆，记住，回忆”的意思，其区别是：

remember 含义较广，多指无意识地回忆起往事，也可指通过主观努力去记忆。
memorize 指有意识的下功夫把某事的整个细节都记在脑子里。
recall 比remember文雅，指想方设法回忆已经遗忘之事。
remind 指经某人或某事的提醒而回忆起某件已遗忘之事。

37. graceful adj. moving in a controlled，attractive way or having a smooth, attractive form 优美的；优雅的；雅致的
His movements were so graceful they seemed effortless.
他的动作如此优雅，看似非常从容自如。

His handwriting, from earliest young manhood, was flowing and graceful.
从他刚刚成年时起，他的书法就流畅而优美。

38. item n. a single object or article 一件物品(或商品)
The most valuable item on show will be a Picasso drawing.
展览中最有价值的作品将是毕加索的一幅画。

one thing on a list of things to buy, do, talk about, etc.项目
The other item on the agenda is the tour.
另一项议程是旅行。

【拓展】
item做名词时还有“条款”的意思。

39. indicate v. to be a sign of sth; to show that sth is possible or likely象征；暗示；表明
Statistics indicate that depressed patients are more likely to become ill than are normal people.
统计表明抑郁的患者比正常人更可能得病。

Early results indicate that the government will be returned to power.
早期的结果预示这个政府将重新执政。

The latest polls indicate that the two main parties are neck and neck.
最新的民意测验显示两个主要政党势均力敌。

【单元词组】
leave ... behind脱离(某状态)；离开(某人或某地)
shoulder responsibilities 对某事承担责任
on the rise在上涨，在上升
a sense of……感，……意识
take on接受；承担(责任)
give … away (在婚礼上)将新娘交给新郎
centre around 围绕
show up如约赶到；出现
(be) involved in 参与……；与……有关联
dress up穿上盛装；穿上正装
stand for 象征；是……意思



1. 被动语态复习
2. 现在进行时的被动语态；
3. 现在完成时的被动语态。


一、被动语态
汉语常有把“把”字句改为“被”字句的情况，
如： “张亮把一个西瓜切开了。”改为被字句是，“一个西瓜被张亮切开了。
1. 主语和宾语交换位置，
2. “把”改成“被”。

英语的被动语态，也有异曲同工之妙。
将下面的句子改为被动语态：
They plant trees every spring.
主语 谓语 宾语


Trees are planted by them every spring.
宾变主 be+过去分词 by+主变宾

注意：
1. 主动语态的主语如果为人称代词主格，改为被动语态时，要变成宾格，并在前面加by。
2. 谓语动词的形式是be + 过去分词，但是由于英语有多种时态，所以被动语态的形式也会根据时态有所变化，具体如下图所示。
时态
被动语态动词结构形式
例句
一般现在时
am/is /are + done
Trees are planted by them every spring.
一般过去时
were / was + done
The window was broken by that boy yesterday.
一般将来时
shall/will +be + done
am/is/are going to + be + done
The bottle will be thrown away by the old lady later.
The film is going to be shown at the cinema next week.
现在进行时
am/is /are + being+ done
Tom is being taken good care of by his parents.
过去进行时
was /were + being + done
The room was being cleaned by them when the man came in.
现在完成时
have/has +been + done
The dress has already been washed by mum.
过去完成时
had + been + done
The house had been sold out when I asked the agency.
含有情态动词
情态动词＋ be done
The pizza can be cut into several pieces.