专题16 人文地理类-冲刺 高考英语阅读理解专项复习

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The average bear， it seems， is getting ever smarter. First， it turned ut that at least ne can use a cmb. Nw it appears that sme can cunt， t.
Jennifer Vnk， f Oakland University， in Michigan， and Michael Beran， frm Gergia State University， set three American black bears the task f distinguishing between numerically larger and smaller grups f dts （点） n a cmputer screen. In return fr a fd reward ne bear， Brutus， wuld tuch the mre heavily dtted pattern with his nse. The thers， Bella and Dusty， wuld tuch the screen with their claws （爪子）.
As the researchers reprt in Animal Behavir， the bears did best with patterns where the clured dts did nt mve and where mre f them als tk up a larger clured area. This culd be explained by the bears' distinguishing the different areas f clur rather than truly cunting the dts. Hwever， the three bears managed t pick ut the bigger number f dts even in pairs f patterns where fewer dts tk up a larger area.
Mving patterns， where each dt fllwed its wn path arund the screen， were mre f a challenge. But Brutus， at least， was nt defeated. He seemed t be cunting mbile dts even when the scientists tried t mislead him by mving the ttal clured area f the dts at the same time.
It is nt entirely surprising that bears shuld have a high degree f intelligence. They face a lt f challenges when trying t get fd. They are， hwever， always alne， and s d nt have the cmplex scial systems that cntribute t animal smarts. Perhaps， then， their maths skill develped because they cannt cunt n their friends fr help.
（1）What task did the scientists set fr the three bears？
A. Distinguishing different dt patterns. B. Figuring ut different clurs f dts.
C. Putting the dts int differently clured grups. D. Picking ut the grup with a larger number f dts.
（2）Fr the bears， the task was easier when .
A. the clured dts were mving slwly B. the dt patterns were regular in shape
C. the dts fllwed a path n the screen D. mre dts cvered a larger clured area
（3）What may explain the bears' high degree f intelligence？
A. They learn skills frm ther animals. B. They face life challenges n their wn.
C. They feed n a diverse range f fd. D. They have cmplex scial netwrks.
（4）What can be a suitable title fr the text？
A. Bears Taught t Distinguish Clurs B. New Evidence f Bear Intelligence Fund
C. Three Bears Learned Hw t Cunt D. The Smartest American Black Bear Brutus
【考点】人文地理类阅读；说明文阅读．
【分析】本文是说明文。本文介绍了一些关于黑熊的新发现 ，有证据表明熊是一种高智商动物。
【解答】（1）D.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句中的 set three American black bears the task f distinguishing between numerically larger and smaller grups f dts n a cmputer screen. 可知，科学家们给三只美国黑熊设定了一个任务，让它们在电脑屏幕上区分点数量较多和较少的点组，可推知布置的任务是区分不同的点模式。以及第三段Hwever， the three bears managed t pick ut the bigger number f dts even in pairs f patterns where fewer dts tk up a larger area. 然而，这三只熊甚至在成对的模式中都能找到数量较多的点，而在这种模式中，数量较少的点占据了更大的区域。 也就是其目的主要是让三只熊选出更多的点数，故选D。
（2）D.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句 As the researchers reprt in Animal Behavir， the bears did best with patterns where the clured dts did nt mve and where mre f them als tk up a larger clured area.正如研究人员在《动物行为》杂志上所报道的那样，熊在图案上的表现最好，这些图案中的彩色点没有移动，而且更多的点占据了更大的彩色区域。可知越多点覆盖越大颜色区域时，任务对黑熊来说就越简单， 也就是D. mre dts cvered a larger clured area更多点覆盖更大彩色区域，符合答案，故选D。
（3）B.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第二句和第三句 They face a lt f challenges when trying t get fd. They are， hwever， always alne， and s d nt have the cmplex scial systems that cntribute t animal smarts. 他们在获取食物时面临着很多挑战。然而，他们总是孤独的，因此没有形成动物智慧的复杂社会系统。可知黑熊的高智力和它们必须独自面对生存挑战有关， 也就是B. They face life challenges n their wn符合答案，故选B。
（4）B.标题判断题。结合文章第一段 The average bear， it seems， is getting ever smarter. First， it turned ut that at least ne can use a cmb. Nw it appears that sme can cunt， t. "一般的熊似乎变得越来越聪明了。首先，事实证明至少一头熊可以使用梳子。现在看来，有些熊也会数数。"以及全文内容可知，介绍了一些新的发现，用来证明熊是一种高智商动物，所以文章标题应该是"发现了证明熊智力的新证据"。即B. New Evidence f Bear Intelligence Fund符合答案，故选B。
Passage 2．（2021•山东模拟）
Scientists in Italy are investigating the mysterius appearance f pink glacial ice in the Alps， caused by algae（藻类） that accelerate the effects f climate change.
There is debate abut where the algae cme frm， but Biagi Di Maur f Italy's Natinal Research Cuncil said the pink snw bserved n parts f the Presena glacier（冰川） is likely caused by the same plant fund in Greenland.
"The alga is nt dangerus， it is a natural phenmenn that ccurs during the spring and summer perids in the middle latitudes but als at the Ples，" said Di Maur， wh had previusly studied the algae at the Mrteratsch glacier in Switzerland.
The plant， knwn as Ancylnema nrdenskieldii， is present in Greenland's s﹣called Dark Zne，where the ice is als melting. Nrmally ice reflects mre than 80% f the sun's radiatin back int the atmsphere，but as algae appear， they darken the ice s that it absrbs the heat and melts mre quickly. Mre algae appear as the ice melts mre rapidly， giving them vital water and air and adding red clrs t the white ice at the Pass Gavia， altitude 2618 metres（8590 feet）.
"Everything that darkens the snw causers it t melt because it accelerates the absrptin f radiatin，" said Di Maur."We are trying t quantify the effect f ther phenmena besides the human ne n the verheating f the Earth，" said Di Maur， nting that the presence f hikers and ski lifts culd als have an impact n the algae.
Turists at the glacier expressed their lament t the impact f climate change. "Overheating f the planet is a prblem， the last thing we needed was algae，" said turist Marta Durante. "Unfrtunately we are ding severe damage. We are already at the pint f n return， I think." Elisa Pnni frm Flrence said she felt the Earth was "giving us back everything we have dne t it"."2020 is a special year： terrible things have happened，" she said. "In my pinin， atmspheric phenmena are wrsening. Climate change is increasingly evident."
（1）What is special abut the present glaciers in the Alps？
A. It results in mre natural disasters. B. It presents an unusual clur.
C. It becmes mre mysterius than ever. D. It has been cvered with varius plants.
（2）Which f the fllwing can best describe the relatinship between ice and algae？
A. Algae darkens the ice. B. Algae makes the ice melted.
C. They interact with each ther. D. Melted ice prmtes the grwth f algae.
（3）Which f the fllwing best explains "lament" underlined in Paragraph 6？
A. Depressin. B. Anger. C. Cnfusin. D. Embarrassment.
（4）What is the purpse f this passage？
A. T explain a natural phenmenn. B. T intrduce a rare and unusual plant.
C. T draw public attentin climate change. D. T criticize the imprper behavirs f mankind.
【考点】人文地理类阅读；说明文阅读．
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了阿尔卑斯山出现的神秘粉色冰川，人们经过调查发现出现粉色冰川是因为一种藻类覆盖在了上面，它与冰川相互作用，加速了全球变暖的进程。
【解答】（1）B.细节理解题。根据第一段中的"the mysterius appearance f pink glacial ice"（粉红色冰川的神秘外观）可知，冰川呈现粉红色，这是一种不同寻常的颜色。故选B.
（2）C.推理判断题。根据第四段第二、三句中的"as algae appear，they darken the ice s that it absrbs the heat and melts mre quickly. Mre algae appear as the ice melts mre rapidly，giving them vital water and air"藻类的出现会使冰变黑，这样冰就会吸收热量，融化得更快；冰层融化速度的加快又为藻类提供了重要的水和空气，致使更多的藻类生长。由此可推知，冰川与藻类之间是相互作用的关系。故选C.
（3）A.词义猜测题。根据第六段内容尤其是第二句中的"Overheating f the planet is a prblem"以及倒数第二句中的"atmspherie phenmena are wrsening"可知，游客们表达了对气候变化所带来的影响的惋惜之情。由此可推知，lament应意为"惋惜"，与A项意思相近。A. Depressin惋惜；B. Anger生气；C. Cnfusin困惑；D. Embarrassment尴尬。故选A.
（4）C.写作意图题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了阿尔卑斯山出现神秘粉色冰川的成因以及人类活动，气候变化导致全球变暖的情况加剧，以此吸引人们对气候变化的关注。故选B.
Passage 3．（2020•吉林模拟）
Even if yu've never been t Phenix， yu knw this abut the place： It's ht． But that desn't stp hikers frm attempting the 1.3﹣mile trek（跋涉）t the tp f the city's famed Camelback Muntain． Signs warn that the trail is "extremely difficult．" If yu cntinue， a psted checklist suggests at least a liter f water per persn． And if yu keep climbing， anther sign farther up declares； "If yu're halfway thrugh yur water turn arund!"
Unfrtunately， many peple d nt pay attentin t the warnings． Frtunately， Sctt Cullymre des． The 53﹣year﹣ld man hikes up and dwn Camelback a cuple f times a day giving ut cld bttles f water t wrn﹣ut hikers． He has helped s many hikers that he has earned a heavenly nickname： the Water Angel "I'd like a mre manly name， but， yu knw，" he tld azfamily， cm．
Cullymre was n Camelback Muntain ne day in 2015 when a British turist died after being lst fr nearly six hurs in the July heat． That experience inspired him t start helping peple caught unaware by Arizna's unfrgiving versin f Mther Nature， "They underestimate the muntain， and they verestimate what they can d，and they get themselves in truble，" he tld the Arizna Republic． If a hiker has a red face and is nt sweating anymre， Cullymre reaches int his insulated （隔热的）backpack， pulls ut a frsty bttle， and hands it t the persn． "It's misleading that we're in the middle f the city． Yu can die up here， and n ne wuld knw． "
One hiker wh received Cullymre's water agrees． "Yu think yu knw the heat，but then yu get ut here in the desert and it surrunds yu like a blanket，" he said，pinting t Cullymre， "but we are lucky， we run int this gd man here， " And with that， the Water Angel ges in search f anther hiker in need．
（1）What is the purpse f the signs alng the hike way？
A． T shw the trek is difficult． B． T warn hikers t take enugh water．
C． T frighten peple t give up． D． T avid hikers getting lst．
（2）What des Sctt Cullymne think f his nickname？
A． It's wmanish． B． It's manly． C． It's irnic． D． It's apprpriate．
（3）Wh will Sctt ffer his help t？
A． Anybdy he meets． B． Thse in the middle f the trek．
C． Anyne in need f water． D． Thse wh sweat a lt．
（4）What can be the best title f this text？
A． A Desert﹣Like Muntain B． Fighting against Heat C． Necessities fr Hiking D． Water Angel
【考点】人文地理类阅读；说明文阅读．
【分析】这是一篇记叙文，讲述了Cullymre免费给登山者送冷藏饮用水的故事．
【解答】（1）B．推理判断题．根据第一段中"Signs warn that the trail is"extremely difficult．If yu cntinue，a psted checklist suggests at least a liter f water per persn．路标警告说，这条路"非常困难"，如果你继续，张贴的检查表建议每人至少要喝一升水"．可知，路途中的那些指示牌告诫人们这条路很难，需要带足够的水．故选B．
（2）A．观点态度题．根据第二段中"I'd like a mre manly name我想要一个更有男子气概的名字"，说明他认为the Water Angel这个名字有点儿女孩气．A． It's wmanish女孩气；B． It's manly有男子汉气概的；C． It's irnic讽刺的；D． It's apprpriate适当的．故选A．
（3）C．细节理解题．根据第三段中"If a hiker has a red face and is nt sweating anymre，Cullymre reaches int his insulated backpack，pulls ut a frsty bttle，and hands it t the persn．如果一个徒步旅行者的脸红了，不再出汗，卡利莫尔就会把手伸进他的隔热背包，拿出一个冰镇的瓶子，递给那个人．"可知， Sctt 给需要的人提供水．故选C．
（3）D．标题归纳题．本文主要讲述了Cullymre为缺水的徒步旅行者送水的故事，他因此获得"the Water Angel"的外号．因此用这个外号作为标题，很切题意．故选D．
Passage 4．（2020•汉中模拟）
Even if yu've never been t Phenix， yu knw this abut the place： It's ht． But that desn't stp hikers frm attempting the 1.3﹣mile trek （跋涉）t the tp f the city's famed Camelback Muntain． Signs warn that the trail is "extremely difficult．" If yu cntinue， a psted checklist suggests at least a liter f water per persn． And if yu keep climbing， anther sign farther up declares： "If yu're halfway thrugh yur water， turn arund!"
Unfrtunately， many peple d nt pay attentin t the warnings． Frtunately， Sctt Cullymre des． The 53﹣year﹣ld man hikes up and dwn Camelback a cuple f times a day， giving ut cld bttles f water t wrn﹣ut hikers． He has helped s many hikers that he has earned a heavenly nickname： the Water Angel． "I'd like a mre manly name， but， yu knw，" he tld azfamily．cm．
Cullymre was n Camelback Muntain ne day in 2015 when a British turist died after being lst fr nearly six hurs in the July heat． That experience inspired him t start helping peple caught unaware by Arizna's unfrgiving versin f Mther Nature． "They underestimate the muntain， and they verestimate what they can d， and they get themselves in truble，" he tld the Arizna Republic． If a hiker has a red face and is nt sweating anymre， Cullymre reaches int his insulated （隔热的）backpack， pulls ut a frsty bttle， and hands it t the persn． "It's misleading that we′re in the middle f the city． Yu can die up here， and n ne wuld knw．"
One hiker wh received Cullimre's water agrees． "Yu think yu knw the heat， but then yu get ut here in the desert and it surrunds yu like a blanket，" he said， pinting t Cullymre， "but we are lucky， we run int this gd man here．" And with that， the Water Angel ges in search f anther hiker in need．
（1）What is the purpse f the signs alng the hike way？
A． T shw the trek is difficult． B． T warn hikers t take enugh water．
C． T frighten peple t give up． D． T avid hikers getting lst．
（2）What des Sctt Cullymne think f his nickname？
A． It's wmanish．B． It's manly．C． It's irnic．D． It's apprpriate．
（3）Wh will Sctt ffer his help t？
A． Anybdy he meets． B． Thse in the middle f the trek．
C． Anyne in need f water． D． Thse wh sweat a lt．
（4）What can be the best title f this text？
A． A Desert﹣Like Muntain B． Fighting against Heat
C． Necessities fr Hiking D． Water Angel
【考点】人文地理类阅读；说明文阅读．
【分析】这是一篇记叙文，讲述了Cullymre免费给登山者送冷藏饮用水的故事．
【解答】（1）B．推理判断题．根据第一段中"Signs warn that the trail is"extremely difficult．If yu cntinue，a psted checklist suggests at least a liter f water per persn．"路标警告说，这条路"非常困难"，如果你继续，张贴的检查表建议每人至少要喝一升水．可知，路途中的那些指示牌告诫人们这条路很难，需要带足够的水．故选B．
（2）A．观点态度题．根据第二段中"I'd like a mre manly name"我想要一个更有男子气概的名字，说明他认为the Water Angel这个名字有点儿女孩气．A． It's wmanish女孩气；B． It's manly有男子汉气概的；C． It's irnic讽刺的；D． It's apprpriate适当的．故选A．
（3）C．细节理解题．根据第三段中"If a hiker has a red face and is nt sweating anymre，Cullymre reaches int his insulated backpack，pulls ut a frsty bttle，and hands it t the persn．"如果一个徒步旅行者的脸红了，不再出汗，卡利莫尔就会把手伸进他的隔热背包，拿出一个冰镇的瓶子，递给那个人．可知， Sctt 给需要的人提供水．故选C．
（3）D．标题归纳题．本文主要讲述了Cullymre为缺水的徒步旅行者送水的故事，他因此获得"the Water Angel"的外号．因此用这个外号作为标题，很切题意．故选D．
Passage 5．（2020•泰安二模）
The cean cvers ver 70 percent f the surface f Earth tday， but ver 3 billin years ag the entire planet may have been cvered in water． T investigate what ur planet was like billins f years ag， a team f researchers turned t indirect methds f analysis at a gelgical site in the Australian Outback knwn as Panrama （全景画） in the Pilbara Cratn． Tday， the regin is 100 kilmeters inland， but 3.2 billin years ag， it was deep underwater．
In fact， there were als nce ancient hydrthermal vents（热水口）there where seawater bubbled up thrugh the cean flr．"There are n samples f really ancient cean water lying arund， but we d have rcks that interacted with that seawater and remembered that interactin，" lead authr Benjamin Jhnsn， an assistant prfessr at Iwa State University，said in a statement．
The researchers cllected ver 100 f these rck samples and fund smething peculiar in them： a slightly higher amunt f a particular istpe（同位素） f xygen． The vast majrity f xygen n Earth is Oxygen﹣16 and cntains eight prtns（质子）and eight neutrns． Hwever，abut 0.20 percent is Oxygen﹣18．
Samples frm Australia shw the regin's ancient water cntained mre Oxygen﹣18 than present times． Since cntinents are cvered in clay﹣rich sil that is efficient at trapping Oxygen﹣18， the team suggests that withut cntinents cvered in sil， mre Oxygen﹣18 wuld have been present in the cean． Their discvery indeed suggests there wasn't much dry land available 3.24 billin years ag．
"There's nthing in what we've dne that says yu can't have tiny， micr ﹣cntinents sticking ut f the ceans，" added c﹣authr Bswell Wing． "We just dn't think there were glbal﹣scale frmatins f cntinental sils like we have tday．" The researchers dn't knw when and hw cntinents began t emerge ut f the cean but they plan t investigate "yunger" rck frmatins t piece tgether a mre precise timeline．
（1）Where is the research site？
A． In a regin deep underwater． B． In a regin ff Australia．
C． In a regin inland Australia． D． In a regin utside the Pilbara Cratn．
（2）What d the underlined wrds "interact with" in Paragraph 2 mean？
A． Have an effect n each ther． B． Have a ne﹣way effect．
C． Have a mysterius effect． D． Have a negative effect．
（3）What's the researchers' cnclusin after analyzing samples frm Australia？
A． Mdern earth must have been a water wrld． B． Mdern earth must have been a cntinental wrld．
C． Ancient earth may have been a water wrld． D． Ancient earth may have been a cntinental wrld．
（4）What's the researchers' next fcus f the study？
A． T research cntinental sils' frmatins． B． T research the cean's frmatins．
C． T research "lder" rck frmatins． D． T research "yunger" rck frmatins．
【考点】人文地理类阅读；说明文阅读．
【分析】本文为说明文．研究表明，30亿年前整个地球可能被水覆盖．本文就此观点提出了研究证据．但是研究人员不知道大陆何时以及如何开始从海洋中出现，他们计划调查更年轻的岩层，以拼凑出更精确的时间轴．
【解答】（1）C．细节理解题．由题干the research site可以锁定第一段第二句"T investigate what ur planet was like bllins f years ag， a team f researchers turned t indirect methds f analysis at a gelgical site in the Australian Outback knwn as Panrama （全景画） in the Pilbara Cratn"，由此可知，研究地点在澳大利亚内陆的一个地区．故选C．
（2）A．词义猜测题．根据划线词所在的句子"There are n samples f really ancient cean water lying arund， but we d have rcks that interacted with that seawater and remembered that interactin"前半句句意可知，周围没有真正的古代海水样本，但是我们确实有岩石与海水相互作用（interact ） ，此处interacted with that seawater意为"岩石与海水之间相互作用" ，故选A．
（3）C．推理判断题．根据第四段Samples frm Australia shw the regin's ancient water cntained mre Oxygen﹣ 18 than present time…the team suggests that withut cntinents cvered in sil， mre Oxygen﹣ 18 wuld have been present in the cean． Their discvery indeed suggests there wasn't much dry land available 3.24 bllin years ag．可知， 来自澳大利亚的样本显示，该地区古代的水比现在含有更多的氧﹣18．研究小组认为，如果大陆上没有覆盖着土壤，那么海洋中可能存在更多的氧﹣18．他们的发现确实表明，在32.4亿年前，地球上没有多少干燥的土地．因此，古代地球可能是一个水的世界 ，故选C．
（4）D．细节理解题．根据最后一段"The researchers dn't knw when and hw cntinents began t emerge ut f the cean but they plan t investigate "yunger" rck frmatins t piece tgether a mre precise timeline．"可知，研究人员不知道大陆何时以及如何开始从海洋中出现，但他们计划调查更年轻的岩层，以拼凑出更精确的时间轴．研究人员为了弄清楚大陆何时以及如何开始从海洋中出现，下一个重点是研究更年轻的岩层，故选D．
Passage 6．（2020•湖北模拟）
The huge Flrida wetland knwn as the Everglades is a slw﹣mving river 80 kilmeters wide but nly a few centimeters deep． Peple call the Everglades a "river f grass" because sawgrass cvers mst f it． Sawgrass is nt really grass． It is a plant that has leaves edged with tiny sharp teeth that can easily cut thrugh clthes ﹣and skin!
Travel in the Everglades is difficult． Yu cannt walk thrugh shallw water because the sawgrass will cut yu． The water is t shallw fr regular bats． S， we use an airbat． An airbat is a flat， pen bat． Like an airplane， it has a big prpeller t mve it． The prpeller is fixed n the rear f the bat． It makes a lud nise but it des the jb． The bat skims alng the water's surface． Althugh we can still get lst in an airbat， at least we are abve the alligatrs （短吻鳄）．
Fr a lng time， dangers have threatened the Everglades． Arund 1900， sme peple felt this precius wetland shuld be drained（排干）． They said it was just a big swamp and nt gd fr anything． In the 1920s， there was a land bm in Flrida． Peple wanted t build hmes everywhere， including in the Everglades． They built canals， levees， and ther water systems that stpped the rivers flwing int the Everglades． Factries were built near rivers that flwed int the wetland． These factries pured pisnus waste that damaged the envirnment f the everglades．
Peple are nw wrking t preserve the Everglades Natinal Park fr the future． Right nw ne big prblem is the paperbark tree． This tree is an invader frm Australia．
Paperbark trees sak up a lt f water． In the early 1900s，peple brught them t Flrida because they thught they wuld help drain the Everglades． Hwever， the invaders adapted t well． Paperbark trees have taken ver hundreds f thusands f acres f the everglades and killed ther trees． Scientists are cutting dwn these trees r spraying them with herbicides t kill them．
（1）What pssibly cause（s） airbats t get lst in the Everglades？
A． The sawgrass．B． The vast river．C． The alligatrs．D． The shallw water．
（2）Why d airbats take the place f nrmal bats？
A． Because they can mve faster． B． Because their nise frightens the alligatrs．
C． Because they have flat bttms． D． Because they carry mre passengers．
（3）Hw did peple try t drain the Everglades？
A． By cutting dwn trees B． By building factries．
C． By grwing sawgrass． D． By digging water channels．
（4）Which categry des the underlined wrd "herbicides" in the last paragraph belng t？
A． Seeds．B． Pisns．C． Crps．D． Paints．
【考点】人文地理类阅读；说明文阅读．
【分析】本文主要介绍了美国著名的佛罗里达湿地Everglades，以及人们保护这块湿地的有关情况．
【解答】（1）A．细节理解题，根据第二段的 Travel in the Everglades is difficult． Yu cannt walk thrugh shallw water because the sawgrass will cut yu．在大沼泽地旅行是很困难的．你不能走过浅水区，因为锯草会把你割伤．可知，汽船可能会迷路因为有很多锯齿草，故选A．
（2）C．细节理解题．根据第二段的 S， we use an airbat． An airbat is a flat， pen bat．所以，我们用的是气垫船．气垫船是一种平的，开着的船．可知，气垫船代替了普通的船，因为它们有平底．故选C．
（3）D．细节理解题．根据第三段 They built canals， levees， and ther water systems that stpped the rivers flwing int the Everglades．他们修建运河、堤坝和其他水系，阻止河流流入大沼泽地．可知，人们试图通过挖水道把沼泽地排干．故选D．
（4）B．词义猜测题．根据最后一段的Scientists are cutting dwn these trees r spraying them with herbicides t kill them．科学家们正在砍倒这些树或用除草剂喷洒以杀死它们．可知，"herbicides" 是一种毒药．A． Seeds．种子；B． Pisns．毒药；C． Crps．作物；D． Paints．油漆．故选B．
Passage 7．（2020•珠海三模）
Chengdu， the capital f Sichuan prvince， has an ancient cmpetitin with Chngqing， a city t its suth﹣east． Residents f Chngqing accused their Chengdu cusins f being pmpus（自大的）． The peple f Chngqing were htheads， Chengdu residents sht back． Bth cities share a lve f spice﹣laden Sichuan cuisine， which in recent decades has ccupied Chinese dinner tables． But they are at war ver which has the best Sichuan htpt﹣a type f DIY﹣cking that invlves biling vegetables and slices f meat with chillies and numbing peppercrns．
A private museum in Chngqing， pened several years ag， makes the case fr the Chngqing﹣style htpt． It describes hw it develped frm a methd used t make cheap ffcuts f meat taste delicius． But Chengdu is playing catch﹣up． In January the city sld a plt f land n cnditin that the develper build a htpt museum n part f it．
The tw cities are amng many in China with their wn styles f htpt． Htpt restaurants in China are mre prfitable than ther kinds． Haidila， a well﹣knwn Sichuan﹣based htpt chain， raised nearly ＄1bn when it was listed n the Hng Kng Stck Exchange （股票交易所） in September．
Nt all Chinese warm t htpt． Sme lder Sichuanese refuse t be cnnected with it． They cmplain that it is causing veruse f chilli in ther dishes that cver up the riginal genuine flavurs．
But Chengdu's plans fr a museum suggest that Sichuan htpt is nt nly grwing in ppularity， but is als becming symblic． If it can set the West n fire， fficials may hpe it will becme a delicius new surce f Chinese sft pwer． There will be plenty f glry fr bth Chengdu and Chngqing t take pride in if that happens．
（1）Why are Chengdu and Chngqing cmpeting with each ther？
A． Because Chengdu peple think Chngqing peple are pmpus．
B． Because Chengdu residents like t sht back in battles．
C． Because they bth think they are better at eating spicy fd．
D． Because they bth believe they have the best Sichuan htpt．
（2）What is the purpse f building a htpt museum in Chengdu？
A． T cmpete with Chngqing．B． T advertise Sichuan cuisine．
C． T shw their lve fr htpt．D． T keep the htpt traditin．
（3）What can we infer abut htpt frm the last paragraph？
A． The tw cities have cmpeted nly in recent decades．B． Mre htpt museums will be built in the future．
C． Htpt is already a surce f Chinese sft pwer． D． Peple hld a high expectatin fr htpt culture．
（4）Which can be a suitable title fr the text？
A． Grwing Ppularity f Htpt in Tw Cities
B． Tw Cities' War Over Tastiest Sichuan Htpt
C． "N Htpt， N Happiness" True in Fd Business
D． Private Museum in Chngqing Opened First
【考点】人文地理类阅读；说明文阅读．
【分析】这是一篇议论文．文章首段提到，两城就谁做的火锅最好的争论引出论题，随后结合事实：两城先后建立博物馆，相互竞争最终归结到一点：火锅在国际上的受欢迎程度将会给两城人民带来荣耀，这是政府和人民的期望．
【解答】（1）D． 细节理解题．根据第一段" But they are at war ver which has the best Sichuan htpt﹣a type f DIY﹣cking that invlves biling vegetables and slices f meat with chillies and numbing peppercrns．但他们正在为哪一家拥有最好的四川火锅而争吵，这是一种DIY烹饪，包括煮蔬菜和肉片，再加上辣椒和麻木的胡椒．"可知，他们两个城市争论的焦点在于"谁的火锅最好" ，选项D符合题意．故选D项．
（2）A． 推理判断题．根据第二段最后两句"But Chengdu is playing catch﹣up． In January the city sld a plt f land n cnditin that the develper build a htpt museum n part f it．但成都正在迎头赶上．今年1月，该市出售了一块土地，条件是开发商要在这块土地上建一个火锅博物馆．"结合本段前两句"A private museum in Chngqing， pened several years ag， makes the case fr the Chngqing﹣style htpt． It describes hw it develped frm a methd used t make cheap ffcuts f meat taste delicius．重庆一家私人博物馆几年前开馆，为重庆式火锅做了一个案例，它描述了它是如何从一种制作廉价肉块的方法发展而来，肉味鲜美．"以及最后一段第一 句"But Chengdu's plans fr a museum suggest that Sichuan htpt is nt nly grwing in ppularity， but is als becming symblic．但成都的博物馆计划表明，四川火锅不仅越来越受欢迎，而且正在成为一种象征．"比较内容可以得出，重庆开了私人博物馆，来展示了重庆火锅从便宜的边角肉片尝起来美味的发展过程，证明重庆火锅的特色；成都卖了一块地 ，让开发商在里面建﹣座火锅博物馆 ，说明四川火锅不仅越来越受欢迎，而且正变得具有象征意义．此举动同样是两城在争斗上的一个表现．选项A符合题意．故选A．
（3）D． 推理判断题．理解最后一段内容 " But Chengdu's plans fr a museum suggest that Sichuan htpt is nt nly grwing in ppularity， but is als becming symblic． If it can set the West n fire， fficials may hpe it will becme a delicius new surce f Chinese sft pwer． There will be plenty f glry fr bth Chengdu and Chngqing t take pride in if that happens．但成都的博物馆计划表明，四川火锅不仅越来越受欢迎，而且正在成为一种象征．如果它能点燃西方，官员们可能希望它成为中国软实力的一个美味的新来源．如果真的这样，成都和重庆都会为之感到自豪．"可以得出结论，火锅在国际上的受欢迎程度将会给两城人民带来荣耀，这是政府和人民的期望， 选项D符合题意．故选D．
（4）B． 标题归纳题．文章首段提到，两城就谁做的火锅最好的争论引出论题，随后结合事实：两城先后建立博物馆，相互竞争，最终归结到一点：火锅在国际上的受欢迎程度将会给两城人民带来荣耀，这是政府和人民的期望．所以，文章的标题应该是：两城之争：谁做出了最好吃的四川火锅．选项B符合题意．故选B．
Passage 8．（2020•河南模拟）
Many animals mve frm ne place t anther at certain times f the year． This annual mvement is called migratin． They migrate t find fd， seek a partner， r in search f warmer weather． One f the mst wnderful migratins in nature is that f the Nrth American mnarch butterfly．
Every autumn， millins f these beautiful insects with fine black and range wings begin a lng and difficult jurney． Smehw they manage t travel arund 4，000 kilmeters suth and find their way t Califrnia r Mexic． Hwever， until recently n ne knew hw they did this．
A team f scientists led by Prfessr Eli Shlizerman at the University f Washingtn has nw fund the answer． They have fund ut that the mnarch is able t tell the time f day． It uses its eyes t measure the psitin f the sun． These tw pieces f infrmatin﹣the time f day and the pint where the sun is in the sky﹣allw the butterfly t determine the way t g． Eventually， it manages t reach the places where it will spend the winter．
The slutin t the mystery f the mnarch's amazing ability cmes at a time when it is in serius truble． Its ppulatin has crashed by as much as 90 per cent in the last few years． Sadly， human activity is the main reasn why the number f mnarch butterflies is falling． In many f the places where the butterfly can be fund， peple are destrying the natural envirnment． They cut dwn trees and use chemicals that kill the plants that mnarch caterpillars eat．
The research n the mnarch's behavir has hwever led t a greater awareness f this creature． Peple have been wrking tgether t recrd its migratin and make sure that there are enugh plants fr it t feed n． If this wrks， there may cme a time when the number f mnarch butterflies increases nce again． The mre we knw abut this lvely creature， the greater the chance it will survive and keep its place in the natural wrld fr a lng time t cme．
（1）Which is nt the purpse f animals' migratin accrding t the text？
A．T search fr fd． B．T lk fr a partner．
C．T breed yung babies． D．T stay away frm cld weather．
（2）What mainly caused the decrease in the number f the mnarch butterflies？
A．Weather changes． B．Human activities．
C．Trees being cut dwn． D．The lng migratin every year．
（3）What can we knw frm the text？
A．All the animals migrate at fixed times f the year．
B．The mnarch has the ability t identify the time f day．
C．The ppulatin f the mnarch is decreasing rapidly every year．
D．N ne knws hw the mnarch butterflies make their way t their destinatins．
（4）What des the last paragraph imply abut the research？
A．It is quite encuraging． B．It is fairly cmplex．
C．It is very unacceptable． D．It is rather useless．
【考点】人文地理类阅读；说明文阅读．
【分析】本文是一篇说明文．讲述了帝王蝶的迁徙及人类活动是导致帝王蝶数量下降的主要原因，并说明人与自然和谐共处的意义．
【解答】（1）C． 细节理解题．根据第一段第三句" They migrate t find fd， seek a partner， r in search f warmer weather．他们迁徙寻找食物，寻找伴侣，或寻找温暖的天气．" 可知，动物迁徙的目的中本文并没有提及"t breed yung babies"．故选C．
（2）B． 细节理解题．根据第四段第三句" Sadly， human activity is the main reasn why the number f mnarch butterflies is falling．可悲的是，人类活动是帝王蝶数量下降的主要原因．" 可知，人类活动是导致帝王蝶减少的主要原因．故选B．
（3）B． 细节理解题．根据第三段第二句" They have fund ut that the mnarch is able t tell the time f day．他们发现帝王蝶能够分辨一天的时间．"可知帝王蝶是有辨别时间的能力的．故选B．
（4）A． 推理判断题．根据最后一段中"The research n the mnarch's behavir has hwever led t a greater awareness f this creature． Peple have been wrking tgether t recrd its migratin and make sure that there are enugh plants fr it t feed n． If this wrks， there may cme a time when the number f mnarch butterflies increases nce again． The mre we knw abut this lvely creature， the greater the chance it will survive and keep its place in the natural wrld fr a lng time t cme．然而，对帝王行为的研究使人们对这种生物有了更高的认识．人们一直在共同努力记录它的迁徙，并确保有足够的植物供它食用．如果这一做法奏效，可能会有一段时间帝王蝶的数量再次增加．我们对这可爱的动物了解得越多，它生存的机会越大，在未来很长一段时间内保持它在自然界的地位．" 可知，这个研究使得人们有了更高的意识并团结起来，从而使得 人们有望再次见到帝王蝶数量的增长．故选A．
Passage 9．（2020•江苏三模）
Birds use vcalizatins t attract mates，defend territries，and recgnize fellw members f their species．But while we knw a lt abut hw variatins in vcalizatins play ut between ppulatins f sngbirds，it's far less clear hw this variatin affects birds such as penguins in which calls are inherited（遗传）．A new study frm The Auk：Ornithlgical Advances examines differences in the calls f Little Penguins frm fur clnies in Australia﹣night﹣time birds fr whm vcalizatins are mre imprtant than visual signals﹣and finds that differences in habitat，rather than gegraphic islatin（隔离）r ther factrs，seem t be the key driver f variatin in the sunds these birds use t cmmunicate．
Diane Clmbelli﹣Negrel and Rachel Smale f Australia's Flinders University recrded calls frm fur Little Penguin ppulatins acrss a small area f Suth Australia， ne f which had previusly been shwn t have slight genetic differences frm the ther three，and used playback experiments t test penguins' ability t distinguish between calls frm different clnies．They fund that agnistic calls，which are used in pair displays and aggressive situatins，varied amng the fur ppulatins，and that the calls' characteristics appeared t depend n small﹣scale differences in the habitat where the penguins lived． Hwever，birds did nt discriminate between calls riginating frm different clnies， which suggests that agnistic calls dn't seem t play a rle in islating the tw different genetic grups．
Penguins living in pen habitats prduced lwer﹣frequency calls than thse living in habitats with thicker vegetatin﹣the ppsite f the trend typically bserved in sngbirds． The authrs think that agnistic calls may be subject t different selective pressures because they're used in clse encunters with ther birds rather than t cmmunicate acrss distances，and culd als be influenced by variatin in the nise level f wind and surf．
"I was excited t find that in seabirds，as mst f ur knwledge in this area cmes frm studies n sngbirds，" says Clmbelli﹣Negrel．"This new research suggests that many factrs influence call variatin in birds，which als depends n the functin f the calls．This study highlights that many questins remain and that studies need t investigate mre than ne factr in cnjunctin with the functin f the calls t fully understand call variatin in seabirds．"
"This wrk tells n interesting stry f vcal diversificatin in Little Penguins，and gives insight int hw individual and micr﹣scale variatin effects behavir，" accrding t Stny Brk University's Heather Lynch，an expert n penguin calls wh was nt invlved in the study．"Nn﹣vcal﹣learning birds are relatively understudied in terms f vcalizatins， and it is great t see penguin vcalizatins being studied in such a way．"
（1）What des the new study find？
A．Penguins are brn with their calls． B．Penguins cmmunicate by varius calls．
C．Penguins' calls are influenced by their habitat． D．Penguins' calls can help islate genetic grups．
（2）What are the findings based n？
A．The test f penguins' respnses t recrded calls．
B．The data cllected frm penguins acrss Australia．
C．Cntrlled experiments n penguins and sngbirds．
D．Similarities between the calls f penguins and sngbirds．
（3）Frm the passage we can learn that ．
A．pen﹣space sngbirds tend t lwer their calls
B．envirnmental nises may affect penguins' calls
C．birds use agnistic calls in distant cmmunicatin
D．sngbirds' agnistic calls vary little between species
（4）We can infer frm Clmbelli﹣Negrel's wrds that researchers ．
A．will keep track f penguins t preserve them
B．have investigated a lt in penguins' calls befre
C．will have a brader lk at differences in penguins' calls
D．have determined the functin f varius calls in penguins
【考点】人文地理类阅读；说明文阅读．
【分析】本文属于人文地理类说明文，着重讲述了研究人员针对企鹅的叫声差异而进行了研究，但仍有许多未知需要解决．
【解答】（1）C． 细节理解题． 根据第一段最后一句…and finds that differences in habitat，rather than gegraphic islatin（隔离）r ther factrs，seem t be the key driver f variatin in the sunds these birds use t cmmunicate． …并发现，栖息地的差异，而不是地理隔离（隔离）或其他因素，似乎是这些鸟类用来交流的声音变化的关键驱动因素．可知，企鹅叫声的差异受到其栖息地的影响． 故选C．
（2）A． 细节理解题． 根据第一段第一句 Diane Clmbelli﹣Negrel and Rachel Smale f Australia's Flinders University recrded calls frm fur Little Penguin ppulatins …and used playback experiments t test penguins' ability t distinguish between calls frm different clnies．澳大利亚弗林德斯大学的DianeClmbelli﹣Negrel和RachelSmale记录了来自四个小企鹅种群的呼叫…并使用回放实验来测试企鹅区分来自不同聚集地企鹅叫声的能力． 可知，该研究是建立在企鹅对回放企鹅叫声的不同反应的测验基础上的． 故选 A．
（3）B． 细节理解题． 根据第三段最后一句…and culd als be influenced by variatin in the nise level f wind and surf．而且还可能受到风和海浪噪音大小变化的影响． 可知，周围环境的噪音也对企鹅叫声的变化产生影响． 故选B．
（4）C． 推理判断题． 根据第四段最后一句This study highlights that many questins remain and that studies need t investigate mre than ne factr in cnjunctin with the functin f the calls t fully understand call variatin in seabirds．这项研究强调，许多疑问仍然存在，需要结合呼叫的功能来研究多个因素，以充分了解海鸟的呼叫变化． 可知， 研究人员将会以更广阔的视角，来研究企鹅的叫声． 故选C．
Passage 10．（2020•河南二模）
Sea tters （海獭） are pretty small cmpared t ther marine mammals （哺乳动物）， which means that， despite their fur cats， they tend t lse heat quickly， and need lts f energy t keep up their bdy temperature
"S they need t eat 25 percent f their bdy weight each day，" says Sarah McKay Strbel， a sensry eclgist at UC Santa Cruz． "But in rder t eat that much fd， that means sea tters need t find all that fd．" She studied the tter senses， t slve the mystery f hw they're such efficient fd catchers． Visin isn't reliable， she says﹣it's pretty dark and muddy underwater， and crabs and ther smaller animals tend t hide． Hearing is als tugh fr tters， in the nisy underwater envirnment． And sniffing's n gd either． "When they're underwater they're hlding their breath．"
What's left is tuch． S Strbel measured the sensitivity f the tters' paws and whiskers （须）． She blindflded an tter named Selka， then presented it with plastic plates carved with tiny grves（沟槽）． Selka's jb was t select the plate with tw﹣millimeter grves， which she'd been trained t assciate with tasty fd， instead f plates with differently sized grves．
Turns ut， Selka culd tell just a quarter millimeter difference in the grves width with her Paws﹣﹣abve and belw water﹣﹣﹣and half a millimeter difference with her whiskers． "The fact that she was able t perfrm s well while mving extremely quickly I think is really interesting and suggests that sea tters have very quick decisin﹣making abilities， and very quick sensry prcessing abilities， which makes sense when yu think abut the type f lifestyle they lead and hw quickly they need t find fd．"
Fr the recrd， humans can feel the difference t， but it takes us 30 times lnger， which might make sense． After all， we live in envirnments where tuch is less imprtant in a hunt than sight and sund．
（1）Why sea tters eat much fd？
A． T swim taster． B． T stay warm．C． T keep their fur thick．D． t satisfy their gd appetite．
（2）What des paragraph 3 mainly talk abut？
A． An intrductin t Selka． B． The use f plastic plates．
C． An experiment n Selka． D． The functin f tters' tuch．
（3）What did Strbel find abut sea tters' senses？
A． Hearing is useless． B． Tuch is the mst effective．
C． They have n visin． D． Their smell wrks very well．
（4）What can we learn frm the text？
A． Sea tters have enugh fd t eat． B． Humans are mre sensitive than sea tters．
C． Sea tters respnd very quickly in hunting． D． Sea tters，whiskers wrk better than paws．
【考点】人文地理类阅读；说明文阅读．
【分析】本文用一个实验说明了海獭捕猎时触觉非常灵敏，找食物反应很快．
【解答】（1）B．细节理解题．根据第一段despite their fur cats， they tend t lse heat quickly， and need lts f energy t keep up their bdy temperature．尽管海獭身上有皮毛，但它们很快就会失去热量，需要大量的能量来维持体温，再根据第二段 "S they need t eat 25 percent f their bdy weight each day，" 所以它们每天需要吃掉体重的25%的事物，可知海獭吃很多食物是为了保持温暖．故选B．
（2）C．段落大意题．根据第三段S Strbel measured the sensitivity f the tters' paws and whiskers （须）． 所以斯特罗贝尔测量了水獭爪子和胡须的灵敏度．可知所以第三段讲述了塞尔卡的实验．故选C．
（3）B．推理判断题．根据第四段suggests that sea tters have very quick decisin﹣making abilities， and very quick sensry prcessing abilities， 这表明海獭的决策速度非常快能力，以及非常快速的感官处理能力，可知斯特罗贝尔对海獭的实验发现触摸是最有效的，故选B．
（4）C．推理判断题．根据第四段suggests that sea tters have very quick decisin﹣making abilities， and very quick sensry prcessing abilities， which makes sense when yu think abut the type f lifestyle they lead and hw quickly they need t find fd．"这表明海獭的决策速度非常快能力，以及非常快速的感官处理能力，当你考虑到他们的生活方式，以及他们需要多快找到食物时，这些都是有意义的．"可知海獭捕猎时反应很快．故选C．