高中英语人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第一册Unit 1 People of Achievement课后练习题

Unit 1 People of Achievement

Ⅰ.阅读理解

A

(2021·湖北省荆门市高三联考)

Mary Anning was an English fossil collector, dealer and paleontologist(古生物学家). Her fossil-hunting helped change the way people thought about the world.

Mary was born into a poor family in England on May 21, 1799. She lived in the seaside town of Lyme Regis, in Dorset. The family had nine children. Only Mary and her brother Joseph grew up. Mary's father took his children along the beach. They picked up shells and stones to sell to visitors. Mary did not go to school much. Her family was too poor. And schools did not teach children about fossils. Mary could read and write. She taught herself. She learned about rocks and how bodies are made.

In 1811 when Mary and Joseph were fossil hunting, Joseph saw a bone sticking out of the rock. Mary had a hammer to chip away at the rock. Very carefully she uncovered it. She found the first complete fossil of the ichthyosaur(鱼龙)．

Since then, Mary became crazy about fossil hunting. She liked to hunt on the beach after a storm. The wind, rain and waves made the rocks crumble. It was easy to spot fossils. Most days Mary went fossil hunting with her dog, Tray.

Rich friends helped Mary by selling fossils for her. They sent her money. Scientists wrote letters and came to see her. One good friend was William Buckland, a professor at Oxford University. Mary also opened a shop to sell fossils, stones and shells. She chatted with visitors.

Mary Anning died in 1847. How evolution(进化)works was explained by Charles Darwin not long after Mary died. Her fossils had helped scientists understand how things began.

文章大意：这是一篇人物传记。短文叙述了英国化石收藏家、商人和古生物学家玛丽·安宁的故事。

1．Why did Mary's father take his children along the beach？  B 

A．To enjoy life.

B．To make a living.

C．To look for fossils.

D．To teach them about fossils.

解析：推理判断题。由第二段“Mary was born into a poor family in England on May 21, 1799. Only Mary and her brother Joseph grew up. Mary's father took his children along the beach. They picked up shells and stones to sell to visitors.”可知，1799年5月21日，玛丽出生于英国一个贫穷的家庭。玛丽的父亲经常带着他的孩子们沿着海滩走。他们捡贝壳和石头卖给游客。所以玛丽的父亲带孩子们去海边是为了谋生。故选B项。

2．What can we learn about Mary？  D 

A．Her father was a paleontologist.

B．Her father educated her at home.

C．She had nine brothers and sisters in all.

D．She might be popular at that time.

解析：推理判断题。由倒数第二段“Scientists wrote letters and came to see her. Mary also opened a shop to sell fossils, stones and shells. She chatted with visitors”可知，科学家写信要来拜访她。玛丽还开了一家商店出售化石、石头和贝壳且与到访的游客聊一些关于化石的信息。所以通过关键词“Scientists wrote letters and came to see her. She chatted with visitors.”可以判断出，在那个时候她很有名，很受欢迎。故选D项。

3．Who was the first one to catch sight of the rock containing the first complete ichthyosaur fossil？  D 

A．Charles Darwin.　　　　 B．Mary's dog.

C．Mary.　 D．Joseph.

解析：细节理解题。由第三段“In 1811 when Mary and Joseph were fossil hunting, Joseph saw a bone sticking out of the rock.”可知，1811年，当玛丽和约瑟夫在寻找化石时，约瑟夫看到一根骨头从岩石中伸出来了。所以约瑟夫是第一个看到含有第一个完整鱼龙化石的人。故选D项。

4．What does the underlined word “crumble” in the fourth paragraph means？  A 

A．Break.　 B．Shake.　　

C．Float.　 D．Dive.

解析：词义猜测题。由第四段“She liked to hunt on the beach after a storm. The wind, rain and waves made the rocks crumble. It was easy to spot fossils.”可知，暴风雨过后她喜欢在海滩上寻找化石。风、雨、浪使岩石变得碎裂，很容易发现化石。所以通过上下文语境可以判断出第四段画线的“crumble”是break“破裂”的意思。故选A项。

B

(2020·菏泽市6月训练)

Daphne Soares, a biologist, makes an amazing discovery about alligators (短吻鳄). The first time she got really close to an alligator was when she was helping to hold down an eight-foot American alligator. It was then that she noticed its face was covered with little black spots. This led to the discovery of the little black dots.

She started her study of the black dots. When she read the books and the scientific journals, she learned that people had noticed the dots, but no one really knew what the dots were for.

To find out the secret, she placed electrodes (电极) on nerves coming from some of the dots. When the nerves fired, they sent a message to the brain and created a tiny electric current (电流). Just then she heard a small sound over a loudspeaker. She tried to see if the dots acted like eyes and temperature sensors, but nothing worked.

One day she was careless with dropping a tool into an alligator's tank. When she put her hand in the tank to get the tool out, she made small waves in the water. When they reached the alligator's face, she heard a noise over the speaker. She then realized that the dots must be sensitive to the changes in pressure when hit by waves of water.

After that, she is now studying blind cavefish. She is trying to learn whether they are blind from birth or lose their sight as they grow up. She is also doing more research on crocodilians. She wants to find out how the genes of alligators with pressure sensors only on their faces differ from the genes of crocodilians that have pressure sensors all over their body.

文章大意：本文是记叙文，主题语境是“人与自然”。文章讲述了生物学家达芙妮·索雷斯(Daphne Soares)偶然发现短吻鳄脸上小黑点的作用的故事，以及她在其他方面的研究工作。

5．Why did Daphne Soares first get close to the alligator？  D 

A．To observe its black dots.

B．To find the secret of its dots.

C．To help others to hold it up.

D．To prevent it from moving.

解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The first time she got really close to an alligator was when she was helping to hold down an eight-foot American alligator.”可知，达芙妮·索雷斯第一次近距离接触短吻鳄是因为要帮忙按住它。故选D项。

6．What happened when Daphne Soares first put electrodes on the nerves of some black dots？  A 

A．A little noise was sent out.

B．An electric current created a message.

C．The nerves were on fire suddenly.

D．The nerves sensed temperature changes.

解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“When the nerves fired，they sent a message to the brain and created a tiny electric current (电流)．Just then she heard a small sound over a loudspeaker.”可知，通电之后通过扬声器她听到了细小的声音。故选A项。

7．How did Daphne Soares first find the function of alligators' black dots？  C 

A．By experiment.　　 B．By reference.

C．By accident. 　　 D．By comparison.

解析：推理判断题。根据第四段描述的达芙妮·索雷斯发现短吻鳄脸上斑点作用的过程可推知，她是通过一次小意外发现的(她不小心把一个工具掉进了短吻鳄所在的水池里，她伸手进去拿的时候引起了涟漪，涟漪碰到短吻鳄的脸，然后她听到扬声器发出了声音)。故选C项。

8．What can be inferred from the last paragraph？  B 

A．Cavefish lose sight as they grow up.

B．Daphne Soares devotes her energy to research work.

C．Alligators' genes are the same as crocodilians'.

D．Daphne Soares discovered a new species of alligator.

解析：推理判断题。根据尾段内容可知，达芙妮·索雷斯除了研究短吻鳄，还在研究洞穴鱼，并对鳄目动物进行更多的研究工作，由此可知，达芙妮·索雷斯把自己的精力投入到研究工作中。故选B项。

Ⅱ.阅读七选五

(2021·济南五校联考)

Wanda Austin, an internationally celebrated engineer and aerospace industry(航空航天工业) leader, has been a part of the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) industry since her earliest professional days working at Rockwell International.

 1.E  . Raised in a low-income neighborhood in the Bronx, Dr. Austin always favored math in school above all else; she found cormfort in the fact that math's answers couldn't be argued.   2.D  . It wasn't until she started working as an engineering tutor when receiving the higher education that she realized what she really wanted to be occupied in：STEM.

Austin began working at Aerospace as one of the few female engineers, a trend that hasn't changed much between her start at the company in 1982 and now.   3.C  . The success in the GPS satellite Air Force communications and the Pentagon's global network of strategic communications, all led to her eventual promotion to CEO and President of Aerospace.

  4.A  . Her most recent commitment is to motivate the next generation of learners to study STEM disciplines, as she hopes to serve as a role model for young women and minorities looking to go down similar paths. And she's started programs to strengthen STEM learning for everyone.

Austin's advice for aspiring engineers is around something you might not expect.   5.B  . To her, it is just as important to study as it is to be able to talk about the impact of the STEM work to those outside of the disciplines.

A．Dr. Austin pays great attention to the education

B．She highlights the virtue of strong communication

C．Still, she achieved a series of impressive performances

D．The passion drove her undergraduate and graduate studies

E．Her love for STEM began long before the start of her career

F．Dr. Austin is never one to shy away from a difficult challenge

G．Maybe her initiatives will be enough to inspire the next generation of STEM leaders

文章大意：本文是记叙文，主题是“人与社会”。文章介绍了国际知名的工程师和航空航天工业方面的领袖人物Wanda Austin的学习经历、所取得的成就等。

解析：

1．考查承上启下句。空前一段提到了Austin在STEM方面的成就，空后讲述在从事专业领域前，她与STEM的渊源，故E项“Her love for STEM began long before the start of her career”承接上下文，符合语境。

2．考查细节支撑句。空前提到“Dr. Austin always favored math in school above all else；she found comfort in the fact that math's answers couldn't be argued.”，D项是这一内容的顺承，符合语境，且D选项中的“undergraduate and graduate studies”与空后的“the higher education”呼应。

3．考查承上启下句。由后一句可知，此处叙述Dr.Austin在公司中工作出色，取得了一系列成就，与空前一句谈到的“Austin是公司为数不多的几个女性工程师之一”形成轻微的转折关系，故C项符合语境。

4．考查段落主旨句。根据本段中的“Her most recent commitment is to motivate the next generation of learners to study STEM disciplines... go down similar paths”“strengthen STEM learning for everyone.”可知，本段强调Dr.Austin为教育付出了很多，A项能概括段落内容。

5．考查细节支撑句。根据空后的“it is just important to study...talk about the impact of the STEM work to those outside of the disciplines.”可知，Dr.Austin认为学习知识和沟通一样重要，所以她也很重视沟通，B项符合语境。

Ⅲ.语法填空

(2021·山东省六地市联考)

Fiona Kolbinger, a 2-year-old German cyclist with little experience in   1.competitive   (compete) cycling, took the world by surprise when she became the first female to win the Transcontinental Race on August 6, 2019. She completed  2.a   total of 2,485 miles from Bulgaria to France in 10 days, 2 hours, and 48 minutes.

This year's race started on July 27th, 2019. In the race, the competitors had to decide for   3.themselves   (they) where, when, and how much they ate and slept. They also had to ride in temperatures   4.that/which   ranged from 4 ℃ to 37 ℃ and endure freezing rain, thunderstorms, and heat waves. The Transcontinental Race   5.was founded  (found) in 2013 by the British cyclist Mike Hall. The race,   6.thought  (think) to be one of the hardest of its kind, challenges not only racers' cycling skills and endurance (耐力), but also their route planning and time management skills.

Also, different   7.from   other cycling competitions where the routes are   8.carefully   (careful) laid out, the Transcontinental Race requires competitors to plan their own course. The only   9.requirement  (require) is to check in at four stops, located at various points along the way.   10.To make   (make) sure all competitors undergo some of the same challenges, each checkpoint is followed by demanding terrain (地形)．

文章大意：本文是记叙文，主题语境是“人与自我”。2019年the Transcontinental Race落下帷幕。德国女选手Fiona Kolbinger以10天2小时48分的成绩夺冠，成为这个比赛的第一位女性冠军。

1．考查形容词。此处应用形容词作定语。

2．考查冠词。此处表示总路程，应该用a total of“共计……”。故填a。

3．考查代词。主语是the competitors，此处表示选手必须自己做决定，因此应该用they的反身代词形式themselves。

4．考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词temperatures后跟一个限制性定语从句，关系代词在从句中作主语，表示物，故用that/which。

5．考查动词的时态和语态。Transcontinental Race和found之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。根据时间状语in 2013可知此处应用一般过去时。

6．考查非谓语动词。过去分词在此表被动，作定语，修饰The race。

7．考查介词。根据句意，这个自行车赛的选手要自己规划行车路线，这与其他严格规定路线的自行车赛不一样。故填介词from。

8．考查副词。此处修饰动词，应用副词形式。

9．考查名词。根据前面的The only和后面的is可知，空处要填名词。根据语境可知，此处表示“要求”。故用requirement。

10．考查非谓语动词。此处表示“为保证所有的选手都经历一些同样的挑战”，故用不定式作目的状语。

Ⅳ.短文改错

(2020·陕西省榆林市第一次测试)

My mother is sixty-five year old, that devotes herself to the whole family and us three daughters.Today I still remember clearly that there was the time when life was really hard in a remote mountain village.People there had a strong prejudice that girls should not go to school and stay at home doing housework.However, my mother held a total opposite view that her three daughters should get educated no matter what others thought and no matter what hard life was.My mother got little education because the Chinese Cultural Revolution and she decided not to let the same thing to happen to her girls.To his delight, we three sisters went to college and got well-educated.And now, we all have our jobs and our own happy families.We are such grateful for what Mum has done for us.

答案：

My mother is sixty-five  old,  devotes herself to the whole family and us three daughters.Today I still remember clearly that there was  time when life was really hard in a remote mountain village.People there had a strong prejudice that girls should not go to school  stay at home doing housework.However, my mother held a  opposite view that her three daughters should get educated no matter what others thought and no matter  hard life was.My mother got little education because  the Chinese Cultural Revolution and she decided not to let the same thing to happen to her girls.To  delight, we three sisters went to college and got well-educated.And now, we all have our jobs and our own happy families.We are  grateful for what Mum has done for us.

解析：

1．考查名词。句意：我的妈妈65岁了。sixty-five years old “65岁”。故year→years。

2．考查定语从句。句意：我的妈妈65岁了，她把自己奉献给整个家庭以及我们三个女儿。这里构成非限制性定语从句，用who指代妈妈。故that→who。

3．考查冠词。句意：今天，我仍然很清楚地记得有一段时期，在遥远的乡村生活真的很困难。这里的time是可数名词，表示“时期”。故the→a。

4．考查连词。句意：那儿的人们有很强的偏见，认为女孩不应该去上学而应该待在家里做家务活。根据句意可知and→but。

5．考查副词。句意：然而，我的妈妈有完全不同的观点。用副词totally修饰形容词opposite。故total→totally。

6．考查副词。句意：她的三个女儿应该受到教育，无论别人怎么想，无论生活多么的困难。用表示程度的副词修饰形容词hard。 no matter how hard life was“无论生活多么困难”。故what→how。

7．考查介词短语。句意：由于文化大革命，我的妈妈没有受过什么教育。because后加句子，because of后接the Chinese Cultural Revolution。故because后加of。

8．考查固定句式。句意：她决定不让同样的事情发生在她的女儿身上。let sb. do sth.“让某人做某事”。故删掉happen前面的to。

9．考查代词。句意：令她高兴的是，我们三姐妹都考上了大学，受到很好的教育。很明显，这里是“令妈妈高兴的是”。故his→her。

10．考查副词。句意：我们很感激妈妈为我们做的一切。so后接形容词grateful。故such→so。