上海市部分学校2020-2021学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题分类汇编：阅读理解

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上海市部分学校
2020-2021学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题分类汇编
阅读理解
上海市奉贤中学2020-2021学年高二上学期期末英语试题
Section B(30 分，各2分)
Directions: Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements, For each of them there are four choices marked A ，B，C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
　Suddenly Uncle Henry stood up. “There’s a cyclone coming, Em,” he called to his wife. “I’ll go look after the stock.” Then he ran toward the sheds where the cows and horses were kept.
Aunt Em dropped her work and came to the door. One glance told her of the danger close at hand. “Quick, Dorothy!” she screamed. “Run for the cellar!” Toto jumped out of Dorothy’s arms and hid under the bed, and the girl started to get him. Aunt Em, badly frightened, threw open the trap door in the floor and climbed down the ladder into the small, dark hole. Dorothy caught Toto at last and started to follow her aunt. When she was halfway across the room there came a great roar from the wind, and the house shook so hard that she lost her footing and sat down suddenly upon the floor.
Then a strange thing happened. The house circled around two or three times and rose slowly through the air. Dorothy felt as if she were going up in a balloon. It was very dark, and the wind blew horribly around her, but Dorothy found she was riding quite easily. After the first few twists and turns, and one other time when the house tipped badly, she felt as if she were being rocked gently, like a baby in a cradle (摇篮). Toto did not like it. He ran about the room, now here, now there, barking loudly; but Dorothy sat quite still on the floor and waited to see what would happen.
At last she crawled over the swinging floor to her bed, and lay down upon it; and Toto followed and lay down beside her. In spite of the swinging of the house and the crying of the wind, Dorothy soon closed her eyes and fell fast asleep.
36 What does the underlined word “cyclone” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. deadline B. flood C. monster D. tornado
37. Why did Aunt Em go into the hole in the floor when the cyclone approached?
A. To find the puppy Toto. B. To find shelter from the cyclone.
C. To protect their fortune. D. To get tools to help Henry.
38. Which of the following is True about Dorothy?
A. She managed to control the house. B. She found herself flying in a balloon.
C. She turned baby crying loudly. D. She remained undisturbed with Toto.
39. Which words can be used to describe Dorothy in the emergency?
A. Afraid and brave. B. Curious and tired.
C. Flexible and calm. D. Excited and thrilled.
(B)
___________: 6 Tricks to Improve Your Life
1.Stop Early Meows(Pets)
With the longer days and the birds sing at the crack of dawn, your kitten is likely an early riser now. Should you feed him when he meows? That will just encourage his inappropriate new habit. Instead, install blackout shades or blinds to block the sun. Then stick to strict feeding times:once before you leave in the morning and once shortly before you go to bed.
2. Keep Fruits and Veggies Fresh(Food)
Most refrigerators have crisper drawers with adjustable vents that you can close to reduce airflow (and create more humidity) or open(to lower the humidity). The best way to extend the life of your fruits and vegetables is to set one drawer at low humidity and use it for anything that rots easily, such as peaches and melons. Set the other drawer at high humidity to store thin-skinned or leafy vegetables such as lettuce and fresh herbs.
3. Let Your Computer Breathe(Technology)
“Don't put your computer on the carpet or up against a wall,” warns Ben Carmitchel , CEO of Data recovery. com. “Doing so can cause heat to build up, and if it can't melt away, it can damage the hard drive and other components.”
4. Create a Corkscrew( )
There are few things in life more frustrating than finding yourself with a nice bottle of wine to drink—but no corkscrew. The next time that happens, take out your house keys and drive one of them into the cork at 45-degree angle until it is all the way in. Slowly twist the key around and up, until you are able to hold the cork and pull it out. Cheers!
5. Stop a Radiator Leak(Auto)
A heat wave has hit town, and your old car radiator isn't too happy about it. If it suddenly overheats and you think the cause is a pinhole leak, pepper can provide a short-term solution.Simply pour a handful of ground pepper into the radiator. That will temporarily plug the leak and likely won't cause any damage to your car until you can get it to a mechanic for repair .
6. Take a Photo of Your Passport(Travel)
It may be your most important document but travel blogger Suzanna advises against carrying your passport every day while you're travelling."I take a photo of my passport and keep it in my e-mail drafts folder so I can access it if needed," she explains."When shopping and filling out tax reclaim forms, I've used the photo in stores without an issue."
40. Which of the following can best fill in the blank in the 4th paragraph?
A. Health B. Entertaining C. Decoration D. Communication
41. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Once your pet cat becomes an early riser , you should feed him immediately .
B. Pepper can save you the trouble of further repair by solving the leak of your car.
C. You'd better switch your computer off to prevent the over-heating of it
D. It's recommended that food be classified and stored accordingly in your fridge .
42. Which of the following can best complete the title of the passage?
A. We Played a Trick B. We Invented a Thing
C. We Found a Fix D. We Created a Masterpiece
(C)
Climate emergencies are a bit like buses. You wait an age for one and then three come along at once. Parliaments in the UK and Ireland passed motions declaring a climate emergency in May. Last Monday, Canada followed suit.
It isn’t just parliament sounding the alarm. “This is a climate emergency,” said U.N. climate chief Patricia Espinosa for the first time last Tuesday. Hours earlier, James Bevan of England’s Environment Agency and Vince Cable, the leader of the U.K.’s Liberal Democrats, also used the phrase.
They join a cast of high-profile public figures already on the bus, from UK opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn to UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres. But how did the language of climate change campaigners jump to the lips of the establishment, and should we welcome its seemingly unstoppable adoption?
Does this language make a difference? A day after Canada’s climate emergency motion, it approved a £4.4 billion oil pipeline. Bristol City Council in the UK also declared a climate emergency, yet the city’s mayor subsequently backed expansion of the local airport. Nothing changed on UK streets after parliament declared a climate emergency, notes former Labour Party leader Ed MIliband. “This silent response to an alarm that we ourselves have sounded symbolizes the challenge we face,” he wrote. _______?_______
Mike Hulme at the University of Cambridge argues against the phrase because it implies “time-limited radical(激进的)” action could end the emergency, when climate change is actually a “new condition of human existence.” Some, HUlme included, also fear the language may cause counterproductive responses.
Bur Roz Pidcock of communication organization Climate Outreach says a climate emergency “suggests a response that is very radical in scale and ambition, but not incautious or knee-jerk(本能的),” and certainly not a license for extreme measure like geoengineering the climate.
Despite the risk of phrase being devalued, Rebecca Willis at Lancaster University in the U.K. tells me it is still useful ---and that’s because it is true. As Spratt says, “You cannot solve a problem unless you name it for exactly what it is.” Getting politicians to adopt the language will also be crucial to holding them to tough policy decisions later, says Doug Parr of Greenpeace.
The phrase’s widespread adoption isn’t a problem. The lack of action equivalent to such language is. And that action is going to include a lot of silently gliding electric buses.
43. Which of the following sentences may best end Paragraph 4?
A. We should strive to stimulate people’s initiative.
B. The use of “climate emergency” highlights the challenge.
C Such a mismatch risks making the term meaningless.
D. There are many people against the use of the phrase.
44. It can be inferred from the passage that Mike Hulme thinks that ______.
A. climate change call for deliberate consideration before action is taken
B. immediate action should be taken to put climate emergency to an end
C. the phrase “climate emergency” may lead to the opposite consequences
D. people all over the world have been accustomed to climate change
45 Which of the following arguments can be used in favour of the phrase “climate emergency”?.
A. Extreme measures will be taken to address the issue of climate change
B. The use of the phrase may contribute to substantial policymaking.
C. The phrase will make no sense unless practical solutions are found.
D. Less attention is paid to the phrase though it reflects a true story.
46. What is the author’s attitude towards the phrase “climate emergency”?
A. Negative B. Optimistic
C. Indifferent D. Objective

上海市致远高级中学2020-2021学年高二上学期期末教学评估英语试题
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read
(A)
E-cigarettes Ban:Good news for Tobacco?
The proposed ban on flavored e-cigarettes may drive many Americans back to cigarettes,said Christopher Palmeri and Jeff Green in the Los Ange Times.
Responding to an outbreak of hundreds of serious lung illnesses from vapes(电子烟)that killed a seventh person this week, FDA(食物药品监管局)will outlaw everything but tobacco-flavored-cigarettes, as Michigan and New York state recently did. Flavors like buttered popcorn and mango helped create "an explosion" in teen vaping. But hundreds of thousands of teens already addicted to nicotine-and 9 million adults who vape--may simply replace vaping with tobacco products. By banning favored vapes the government may be "closing the shed door after the horse has gotten out."
Nobody vapes "because the flavor is so amazing," said David Marcus in The Federalist com. That's why the ban is so clueless."If kids want to taste bubble gum,they can buy,you know,bubble gum." Vaping giants like Juul need to be honest about the fact that they’re in the nicotine business, and monitor themselves accordingly. They should spend billions ensuring that stores don’t sell to minors instead of touting the "scientific conclusion"that e-cigarettes are safer than smoking. The burning involved in smoking cigarettes creates tar and a bunch of chemicals not present in e-cigarettes' watery vapor. True, but nicotine is also a dangerous and addictive drug and vaping liquid itself contains chemicals that damage blood vessels(血管)."The idea of safe smoking" is"a lie," and the vaping industry's fruit- and candy-flavored pods" are proof of evil intent."
"The massive increase in teen vapers" is a reasonable concern, said Robert Gebelhoff in Washington Post.com.But the evidence suggests that the lung illnesses that led the government to act were caused by black-market products cut with dangerous substance.Banning favored vapes will only drive more nicotine addicts and teens to the black market,which will be happy to provide fruity pods. Instead of banning flavors, the government "should empower the FDA to fully regulate the industry." That would let science,"not panic,guide our policy."
36. What led to the proposed ban on e-cigarettes?
A. Popular flavors like mango led to teen nicotine addiction.
B. The lack of proper legal supervision in the vaping industry.
C. An increased number of deaths resulting from lung diseases.
D. The sharp increase in the sale of unhealthy tobacco products.
37. What might happen if the ban takes effect?
A. FDA would regulate the tobacco industry more effectively.
B. The vaping industry would be more strictly monitored.
C. The evil intent of the vaping industry would be revealed.
D. The tobacco industry might regain its previous glory.
38. The underlined word "touting"probably means________.
A. Promoting B. challenging C. assuming D. tolerating
39. What is the writer's attitude towards vape ban?
A. Supportive. B. Disapproving C. Uninterested D. Impartial.
(B)
Also of interest...in family dramas
The Travelers
by Regina Porter (Hogarth, $27)
Though Regina Porter’s formally daring first novel “can feel too much like a jigsaw puzzle,” it achieves a “simply stunning” level of complexity, said Meng Jin in the San Fracisco Chronicle. As the first-time novelist tells the stories of two Georgia families — one black, one white — she weaves together events from 1946 to 2010 while deftly shifting between play-like dialogue, straight narrative, and various other modes. Not one character is a mere extra, and the impressive result “looks very much like life.”
Ask Again, Yes
by Mary Beth Keane (Scribner, $27)
Mary Beth Keane’s new novel is “one of the most unpretentiously profound books I’ve read in a long time,” said Maureen Corrigan in NPR.org. In 1973 New York City, two rookie cops forge a friendship that shapes the lives of the Irish-American families they raise side by side in a nearby suburb. Because each chapter is told from a new perspective, we come to know almost every member of those families, and Keane “beautifully dramatizes” how lives are built on a series of happenstances, including tragic ones.
Native Country of the Heart
by Cherrie Moraga (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $26)
“This memoir’s beauty is in its fierce intimacy,” said Roy Hoffman in The News York Times. Playwright Cherrie Moraga makes her mother the heroine of the book, bringing the late immigrant’s story to life “with a poet’s verve.” Mexican-born Elvira Moraga, who picked cotton in California at 11, sold cigarettes in Tijuana at 14, and never learned to read, became the heart and soul of a large extended family. Here, she’s a character too resonant to be merely emblematic.
The Edge of Every Day
by Marin Sardy (Pantheon, $26)
Mental illness leaves no one in a family untouched, said Alison Van Houten in Outside. In a book whose nonlinear structure “mimics the erratic nature of schizophrenia,” essayist Marin Sardy bringing the describes how the disorder struck her mother and a brother, scrambling life for all the children. Her mother’s paranoid delusions disrupted their schooling; years later, Sardy’s brother, after refusing help, committed suicide. “How does one lead any semblance of a normal life under such circumstances?” Sardy shows us how.
Note:
1. resonant: 共振的，共鸣的 2. emblematic: 象征的，典型的
3. nonlinear: 非线性的 4.schizophrenia: 精神分裂症
40. Which book touches upon a personal family tragedy?
A. The Travelers. B. Ask Again, Yes.
C. Native Country of the Heart. D. The Edge of Every Day.
41. Which of the following about each book is TRUE?
A. The Travelers tells a straightforward story about two Georgia families.
B. The thread running through Ask Again,Yes is Irish way of life.
C. Native Country of the Heart was written in memory of Elvira Moraga.
D. The Edge of Every Day describes one’s struggle against mental diseases.
42. What do the four books have in common?
A. They were published by the same publishing house.
B. They belong to he same type of literary works.
C. The stories were ll set in the last century.
D. They represented the peak level of each writer.
(C)
More than a score of Australian rare mammals have been killed by wild cats. These predator(扑食者), which arrived with European settlers, still threaten native wildlife-and are too plentiful on the mainland to eliminate, as has been achieved on some small islands which were previously filled with them. But Alexandra Ross of the University of New South Wales thinks she has come up with a different way to deal with the problem. As she writes in a paper in the Journal of Applied Ecology, she is giving feline(猫科的)-awareness lessons to wild animals involved in her introduction programs, in order to try to make them cat-conscious.
Many Australian mammals, though not actually extinct, are restricted to fragments of cat-free habitat. This will, however, put the forced migrants back in the sights of the cats that caused the problem in the first place. Training the migrants while they are in captivity, using stuffed models and the sorts of sounds made by cats, has proved expensive and ineffective. Ms Ross therefore wondered whether putting them in large natural enclosures with a scattering of predators might serve as a form of training camp to prepare them for introduction into their new, cat-ridden homes.
She tested this idea on a type of bandicoot(袋狸)that superficially resembles a rabbit. She and her colleagues raised two hundred bandicoots in a huge enclosure that also contained five wild cats. As a control, she raised a nearly identical population in a similar enclosure without the cats. She left animals to get on with life for two years, which, given that bandicoots breed four times a year and live for around eight years, was a considerable period for them. After some predation(扑食)and probably some learning, she abstracted 21 bandicoot from each enclosure, attached radio transmitters to them and released them into a third enclosure that had ten hungry cats in it. She then monitored what happened next. The outcome was that the training worked. Over the subsequent 40 days ten of the untrained animals were eaten by cats, but only four of the trained ones. One particular behavioral difference she noticed was that bandicoots brought up in a predator-free environment were much more likely to sleep alone than were those brought up around cats. And when are around, sleeping alone is dangerous. How well bandicoots that have undergone this extreme training will survive in the wild remains to be seen. But Ms Ross has at least prov reason for hope.
43. What can be learned from the first paragraph?
A. The feline-awareness lessons have proved ineffective.
B. There are too many wild cats to be killed in Australia.
C. Different ways have been tried to hunt and kill wildlife.
D. Native wildlife has been threatened by growing population
44. The forced migrants in the second paragraph refer to_______
A. Australian mammals restricted to certain areas
B. The wild cats tracking down the mammals
C. Wild animals involved in the program
D. The predators captured by the animal trainers
45. Which of the following is TRUE about the first two enclosures?
A. They were both closely monitored.
B. They had 200 bandicoots in total.
C. They had similar natural environment.
D. They both had wild cats in them.
46. What was the finding of Ms Ross’ research project?
A. Untrained bandicoots failed to identify cats.
B. Training bandicoots prepared them to fight cats.
C. Sleeping alone in the wild was dangerous.
D. Bandicoots could be trained to avoid predators.

上海市七宝中学2020-2021学年高二上学期期末英语试卷
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
A

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We want to help you sell your house as quickly as possible. Our nationwide network of knowledgeable real estate specialists are available to discuss in detail all available options, from quick cash closings to a more traditional listing arrangements. We understand that every situation is unique; therefore we do not provide a one-size-fits-all solution. We want to work with you, understand your needs, and help. you find the best solution for your specific circumstances.

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76. Who are supposed to be interested in this advertisement?
A. Those who want to buy a new house.
B. Those who need to rent an apartment.
C. Those who have extra houses for sale.
D. Those who want to have free houses.
77. Which is the probable explanation for the underlined word "relocated"?
A. Borrowing money, from banks.
B. Moving to a new place.
C. Promoted.
D. Tired.
78. What can be inferred from the advertisement?
A. It usually takes two weeks to sell a house.
B. They can sell all kinds of houses everywhere in the world.
C. They have free consultants to answer your questions.
D. They can buy you a new house within 24 hours.

B
Open data-sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, because other scientists might be able to make advances not foreseen by the data's producers, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labours online (see Nature 461, 160-163; 2009). When Wolkovich, for instance, went hunting for the data from the 50 studies in her meta-analysis, only 8 data sets were available online, and many of the researchers whom she e-mailed refused to share their work. Forced to extract data from tables or figures in publications, Wolkovich's team could conduct only limited analyses
Some communities have agreed to share online - geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository, and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects - but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data and the contextual information called metadata; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.
　　But the barriers are disappearing in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said in its report Science as an Open Enterprise that scientists need to shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as private preserve. Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.
　　Although exhortations to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic. Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sharers - those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often - get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne, a biologist at George Washington University in Washington DC, thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of' timber. "I would much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions," she says "It's important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible ".
79. What do many researchers generally accept?
　　A. It is imperative to protest scientist' patents
　　B .Repositories are essential to scientific research
　　C. Open data sharing is most important to medical science
　　D. Open data sharing is conducive to scientific advancement
80. What is the attitude of most researchers towards making their own data public?
　　A. Opposed
　　B. Ambiguous
　　C. Liberal
　　D. Neutral
81. According to the passage, what might hinder open data sharing
　　A. The fear of massive copying
　　B. The lack of a research culture
　　C. The belief that research is private intellectual property
　　D. The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it
82. Dryad serves as an example to show how open data sharing ___
　　A. is becoming increasingly popular
　　B. benefits shares and users alike
　　C. makes researchers successful
　　D. saves both money and labor
C
Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?
In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015.Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census's measure are that:
1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance;
and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic wellbeing, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.
While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time. The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005. In 2005, as the authors observe: real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France's consumption with the U.S.'s overstates the gap in economic welfare.
Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97 % of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%. The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy's performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.
Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated---for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.
83. What does the author say about the Jones-Klenow method?
A) It is widely used to compare the economic growth across countries.
B) It revolutionizes the way of measuring ordinary people's livelihood.
C) It focuses on people's consumption rather than their average income.
D) It is a more comprehensive measure of people's economic well-being.
84. What do Jones and Klenow think of the comparison between France and the U. S. in terms of real consumption per person?
A) It reflected the existing big gap between the two economies.
B) It neglected many important indicators of people's welfare.
C) It covered up the differences between individual citizens.
D) It failed to count in their difference in natural resources.
85. What is an advantage of the Jones-Klenow method?
A) It can accurately pinpoint a country's current economic problems.
B) It can help to raise people's awareness of their economic well-being.
C) It can diagnose the causes of a country's slowing pace of economic improvement.
D) It can compare a country's economic conditions between different periods of time.
86. What can we infer from the passage about American people's economic well-being?
A) It is much better than that of their European counterparts.
B) It has been on the decline ever since the turn of the century.
C) It has not improved as much as reported by the Census Bureau.
D) It has not been accurately assessed and reported since mid-2000s.

上海市复旦大学附属中学2020-2021学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
A
Sending messages into deep space could be the best way for Earthlings to find extraterrestrial intelligence, but it carries a risk: alerting unfriendly aliens to our presence. Game theory may provide a way to deal with this situation.
So far the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) has mostly been restricted to listening for signs of technology elsewhere. Only a few attempts have been made to broadcast messages towards distant stars. Many scientists are against such “active” SETI for fear of revealing our presence. If all aliens feel the same way then no one will be broadcasting, and the chance of detecting each other is limited.
To weigh up the potential losses and gains, Harold de Vladar of the Institute of Science and Technology Austria in Klosterneuburg turned to the prisoner’s dilemma, a game-theory problem in which two prisoners choose between admitting their shared crime and keeping quiet, with different sentences depending on what they say. An individual prisoner gets off scot-free if he betrays a partner who remains silent, with the silent partner getting a maximum sentence. If they both betray each other, each gets a medium sentence. By contrast, if both stay silent, both get minimum sentences—the best overall result.
De Vladar reasoned that the SETI dilemma is essentially the same, but reversed. Mutual betrayal for prisoners is equivalent to mutual silence for aliens. And while a selfish prisoner stops keeping silent, a selfish civilization is silent, waiting for someone else to take the risk of waving “Over here!” at the rest of the universe.
This led Vladar to apply the mathematics of the prisoner’s dilemma to SETI. In the classic version of the prisoner’s dilemma, each selfishly betrays the other. But as we do not know the character of any aliens out there, and as it is difficult to put a value on the benefits to science, culture and technology of finding an advanced civilization, Vladar varied the reward of finding aliens and the cost of unfriendly aliens finding us. The result was a range of best broadcasting strategies. “It’s not about whether to do it or not, but how often,” says Vladar.
One interesting idea was that as you increase the rewards placed on finding aliens, you can decrease the frequency of broadcasts, while keeping the expected benefit to Earthlings the same. Being able to keep broadcasts to a minimum is good news, because they come with costs—equipping our planet with transmitters won’t come cheap—and risk terrible disasters, such as interstellar wars.

67. According to the passage, which of the following can be classified as “passive” SETI?
A. Concealing our presence from aliens.
B. Listening for signs of technology elsewhere.
C. Broadcasting to distant stars.
D. Detecting the existence of aliens.
68. According to Vladar, ______ in the SETI is equivalent to mutual silence for prisoners.
A. both civilizations sending messages
B. people on the earth sending messages
C. both civilizations keeping silent
D. people on the earth keeping silent
69. According to the passage, which of the following might benefit Earthlings best in the SETI?
A. Focusing on engineering the most sophisticated transmitters.
B. Investing in arms in preparation for interstellar wars.
C. Sending signals to space at wide intervals.
D. Decreasing the rewards for finding aliens.
70. Which of the following best sums up the passage?
A. Earthlings are likely to be attacked by extraterrestrial intelligence.
B. Scientists are looking for better approaches to finding aliens.
C. Earthlings should be more active in broadcasting to aliens.
D. Decision to contact aliens is a game-theory dilemma.

B
Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.
A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts State Senator Jason Lewis and Speaker pro Tempore of the House Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender equality” on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.
Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.
The US Supreme Court frown on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an “important” policy interest. Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection”.
But are such government requirements even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?
The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt” phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.

71. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will ______.
A. help little to reduce gender bias
B. pose a threat to the state government
C. raise women’s position in politics
D. greatly broaden career options
72. Which of the following is TRUE of the California measure?
A. It has irritated private business owners.
B. It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.
C. It may go against the Constitution.
D. It will settle the prior controversies.
73. Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to ______.
A. the underestimation of elite women’s role
B. the objection to female participation on boards
C. the entry of unqualified candidates into the board
D. the growing tension between labor and management
74. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?
A. Women’s need in employment should be considered.
B. Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.
C. Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.
D. Major social issues should be the focus of legislation

2020-2021学年上海市市西中学高二期末试卷
Section B (16)
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Have you ever noticed that lessons tend to repeat themselves? Does it seem as if you married or dated the same person several times in different bodies with different names? Have you run into the same type of boss over and over again? If you don't deal well with authority figures at home, then you will have an opportunity to deal with them out in the world. You will continually draw into your life people who need to enforce authority, and you will struggle with them until you learn the lesson of obedience(服从).
You will continually attract the same lesson into your life. You will also draw to you teachers to teach you that lesson until you get it right. You may try to avoid the situation, but they will eventually catch up with you. The only way you can free yourself of difficult patterns and issues you tend to repeat is by shifting your perspective so that you can recognize the patterns and learn the lessons that they offer. To face these challenges means you need to accept the fact that something within you keeps drawing you to the same kind of person or issue, though that situation or relationship may be very painful.
The challenge, therefore, is to identify and release the patterns that you are repeating. This is no easy task, since it means you have to change, and change is not always easy. Staying just as you are may not help you advance spiritually, but it certainly is comfortable in is familiarity.
Rising to the challenge of identifying and releasing your patterns forces you to admit that the way you have been doing things isn’t working. The good news is that by identifying and releasing the pattern, you actually learn how to change. In order to facilitate your process of change, you will need to learn the lessons of willingness and patience. Once you master these, you will most likely find the challenge of identifying and releasing your patterns far less intimidating.

52. The words "lessons tend to repeat themselves" (Para. l) probably mean that ______.
A. you tend to marry and date the same person
B. there are the same authority figures home and abroad
C. you tend to run into the same problems in your life
D. there are many difficult patterns and issues in your life

53. You could stop attracting the same lesson into your life when you ______.
A. try your best to avoid those situations
B. recognize the patterns and learn the lessons that they offer
C. get the courage to face those challenges
D. change your attitudes toward life

54. The author’s attitude towards the idea of staying just as you are is______.
A. intimidating B. disapproving C. supportive D. cautious

55. The author thinks that willingness and patience______.
A. make your change become easier
B. help you to identify your old patterns
C. challenge you with difficult patterns
D. arouse your inner desire to change
(B)
Every few years, there's a hot new management strategy that promises to make employees happier, healthier and more productive. To that end, we've seen the rise of positions like " chief happiness officer” as well as workplace dogs and on-site meditation. But while employers may have improved the office itself, they have not solved the stress of leaving it: the crushing tide of emails and IMs, which--thanks to the rise of smart-phones--can pull us back to work, anytime, anywhere.
Now, in an effort to prevent burnout, a growing number of employers have started to suggest ways in which employees should unplug their connected devices. The automaker, Volkswagen, in collaboration with its union, set its servers to stop mobile email service for some workers from 30 minutes after quitting time until 30 minutes before starting time.
These measures may sound dramatic and possibly impractical, but there is data to suggest they are needed. A recent study suggests that limiting the number of times a day that we check email or work-chat services--from, say, 10 or 20 to three or four--can not only reduce stress levels but also increase overall productivity.
But in order for any solution to succeed, workers have to be willing to regulate their own habits. And that is especially tough in a country like the U.S., where being super-busy, or at least appearing to be super-busy, is a point of pride. Even if more U. S. employers were to implement the kinds of limits that Volkswagen do, experts are skeptical that they'd work. " If the social norm is to be on all the time, you don't want to be the odd one out,” says Angela Leaney, a New Jersey-based marketing consultant, adding that some bosses will think less o employees for not answering email after work hours, even if they say they won't.
Moreover, dictating when and how employees should use their connected devices will inevitably hamper many workers. There are plenty of people who do their best work at 3 a. m. In fact, a majority of working adults say that being able to check work email at home makes it easier to get more done ; many also said it improved their relationships with colleagues.
For now, it seems, the best way for employees to foster a fulfilled, productive workforce is to be flexible, both inside and outside the office. One example, although Andy Monfried, the CEO and founder of Lotame, a New York-based data-management company, says those kinds of time limits wouldn’t work for his business--it’s too global--he does give his employees flexibility on when and here they can work. He’s also vigilant about burnout. “I vowed that I would not create a company where people had the Sunday-night blues--the kind where you go to bed sick to your stomach,” he says. “I tell people that if that’s happening repeatedly, it’s a sign of work-life imbalance and they should come talk to me . "
56. To stop employees from getting exhausted, employers have tried to ________
A. allow pet dogs in the office
B. encourage meditation in the workplace
C. suggest ways to disconnect their mobile devices
D. promise to make their staff happier and more productive

57. Which of the following statement is true according to the article?
A. Employers will find ways to regulate workers' working habits.
B. Volkswagens policies will also apply to U.S. companies.
C. U.S. employers won’t think of contacting employees after work.
D. U.S. experts cast doubt on the possibility of limiting connected time.

58. The underlined word “hamper” is closest in meaning to “ ”.
A. comfort B. tighten C. relieve D. harm

59. Which of the following can be inferred from the article?
A. Flexibility on when and where to work is the best way to avoid burnout.
B. there seems to be no tight way to unplug from work.
C. Employees applaud the way to cut down their connected time.
D. Impractical as the measures sound, they will work well for employers.

答案：
上海市奉贤中学2020-2021学年高二上学期期末英语试题
【答案】36. D 37. B 38. D 39. C
【解析】
本文是记叙文。文章讲述了当风暴来临时一家人对风暴不同的反应。Em姨妈快速地寻找庇护所，Henry急忙去看家畜而Dorothy并没有慌张而是灵活镇定地应对这场风暴。
【36题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第二段和第三段中提到的“the wind”以及第三段中的“the house tipped badly, she felt as if she were being rocked gently, like a baby in a cradle.”可知，房屋严重倾斜以及Dorothy觉得自己好像被轻轻摇动了，就像摇篮里的婴儿一样，这是风暴导致的结果，因此划线词指的是tornado（风暴，旋风）。故选D。
【37题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Aunt Em, badly frightened, threw open the trap door in the floor and climbed down the ladder into the small, dark hole.”可知，Em姨妈吓坏了，把地板上的活板门打开了，顺着梯子爬进了一个小黑洞中。由此可知，旋风接近时， Em姨妈钻进地板下面的洞中是为了在风暴来临时寻找庇护所。故选B。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“At last she crawled over the swinging floor to her bed, and lay down upon it; and Toto followed and lay down beside her. In spite of the swinging of the house and the crying of the wind, Dorothy soon closed her eyes and fell fast asleep.”可知，最后，她爬过摆动的地板到了床上。Toto跟着她在旁边躺下。尽管房子在摇晃，风声很大，但Dorothy很快还是闭上了眼睛睡着了。由此可知，Dorothy和Toto并没有受到打扰。故选D。
39题详解】
推理判断题。由上一题的分析可知，Dorothy在风暴来临后，并没有慌张而是灵活镇定地应对这场风暴。因此C项能够描述Dorothy。故选C。
【答案】40. B 41. D 42. C
【解析】
这是一篇应用文。主要介绍了改善生活的6个技巧，可以用来解决日常生活中的六种问题。
【40题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“There are few things in life more frustrating than finding yourself with a nice bottle of wine to drink—but no corkscrew. The next time that happens, take out your house keys and drive one of them into the cork at 45-degree angle until it is all the way in. Slowly twist the key around and up, until you are able to hold the cork and pull it out. Cheers!(生活中没有什么比发现自己有一瓶好酒喝，却没有开瓶器更令人沮丧的事情了。下次发生这种情况时，拿出你家钥匙，以45度角把其中一把插进软木塞里，直到它完全插进去。慢慢地旋转钥匙，直到你能够握住软木塞并拔出它。干杯！)”可推知，第四段讲述了如何用钥匙自制开瓶器，故B选项“Entertaining(娱乐)”最适合第四段中的空处。故选B。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“The best way to extend the life of your fruits and vegetables is to set one drawer at low humidity and use it for anything that rots easily, such as peaches and melons. Set the other drawer at high humidity to store thin-skinned or leafy vegetables such as lettuce and fresh herbs.(延长水果和蔬菜寿命的最好方法是把一个抽屉放在湿度较低的地方，放那些容易腐烂的东西，比如桃子和西瓜。另一个抽屉放在高湿度的地方存放薄皮或多叶蔬菜，如生菜和新鲜香草)”可知，D选项“建议把食物分类，并在冰箱里分别储存”正确。故选D。
【42题详解】
主旨大意题。根据标题“6 Tricks to Improve Your Life(改善生活的6个技巧)”结合文章主要介绍了日常生活中六种问题的解决方法，可知，C选项“我们找到了一个解决办法”最适合完成文章标题。故选C。
【答案】43. C 44. A 45. B 46. D
【解析】
这是一篇议论文。文章介绍了“气候突发事件”这个热门词汇。文章通过举例说明，有些人支持这样说，也有一些人反对这样说。结论是现在各国都知道这个问题，但缺少解决问题的实际行动。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。由第四段“Bristol City Council in the UK also declared a climate emergency, yet the city’s mayor subsequently backed expansion of the local airport. Nothing changed on UK streets after parliament declared a climate emergency”可知，英国布里斯托尔市议会宣布气候突发事件，但是城市的市长随后支持扩建当地机场。在国会宣布气候突发事件后应该街上没有任何改变。举的例子都是有气候突发事件，但是人们没有采取任何措施，这使得宣布有气候突发事件没有意义。因此，空白处填”这种不匹配可能会让这个术语变得毫无意义”最合适。故选C项。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。由第五段“Mike Hulme at the University of Cambridge argues against the phrase because it implies “time-limited radical(激进的)” action could end the emergency, when climate change is actually a “new condition of human existence.”可知，剑桥大学的Mike Hulme反对这种表达，因为当气候变化实际上是一个人类存在的新条件时，它暗示的是有时间限制的激进行为可以结束突发事件；由第五段“HUlme included, also fear the language may cause counterproductive responses.”可知，HUlme总结说，担心这种语言会导致适得其反的反应。从Mike Hulme的话可以看出，他认为说提出climate change这个说法前，要充分考虑，不然可能适得其反。所A“在行动前气候变化需要深思熟虑。”是对的。故选A项。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。由倒数第二段“Getting politicians to adopt the language will also be crucial to holding them to tough policy decisions later,”可知让政客们采纳这种语言，对让他们之后坚持严格的政策决定会很重要。由此可以看出，可以采取严厉的政策来处理气候变化问题，这个表达可以被用来支持气候突发事件这个说法。故选B项。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。由最后一段“The phrase’s widespread adoption isn’t a problem. The lack of action equivalent to such language is.”可知，这个短语被广泛采用不是问题。缺乏与这样的表达对等的行动才是问题。由此可以看出，作者对其后突发事件这个表达的态度是有正面的也有否定的，是客观的（objective）。故选D项。

上海市致远高级中学2020-2021学年高二上学期期末教学评估英语试题
【答案】36. C 37. D 38. A 39. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国发布加香型电子烟禁令的原因以及对吸电子烟的人尤其是青少年以及电子烟行业和香烟行业的影响，同时作者也表达了自己对禁令和电子烟的看法。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Responding to an outbreak of hundreds of serious lung illnesses from vapes(电子烟)that killed a seventh person this week, FDA(食物药品监管局)will outlaw everything but tobacco-flavored-cigarettes...(由于电子烟造成的严重的肺病爆发，这个周内造成了7人死亡，作为回应，FDA宣布除了烟草味的烟，其余的烟都是不合法的)”由此可知，就是因为由于电子烟造成的死于肺病的人的增加，才有了对电子烟的禁令，故选C。

【37题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中“The proposed ban on flavored e-cigarettes may drive many Americans back to cigarettes(对有香味电子烟的禁令可能使美国人开始吸香烟)”以及根据第二段中“But hundreds of thousands of teens already addicted to nicotine-and 9 million adults who vape--may simply replace vaping with tobacco products.(但是成千上万对尼古丁上瘾的青少年以及900万吸电子烟的成年人只会用烟草产品取代电子烟。)”由此可知，如果对电子烟的禁令生效，那么这些人会用烟草产品，那么烟草工业会更兴盛，烟草业可能会重拾昔日的辉煌，故选D。
【38题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段“Vaping giants like Juul need to be honest about the fact that they’re in the nicotine business, and monitor themselves accordingly. They should spend billions ensuring that stores don’t sell to minors instead of touting the "scientific conclusion"that e-cigarettes are safer than smoking.(像Juul这样的电子烟大企业要知道他们也是尼古丁产业，也要依照禁令监督自己。他们应该花钱来确保商店不向未成年人出售电子烟，而不是tout电子烟比吸烟更安全这个“科学论断”。)”结合选项，可知，作为电子烟企业，在没有禁令之前，在宣传自己产品时，会“推销”电子烟比吸烟更安全这个“科学论断”，“touting”意思是推销，故选A。
【39题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中“By banning favored vapes the government may be "closing the shed door after the horse has gotten out."(禁止香味电子烟，政府就像“马出来后关上棚门”)”可知作者认为这个禁令没有意义。再结合第三段中“Nobody vapes "because the flavor is so amazing," said David Marcus in The Federalist com.That's why the ban is so clueless( David Marcus在The Federalist网站上说，没有人吸电子烟是因为它不错的味道。这是禁令毫无根据的原因。)”可知作者认为禁令毫无根据。以及最后一段中“Instead of banning flavors, the government "should empower the FDA to fully regulate the industry.(与其禁止带香味的电子烟，政府不如授权给FDA来全面地规范这个行业。)”综合可推断作者对禁令是不赞同的态度，故选B。
【答案】40. C 41. B 42. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍的是让人感兴趣的家庭戏剧。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章小标题“Native Country of the Heart”下的“Mexican-born Elvira Moraga, who picked cotton in California at 11, sold cigarettes in Tijuana at 14, and never learned to read, became the heart and soul of a large extended family. Here, she’s a character too resonant to be merely emblematic.”可知，埃尔维拉·莫拉加出生于墨西哥，11岁时在加利福尼亚摘棉花，14岁时在提华纳卖香烟，从未学会阅读，却成为了一个大家庭的核心和灵魂。在这里，她是一个太有共鸣的角色，而不仅仅是象征性的。由此可知，这本书涉及到一个个人的家庭悲剧。故选C。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章小标题“Ask Again, Yes”下的“In 1973 New York City, two rookie cops forge a friendship that shapes the lives of the Irish-American families they raise side by side in a nearby suburb. Because each chapter is told from a new perspective, we come to know almost every member of those families”可知，1973年的纽约，两个新警察在附近的郊区建立了友谊，这友谊塑造了他们共同抚养的爱尔兰裔美国家庭的生活。因为每一章都是从一个新的视角讲述的，所以我们几乎了解了这些家庭的每一个成员。由此可知，Ask Again, Yes描述的是爱尔兰人的生活方式。故选B。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章的题目“Also of interest…in family dramas”可知，文章主要介绍的书都是家庭剧，即它们属于同一类型的文学作品。故选B。
【答案】43. B 44. A 45. C 46. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。本文阐述了二十多种澳大利亚哺乳动物已经被野猫灭绝了，并且，野猫还在威胁着当地哺乳动物的生命。南威尔士大学的亚历山德拉·罗斯经过试验发现，哺乳动物可以被训练来躲避捕食者。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“More than a score of Australian rare mammals have been killed by wild cats. These predator, which arrived with European settlers,still threaten native wildlife (超过二十种澳大利亚稀有哺乳动物被野猫杀死。这些捕食者是随欧洲殖民者抵达的，它们仍然威胁着当地的野生动物)”可知，超过二十种澳大利亚稀有哺乳动物被野猫杀死，并且这些捕食者仍然威胁着当地的野生动物。因此，从第一段可以了解到在澳大利亚，野猫杀之不尽。故选B项。
【44题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第二段“Many Australian mammals, though not actually extinct, are restricted to fragments of cat-free habitat. (很多澳大利亚哺乳动物，虽然并没有灭绝，却被限制在没有猫的栖息地内)”可知，划线词所在句子的意思是“但这将使这些被迫移民者回到猫科动物的视野中，这是问题产生的根源”，其中“forced migrants”指的是限于某些地区的澳大利亚哺乳动物。故选A项。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“As a control, she raised a nearly identical population in a similar enclosure without the cats.(作为对照，她在一个类似的围场里饲养了几乎相同数量的兔耳袋狸，但里边没有野猫)”可知，作为对照，第二个围栏和第一个围栏有相似的自然环境，只是里面没有野猫。因此，前两个围栏有相似的自然环境。故选C项。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“The outcome was that the training worked. Over the subsequent 40 days ten of the untrained animals were eaten by cats, but only four of the trained ones.(结果是训练奏效了。在随后的40天里，十只未经培训的动物被猫吃掉了，而经过培训的动物只有四只被猫吃掉)”可知，实验发现，与没有经过训练的袋狸鼠比起来，训练过的袋狸鼠更能够躲避被夜猫吃掉，即袋狸数可以被训练避开捕食者。故选D项。

上海市七宝中学2020-2021学年高二上学期期末英语试卷
Reading 76---86 CBC DACB DBDC
上海市复旦大学附属中学2020-2021学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题
67—74 B A C D A C C B

2020-2021学年上海市市西中学高二期末试卷
52-54 CBBA
55-59 CDDB