第三部分 概要写作 01 技法篇 2021-2022学年新教材新高考英语写作新题型三合一解读+训练（高考专用）

这是一份第三部分 概要写作 01 技法篇 2021-2022学年新教材新高考英语写作新题型三合一解读+训练（高考专用），共9页。
第三部分  概要写作技法篇　　概要写作是阅读理解和书面表达的有机结合体，文本体裁以说明文和议论文为主，所给文本材料大约350词，要求考生对原文的内容和思想进行浓缩，用精练的词句概括出文章的重要内容，再现原作者的思想、观点，形成一篇60词左右的短文，要求内容完整、语言正确、衔接连贯、用词简洁。　　概要写作主要考查考生把握文章整体结构和概括文章主旨大意的能力，同时考查考生准确获取关键信息以及用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力。下面我们将以2019年浙江6月卷的概要写作为例，教大家如何进行概要写作。　　Parents everywhere praise their kids.Jenn Berman，author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids.says，"We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict."By giving kids a lot of praise，parents think they're building their children's confidence，when，in fact，it may be just the opposite.Too much praise can backfire and，when given in a way that's insincere，make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.　　Still，don t go too far in the other direction.Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much.Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and，as a result，may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.　　So what is the right amount of praise?Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome，you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward."We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，"says Donahue，author of Parenting Without Fear：Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters."One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters.Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team.But if he's out there every day andplaying hard，you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses.Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard，cook dinner，or finish a book report.But whatever it is，praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate（相称的）to the amount of effort your child has put into it.技法一  通读全文，梳理要点　　理解文章是概要写作的基础。做概要写作题时，首先要通读全文，了解文章大意，分析文章结构，抓住段落要点。步骤1  分析文章结构　　在概要写作中，要准确、完整地提取文章中的要点，首先要分析文章的结构，因为文章的结构为要点的提取提供了依据。　　2019年浙江6月卷的概要写作文本属于议论文，主要讲对孩子的表扬重在质量而非数量，其文章结构如下：　表扬孩子　Para.l： 父母们认为多表扬孩子能建立孩子的自信，但实际上可能恰恰相反。　Para.2： 没有给予足够的表扬会和给予太多表扬一样有害。　Para.3： 表扬的质量比表扬的数量更重要　Para.4： 父母的表扬应该符合事实，并与孩子的努力相匹配。【技法点津】　　不同文体的文章的基本结构是不一样的，我们可以先判断文章的文体，再根据其基本结构对文章进行梳理。　　记叙文  一般可以按照时间线索或故事发展线索进行梳理，根据时间节点或明确故事的起因、经过、结果就能厘清文章结构。　　议论文  一般由论点、论据和结论构成，通常用来讲明道理、计论是非、提出观点和看法。作者一般会先反驳某观点或提出论点，然后论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。　　说明文  主要包括描写某事物的性质或功能的说明文、针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施的说明文以及介绍某现象及其产生的原因和带来的结果的说明文。一般来说，描写事物类说明文结构为"对象+性质或功能+利弊（+建议）”，即开篇点明要介绍的对象，接着说明该对象的性质或功能，最后分析其利弊，有时还会提出建议。解决问题类说明文的行文结构通常为"问题+解决方法"，即首先提出问题，接着提出具体的解决办法。现象揭示类说明文的行文结构通常为"现象+原因+结果（+解决方案）”，即首先说明某种现象，然后解释产生这一现象的原因，最后说明这一现象带来的结果，某些文章还会提出解决方案。步骤2  删除细节信息　　厘清文章的结构后就可以根据文章的结构筛选出文章中的核心信息，删除非核心信息，即细节信息。本题的信息梳理如下：　　第一段中的前两句话引入话题，没有直接给出论点，可以删除；第三句话直接给出作者对大众认知的反驳，应保留；第四句话说过多的表扬会让孩子害怕尝试，是对观点的进一步阐释，应保留。　　第二段中，第一句话承接上下文，可以删去；第二句话说明没有给予足够的表扬和给予太多表扬一样有害，是本段的核心内容，应保留；后面一句也是对这一内容的补充说明，应保留。　　第三段中，首句以问句的形式引出本段主要内容，不需要保留；第二句话通过专家之口说出本文核心观点------表扬重在质不在量，必须保留；第三、四句话是对核心观点进行佐证，可删除；最后一句话表明表扬的质量体现在表扬过程上，而不是体现在表扬结果上，也应保留。第四段中，前面都是用一些实际的场景对观点进行例证，无关紧要；最后一句话是对前面所有场景的总结，必须保留。【技法点津】　　标志词可以用来说明事件发生的先后顺序、提示上下文关系、表明各部分在文中的功能、表明作者的观点与态度等，因此可以利用标志词来确定作者的思路。在概要写作中，学会辨识标志词能帮助考生精准提取主次要点。　　本题第一段中的in fact, 后跟作者的实际想法，第三段中的Experts say that用专家的话引出作者的观点，第四段中的But whatever it is.表示后文是对前面列举的场景的总结。　　步骤3  明确主次要点在概要写作中，若对语篇过度概括，则会导致内容不够具体，遗漏要点；若将次要信息当作主要信息概括，则会导致内容重点不明。产生上述问题的原因是考生没能识别语篇的主次要点，无法判断要点间的层级关系，所以，做概要写作题时，明确主次要点是关键。 下面对本题中的主次要点进行梳理：第一段  主要点 ①Parents think giving kids a lot of praise is building their children's confidence，but in    fact，it maybe just the opposite. ②Too much praise can backfire and make kids afraid to try new things. 第二段 主要点Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much.      次要点Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care. 第三段 主要点 The quality of praise is more important than the quantity. 次要点 It’s the process not the end product that matters. 第四段 主要点 Praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate to the amount of effort your child has put into it. 【技法点津】　　语篇一般由一个主旨以及多个支撑主旨的段落组成，每个段落的中心思想就是概要写作中的主要点。各个段落中有时会有重要性仅次于主要点的信息，这些信息就是每个段落的次要点。准确判断要点有助于归纳段落的中心思想。不过有的语篇为了更具说服力，可能还会通过举例等手段对要点进行拓展说明，这种拓展说明不用在概要中出现。在阅读过程中，考生要明确句子之间的层级关系，这对概要写作内容的取舍具有指导作用。技法二  提炼要点，转换表达　　要写出一篇符合要求的概要写作，考生不仅要有提取要点的能力，还要有转述要点的能力。高考概要写作要求考生能完全使用自己的语言概括要点，如有整句抄自原文的现象，得分将直接降档。因此，考生应熟知评分标准，按照要求写作，尤其要避免使用文章原话。那么，该如何进行要点的转述呢？转换表达一般有同义转换、词性转换、句式转换、逻辑转换四种方式。下面以本题为例进行讲解：要点l：Parents give kids a lot of praise，hoping to build their confidence，but too much praise can be damaging（同义替换backfire）to children.要点2：Inadequate praise （同义转换Not giving enough praise) is also harmful (同义转换damaging)as it drives kids to lose motivation.要点3：The quality of praise is more than the quantity，and it's the process not the outcome（同义替换the end product）that matters.要点4：Parents should give praise based on facts and it should match children's efforts.（变动语态变为主动语态）　　技能1  同义转换　　同义转换是指用词性相同、意义相同或相近的单词或词组进行替换的方法。英语由于从各种语言中吸收了大量的外来词汇，同义词尤为丰富。同义转述时，灵活使用同义词能最大限度地保留原文本所传递的信息。微技巧1 同义/近义词转换【例句1】Never will Chen Yu forget his first task as a journalist.【转述1】Chen Yu will remember his first task as a reporter.【例句2】To play a role.you must understand the character that you are going to play.【转述2】To play a role，you must comprehend the character that you are going to play.微技巧2  单词和短语的转换【例句1】Keeping the house clean is good for health.【转述1】Keeping the house clean benefits health.【例句2】With much of the public's attention，Olympic athletes suffer from great pressure.【转述2】With much of the public's attention，Olympic athletes face great pressure.微技巧3  上下义词的转换【例句1】She brought home several Chinese and English novels，a few copies of Reader's Digest and Newsweek，and some textbooks.【转述1】She brought home some books and magazines.【例句2】All nations should take measures to protect the earth if we are to survive.【转述2】The world should take measures to protect our planet if we are to survive.技能2词性转换　　在概要写作中，有时可以通过转换词性进行表述，以避免照搬原文、影响得分。要注意的是，当词语的词性发生变化时，句子的结构也要进行相应的变化。微技巧1  动词转换为名词【例句1】He failed to pass the drug test, and the boss had to dismiss him from his job.【转述1】His failure of passing the drug test resulted in his dismissal.【例句2】It is actually a brad term which is used to describe different types of acid that fall from the atmosphere onto earth.【转述2】It is actually a broad term which is used for the description of different types of acid that fall from the atmosphere onto earth.微技巧2形容词转换为名词【例句1】Your skin will be burnt if you are exposed to the sun too long【转述1】Too long exposure to the sun will harm your skin.【例句2】There are many people who are shy.【转述2】Shyness is common.微技巧3名词转换为形容词【例句1】As a matter of fact, the difficulty is to find the correct way to raise a kid.【转述1】As a matter of fact, it is difficult to find the correct way to raise a kid.【例句2】This topic has aroused controversies over time.【转述2】This topic has become so controversial over time.微技巧4形容词转换为动词【例句】Reading can not only make you relaxed but also be good for your mind.【转述】Reading can not only relax your body but also do good to your mind.　　技能3句式转换　　概要写作不仅要求考生用自己的语言进行表达，而且要求所写文章句子准确、简洁明了。因此在文章要点概括齐全的情况下，恰当运用一些句式转换，可以提高概要写作的得分。微技巧1  语态的转换【例句】Two experiments were carried out by a psychologist.【转述】A psychologist performed two experiments.微技巧2  特殊句式和正常句式的转换【例句】Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire abundant information.【转述】You will obtain abundant information if you ask many different questions.微技巧3  从句的压缩、转换并列句转换为定语从句【例句】The truck ran into a group of students，and two of them were sent to hospital immediately.【转述】The truck ran into a group of students，two of whom were sent to hospital immediately.宾语从句转换为表语从句【例句】He concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they're being stared at.【转述】His conclusion is that people do not have the ability to sense when they're being stared at.状语从句转换为介词短语【例句】Although people have got accustomed to being in a hurry，leading a slower life is better.【转述】Despite getting accustomed to being in a hurry，people are recommended to lead a slower life.状语从句转换为独立主格结构【例句】If everything is considered，his plan seems to be more workable.【转述】Everything taken into consideration，his plan seems to be more workable.主句转换为副词【例句】It is obvious that some of our listeners may have different opinions.【转述】Obviously，some of our listeners may have different opinions.定语从句转换为非谓语结构【例句】There are lots of good English programmes which are broadcast on TV or the radio in China.【转述】There are lots of good English programmes broadcast on TV or the radio in China.时间状语从句转换为with复合结构【例句】When winter draws near，the leaves on the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.【转述】With winter drawing near，the leaves on the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.　　技能4  逻辑转换　　在概要写作中，有时为了使语言更加灵活，可以通过从反面述或用肯定形式表达否定意义的方法来转换表达。【例句1】I quite agree with you.【转述1】I can't agree with you more，【例句2】You must be very careful when crossing the street.【转述2】You can't be too careful when crossing the street.【例句3】His hometown is the most beautiful place.【转述3】No place is more beautiful than his hometown.【例句4】Without advertising，it will be very difficult for customers to judge the worth of a product.【转述4】With advertising，it will be very easy for customers to judge the worth of a product.【例句5】The most important step is to fill in the application form without any false information.【转述5】I's essential to fill in the application form correctly.技法三　巧妙衔接，连句成篇高考概要写作要求考生有效使用语包间的连接成分，使结构紧凑。要想达到这一要求，就要在提取的要点之间加上衔接词。在本题中，要点3是作者的观点，可用"In fact"引出。要点4是对前面3个要点的总结，可使在用"All in all"来衔接。【技法点津】　　语篇的衔接可以通过方方面面体现出来，最常见的是利用逻辑关系词、代词以及词汇复现。根据各个句子之间的关系（如并列关系、时间顺序关系、因果关系、条件关系、例证关系等）考生可以选择相应的逻辑关系词来连接各个信息点，常用的连接词有：表转折的however、bu、though，表条件的f、on condition that，表因果的so、therefore、consequently、as a result，表例证的for example、for instance、such as等（详见读后续写技能4增强逻辑衔接）。考生还可以利用人称代词和指示代词如we、they、t、this、those等代指前文的内容，这样不仅能增加各要点之间的有效衔接，而且还能够节省篇幅。重复前面句子中出现的单词、词组等也可以增强各要点之间的衔接，重复既可以是形式完全相同的词语的重复，也可以是同根词的重复。参考范文　　在确定完文章结构，段落要点，用自己的话对要点进行转述，同时在各个要点之间进行衔接之后，一篇高分概要写作就应运而生了。　　Parents give kids a lot of praise，hoping to build their confidence，but too much praise can be damaging to children.（要点1）Inadequate praise is also harmful as it drives kids to lose motivation.（要点2）In fact，the quality of praise is more important than the quantity，and it's the process not the outcome that matters，（要点3）All in all，parents should give praise based on facts and it should match children's efforts.（要点4）