考点1 构词法 制胜2022年高考英语一轮复习考点讲练学案

这是一份考点1 构词法 制胜2022年高考英语一轮复习考点讲练学案，共10页。学案主要包含了、单句语法填空等内容，欢迎下载使用。
制胜2022年高考英语一轮复习考点讲练考点1 构词法构词法主要包括派生、合成、转化和截短缩略四大类。在近年高考中，直接体现在语法填空中的应用主要有：给出形容词提示词，填写副词或名词；给出动词，填写名词或形容词；给出名词，填写形容词。然而，构词法不仅仅体现在语法填空中，而是广泛分布在阅读、完形等各种题型中，是快速拓展词汇量，深入理解语篇的法宝。 (2021年全国乙卷·61&62) It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become __________(educate) about the areas - both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the __________(develop) of the local areas.答案：educated；development解析：第一空根据句意：它与传统旅游不同，因为它让旅行者了解该地区的地理条件和文化特征，并经常为保护和促进当地的发展提供资金。educate与逻辑主语traveler之间是被动关系，故become后应用educated作表语，意为“受到教育的”。第二空根据句意：它与传统旅游不同，因为它让旅行者了解该地区的地理条件和文化特征，并经常为保护和促进当地的发展提供资金。空格中所填单词在句中作benefits的宾语，需用develop的名词形式，且为不可数名词，故填development.(2021年全国新高考1卷·58)It will             (undoubted) help you get refreshed! 答案：undoubtedly解析：根据句意它将毫无疑问帮助你变得精力充沛起来。修饰动词help空格需填副词形式作状语, 意为毫无疑问。(2020年全国Ⅰ卷·64) The far side of the moon is of particular ________ (interesting) to  scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side. 答案：interest解析：根据句意: 月球的远端令科学家尤其感兴趣。此处为 “be+of+n.”  结构, 相当于 “be+ adj.”, 故填名词interest。(2018年全国Ⅰ卷·68) To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to  ___________(strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. 答案：strengthen解析：根据句意: 为了避免肌肉痛，你可以在柔软的表明跑步，做运动来加强你的腿部肌肉...。表示目的的不定式，“to +动词原形”,故填动词形式strengthen，意为增强；强化。(2018年全国Ⅲ卷·66) My name is Mireya Mayor. I’m a __________ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.答案：scientist解析：根据句意: 我的名字是Mireya Mayor。我是一名研究诸如大猩猩和猴子之类动物的科学家。根据句意及空格前的a可知，此处填名词，表示“科学家”，故填scientist。写出下列段落中划线词的构词形式及汉语意思(2020·全国卷II卷C篇）When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion(时装）enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠）. Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year, "says Cree MeCree, project director of Righteous Fur.解析：该语段所体现的构词法应用如下：派生：environmentalist(environmental+-ist)n. 环保主义者－ist 从事······的专家ecologist (ecology+-ist)n. 生态学家director(direct+-or)n. 主管，导演合成：showcase(show+case)n. 展示guilt-free(guilt+free)adj. 没有负罪感的wetland(wet+land)n. 湿地，沼泽(2019·全国卷I,阅读D篇）Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likable’s plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.解析：该语段所体现的构词法应用如下：派生：popularity(popular +-ity)n. 普及，流行，受欢迎度clinical(clinic 诊所，门诊＋－al)adj. 临床诊断的likable(like+-able)adj. 可爱的，讨人喜欢的seeker(seek+-er)n. 追求者strengthen(strength+-en)v. 强化，巩固interpersonal(inter-+person +-al)adj. 人际的adolescence (adolescent+-ence)n. 青春期dishonorable(dis-不＋honor+-able可···的）adj. 不名誉的，不光彩的，可耻的合成：well-explored(well+explored)充分研究的plays-well-with-others 与他人相处得好jump-start 全力以赴启动；激发 派生法派生法通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词的方法，用派生法构成的词叫做派生词。如：happy — unhappy，like — dislike， success — successful，home — homeless 常用前缀表否定 un-: unhappy, uncomfortable, unconscious, undoubtedly（毋庸置疑地）, unlock（开··...·锁）, undress（脱衣）,  unpack（打开行李），unsay（收回说过的话） in-: incorrect, informal, indifferent（漠不关心的）, invaluable（极有价值的；极宝贵的） im-: impossible，impolite，imperfect，impatient，immoral（不道德的）il-: illegal（违法的），illogical（不合逻辑的） ir-: irregular（不规则的）, irresistible（不可抗拒的）,irrelevant（不相关的） dis-: discover, disagree, disappear, dislike, disbelief, dishonest, dishonorable（不体面的） mis-: misunderstand，misjudge, misread，mislead（误导）, misfortune (不幸)non-: non-smoker, nonstop, nonsense（胡说）,  non-drinker不喝酒的人表重复 re-: retell, reconsider，rearrange，react（作出反应），renew（更新），reusable（可再用的），refresh（使恢复精力）表中间 mid-: midnight，midpoint（中点），midway（中途），mid-July（七月中旬） 表超出 extra- : extraordinary，extracurricular（课外的），extra-official（非官方的） 表超级 super- : supermarket，superstar（超级明星），superpower（超级大国） 表微小 micro-: microscope（显微镜），microcomputer（微机）表小的 mini- : miniskirt，minibus（小型巴士：面包车）表远 tele-: telescope，telephone，television，telephotograph（传真照片） 表千 kilo- : kilometer（千米），kilogram（千克），kilowatt（千瓦） 表变化 trans- : translate，transform，transport，transformer（变压器） 表后于 post-: postpone（延迟），postgraduate（研究生），postwar（战后的） 先于 pre-: pre-school（学龄前的），pre-war（战前的），prehistoric（史前的） 相互 inter- : international，interview，interchange（互换）前部; 预先 fore-: forehead，foreword（序言），foreman（领班），forearm（前臂），foresee，forecast，foretell（预言；预料） 自动 auto- : automatic，automobile（汽车），autopilot（自动驾驶仪） 半 semi-: semicircle，semisolid（半固体的），semiconductor（半导体） 副 vice-: vice-chairman，vice-manager，vice-president（副总统） 过多 over- :overeat（吃得过多），overexcited，overpopulated（人口过多的） 使成为; 把...放入: en- : encourage（鼓励），endanger（危及），enable（使能够），enrich（使富裕），empower（授权）， encase（把······装入箱），encage（把······关在笼）构成形容词或副词 a-: asleep, alive, alike, awake, alone, apart, aloud, ahead 常用名词后缀表示行为者 -er: worker, teacher, painter,waiter, performer, winner,  Londoner（伦敦人）, northerner（北方人），container（容器）,cooker（炊具），opener（开启的人或工具），heater（取热器），timer（计时员；计时器），cutter（切割者；切割工具） -or : visitor, actor, sailor, inventor, conductor, director, translator, operator，survivor（幸存者）-ar: liar（说谎者），beggar（乞丐），scholar（学者） -ist: scientist, physicist, artist, tourist, novelist，specialist，medalist（奖牌获得者） -ant/ent: assistant, accountant, president-(i)an: librarian（图书管理员）, historian（史学家）, politician（政治家）, musician（音乐家），African，American -ee : employee（受雇者），trainee（受训者），interviewee（被面试者）表过程性质状态结果等抽象概念 -ation: information, invitation, education, explanation, motivation, hesitation（犹豫） -(t)ion: action, construction, direction, introduction, invention, collection, attraction, connection-sion : conclusion, division, discussion, expression, possession -ssion: permission, admission-ance : allowance, importance, appearance, assistance, performance, resistance -ence: existence, preference, reference, difference, existence, absence, independence    -ment: advertisement, agreement, amusement, argument, arrangement, development-ness: illness, sickness,happiness, kindness, sadness, goodness（善良；美德）-hood : childhood，neighbourhood（邻居关系），brotherhood（兄弟关系；手足之情） -th : truth，strength，depth，length，growth，warmth，width（宽度） -ship: friendship, relationship, scholarship, membership, citizenship（国籍；公民的身份） -(a)bility : possibility，disability，responsibility，flexibility（灵活性；柔韧性）-y: difficulty, recovery -(i)ty : reality，nationality，safety，cruelty（残酷行为）, certainty（确实的事情） -ery: bravery，bakery（面包房），cookery（烹调法） -al : approval，arrival，survival，refusal（拒绝） -age: marriage, shortage（不足；短缺 ）, storage（储存）-ing : feeling，hearing, building，meeting，opening，suffering，cooling（冷却） -ful :handful，spoonful，mouthful（一口），glassful（一杯的容量）plateful（满盘；一盘） -cy: fluency, accuracy（准确性）-dom: freedom; wisdom, kingdom(王国)常用形容词后缀-ful: successful, careful, hopeful, helpful, useful, harmful, beautiful, wonderful，colourful-y: guilty, stormy, healthy, wealthy, dirty, noisy, sleepy，foggy，muddy -less : breathless, tasteless, useless, hopeless, helpless, endless, stainless, meaningless-able: comfortable, reasonable, suitable, admirable, knowledgeable, remarkable（不寻常的）-al:  personal, national, traditional, natural, cultural, agricultural, fictional, additional, musical -ical: political，physical，practical，grammatical，historical（历史上的） -ly: friendly（友好的）, monthly（每月的），daily（日常的）, timely（及时的） -en: golden，woollen，wooden，earthen（泥土做的） -ous : dangerous, anxious, famous, poisonous, religious, mountainous，nervous，ambitious    -ive: active, expensive, attractive, subjective, representative, creative, impressive-ish : foolish, selfish, childish, British-some: troublesome，fearsome（可怕的）,burdensome（难于负担的） -ed: interested, ashamed, disappointed, furnished, talented, aged，strong-minded（意志坚强的）-ing :amazing, boring, interesting, surprising, disturbing, freezing(冰冷的), shocking 常用动词后缀-en: deepen，sharpen，shorten，lessen（变少），worsen（使恶化），strengthen，weaken -ize: realize, apologize, recognize, modernize, legalize, commercialize，popularize-(i)fy : satisfy，beautify，simplify，signify（表示；意味），terrify（使害怕）常用副词后缀-ly: quickly, simply, angrily, stupidly，hopefully，hopelessly，truly，smilingly，decidedly（坚決地；断然地），namely（即；就是）, scientifically -ward(s): upward(s), downward(s), forward (s), backward(s), Southward（s），inward（s）outward（s），homeward（s）（向家：在归途上） 合成法合成名词：bookmark (书签)；guidebook (指南手册)；workshop (研讨会；车间)；sunset (日落) 合成形容词 ：lifelong (终身的；毕生的)；heartbreaking (令人心碎的)；absent-minded (心不在焉的) 合成动词：whitewash (用石灰水刷白)；overcome (战胜)；overthrow (推翻) 合成副词：anyway (无论如何)；everywhere (到处)；however (尽管如此)；forever (永远) 合成介词：inside (在......里)；outside (在......外)；throughout (遍及)；within (在......之内) 转化法动词→名词：change 改变；找零 →变化 ；walk 步行→散步;stop 停止→车站 ；record 录音 →记录名词→动词：place 地点 → 放置；taste 味道→ 尝起来；hand 手 → 传递；递交；seat 座位 → 使……坐下          形容词→动词：clean 干净→使干净，打扫；clear 清楚→清理；dirty 脏→弄脏；dry 干燥→烘干，晒干；empty 空的→倒空               截短法缩略法截短法：telephone→phone, aeroplane→plane, advertisement→ad. , laboratory→lab, influenza→flu , smog (smoke + fog) 烟雾；brunch (breakfast +lunch) 早午餐；newscast (news + broadcast) 新闻广播;sci-fi (science + fiction) 科幻小说缩略法：television→ TV (读字母音)电视;very important person→ VIP (读字母音)要人；Testing of English as a Foreign Language→ TOEFL(作为一个单词读音)托福  一、单句语法填空(2021年全国甲卷·70) Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and watchtowers to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their __________ (day) routines.(2021年全国乙卷·68) Provide __________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples. (2020年全国Ⅰ卷·62)Landing on the moon's far side is ___________ (extreme) challenging. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·61) Chinese New Year is a  _____________ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·69) The __________ (beauty) long  branches  covered  with  pink-colored  buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·66) ___________(certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.  (2020年全国Ⅲ卷·64) Filled with _______ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left. (2019年全国Ⅰ卷·62) It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears  as  much  of  the range has been _______ (poor) studied.(2019年全国Ⅰ卷·66) In recent years some  Inuit  people  in  Nunavut  have reported  increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a _______(believe) that populations are increasing.(2019年全国Ⅱ卷·63) Her years of hard work have ________ (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated (提名) her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year. (2019年全国Ⅱ卷·70) But then we got an official letter and we were blown away. We are so proud of her. It’s ____________ (wonder).(2019年全国Ⅲ卷·66) When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let  us know of an interesting ____________ (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.(2019年全国Ⅲ卷·67&68) They also shared with us many ___________ (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were ________ (huge) popular with tourists.(2018年全国Ⅰ卷·69) Running is cheap, easy and it’s always ___________(energy). (2018年全国Ⅱ卷·63) A taste for meat is ________(actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.(2018年全国Ⅱ卷·66) This switch has decreased __________ (pollute) in  the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.(2018年全国Ⅱ卷·67) According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total _______ (globe) fertilizer consumption.(2017全国Ⅰ卷·69) However, be ________ (care) not to go to extremes.(2017全国Ⅱ卷·69) This development was only possible with the ____________(introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.(2017全国Ⅱ卷·70) The Central London Railway was one of the most ___________ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.二、根据语境猜测划线词的词性和词义In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾）that mirrors Our fear of the dark.2. Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness.3. Surround yourself with people who uplift, encourage and understand you! Group exercise is challenging, yet fun and empowering!4. So one day, just to see what she would do, I gently placed one on top of the groundhog’s head, Again, not a move.5. Then make sure the people you surround yourself with are supportive. Don’t let negativity ruin your motivation.6. Several years ago I received a letter from seventeen-year-old Kerry, who described herself as a world-class fault-finder, almost always bothered by things.7. When it comes to insect pests, red fire ants would probably top everyone's list.8. First, you should take an active part in the discussions and freely voice your opinion.9. Yes, I was blessed; it wasn’t a material one, but the kind that will warm my heart forever. 10. Suddenly she felt tears flooded her eyes.一 、单句语法填空daily 考查词性转换。在名词routines前作定语，用形容词，daily routines表示“日常生活”。 financial考查词性转换。空格中所填单词在句中作定语，修饰名词aid，故需用finance的形容词形式。extremely考查副词。修饰形容词challenging应用副词, 故填extremely。celebration考查词性转换。空格前的不定冠词a提示我们此处应用名词形式。beautiful考查词性转换。与long并列修饰名词branches，应用形容词。Certainly考查副词。位于句首，修饰整个句子，应用副词作状语。curiosity作介词with的宾语，用名词，故填curiosity。poorly考查副词。修饰动词studied作状语,  应用副词,  意为 “研究很少”, 故填poorly。belief考查词性转换。由前面的不定冠词提示我们，空格处应填名词，故填belief。finally考查副词。修饰动词have been acknowledged, 应用副词,  故填finally。wonderful考查词性转换。在系动词is后作表语应用形容词, 故填wonderful。competition考查词性转换。由空格前的不定冠词an及形容词interesting可知，空格处应该填名词，故填competition。traditional；hugely考查词性转换。修饰名词stories应用形容词，故填traditional；修饰形容词popular应用副词，故填hugely。energetic考查词性转换。作表语要用形容词，表示“精力旺盛的，充满活力的”。actually考查副词。修饰动词is作状语，用副词。pollution考查词性转换。作动词decreased的宾语, 用名词, 故填pollution。global考查词性转换。在名词短语fertilizer consumption前作定语要用形容词, 意为“全球的化肥消耗量”。careful考查词义转换。作表语要用形容词, 句意为: “小心”别走极端。introduction考查词义转换。作介词的宾语要用名词或者在冠词the后要用名词, 表示 “采用, 引入”, 故填 introduction。successful考查词义转换。因the most successful为形容词的最高级。二、根据语境猜测划线词的词性和词义1. v. 使成为空的，把··.···弄空; v. 反射，反映       2. n. 团结和睦3. v. 使上升，振作;  adj. 使有能力的，给予力量的    4. v. 放置 ；n. 移动5. n. 消极性6. adj. 世界级的，国际水平的;  n. 挑剔的人7. vt. 居······之首，为······之冠8. vt. 用语言表达，说出9. vt. 使温暖10. vt. 大量涌出