2019版英语高三一轮复习系列江苏专用文档：第二部分语法核心突破第十一课时 学案

第十一课时　主谓一致和特殊句式[感 悟 高 考]1.It was when I got back to my apartment ________ I first came across my new neighbors.(2017·天津卷)A.who   B.where  C.which   D.that答案　D　[句意：当我回到我的公寓的时候，我首先遇见了我的新邻居。根据关键词It was开头，后面连词首选that，构成强调句型，但需要验证，本句中去掉It was和that，句意完整，所以确定是强调句型。故选D。]2.The publication of Great Expectations, which ________ both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.(2017· 江苏卷)A.is   B.are  C.was   D.were答案　C　[先行词是The publication Great Expectations，是书名，看作单数，所以定语从句的谓语也要使用单数形式；根据“strengthened”可知，说的是过去，故选C。句意：《远大前程》的出版获得了广泛的认可和高度的赞扬，这坐实了狄更斯作为前沿小说家的地位。]3.Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ________ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.(2017·天津卷)A.regard   B.is regardedC.are regarded   D.regards答案　B　[句意：现在骑自行车，慢跑和游泳被认为是最全面的锻炼方式之一。根据动词短语regard...as...把……看做……和句意确定应该用被动语态，排除A和D，再根据主语部分是由介词短语along with连接的三个动名词做主语，谓语动词应该与along with前面的名词相一致，即用单数，排除C，故选B。]4.You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel ________the coach picks up tourists.(2016·天津卷)A.who   B.which  C.where   D.that答案　D　[句意：你等错地方了，长途客车是在旅馆接游客的。分析句子结构可知，此处是一个对地点状语进行强调的强调句型，故用that。][要 点 精 析]一、语法一致原则1. 动名词、动词不定式、主语从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in the world.爱和被爱是这个世界上最大的幸福。2. 主语后接介词短语或其他插入语，如with，together with，as well as，along with，besides，but，except，including，rather than等，谓语动词的人称和数与主语的人称和数保持一致。My father，together with his workmates，has been to Beijing.我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京。3. and，both...and...连接两个不同的主语，谓语动词用复数形式，但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词需用单数形式。A famous writer and poet is to give a talk.一位著名的作家兼诗人将要作一次报告。4. 定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。在“it＋be＋被强调部分＋that/who...”强调句型中，be一般用单数形式。如果强调的是主语，that/who后的谓语动词由被强调的主语决定。It is I who am going to be a pilot.是我将成为一名飞行员。Anyone who has questions to ask，please come to my office this afternoon.有问题要问的人，今天下午到我办公室来。5. “more than one/many a＋单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；each，every，no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall.许多课桌和凳子将被搬出大厅。Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.每个男生和女生都希望参加周日的聚会。二、意义一致原则1. 集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family，class，team，group，public，committee，government，audience等。The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。The class are doing experiments.全班学生都在做实验。2.“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义：all，some，half，most，the rest等作主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。70 percent of the surface of our planet is covered by water.我们星球的表面百分之七十都被水覆盖着。3.“the＋形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.病人已被治愈，失踪的人也都找到了。4.a quantity of后既可接不可数名词，也可接可数名词复数；谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义。quantities of后无论是可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。With more and more forests being destroyed，a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year.→With more and more forests being destroyed，quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.随着越来越多的森林被砍伐，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。5.“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，意为“许多”；“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，意为“……的数量”。A number of students have gone for an outing.许多学生去远足了。The number of the students is increasing year after year.学生的数量逐年增加。6.表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.对于一个男孩来说，3 000 美元是一笔大数目。三、就近一致原则1.当or，nor，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...，not...but...等连接并列主语时，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music.不仅学生而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐。Neither his parents nor he himself is a bank clerk.他父母和他本人都不是银行职员。2.在here，there置于句首的倒装句中，当主语不止一个时，谓语动词通常与其邻近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。There stands the teaching building between the two rows of trees.教学楼在两排树之间。There is a pencil and two pens in the pencil-box.→There are two pens and a pencil in the pencil-box.文具盒内有一支铅笔和两支钢笔。一、完全倒装完全倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。这种结构须满足四个条件：1.here, there, out, then, thus等副词置于句首2.谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run, rush等表示来去或状态的动词3.主语是名词不能是代词4.谓语动词的时态是一般现在时或一般过去时Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机底下窜出一枚导弹。二、部分倒装部分倒装是将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词提至主语之前。这种结构有下列情况：1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, in no way, not until..., hardly/scarcely...when, no sooner...than等。Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她刚出门，就有个学生来访。2.so, neither, nor位于句首时句子用部分倒装。在以so, nor, neither开头的倒装句中，so用于肯定句，表示“也一样，也这样”；nor, neither用于否定句，表示“同样也不，也不这样”。Tom can speak French.So can Jack.汤姆会讲法语，杰克也会。If you don’t go，neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。3.only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。Only in this way can you learn English well.只有用这种方式，你才能学好英语。4.其他部分倒装。(1)“so...that”句型中的so位于句首时，需倒装。So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他很害怕，动也不敢动。(2)在虚拟语气条件句中，可将if省略，把were, had, should移到主语之前。Were I you, I would try it again.我是你的话，就再试一次。(3)as作为“虽然，尽管”讲，引导让步状语从句时，要用倒装结构，把状语、表语或动词原形提前，通常as可以换成though。Much as he liked the story book, he donated it to the charity.虽然他非常喜欢这本故事书，他还是把它捐给了慈善机构。Try as he might，he can do nothing about the present situation.尽管他会努力，但他对当前的局势也无能为力。[名师点津](1)当not until引出主从复合句且位于句首时，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意：如否定词不在句首则不倒装。Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.直到孩子睡着，妈妈才离开房间。(2)当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构，意为“的确如此”。Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.汤姆邀我去踢球，我去了。1.英语中常用的强调句型的结构为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。其中，被强调部分通常是句子的主语、宾语或状语。要注意的是that/who后面句中的谓语动词的人称和数要与被强调部分保持一致。It was the culture, rather than the language, that made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.是文化而不是语言使他很难适应国外的新环境。(强调主语)2.句型变换。(1)一般疑问句形式为“Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分？”Was it because Jack came late for school that Mr Smith got angry?是因为杰克上课迟到让史密斯先生生气的吗？(2)特殊疑问句形式为“特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that＋其他部分？”When was it that he made up his mind to take this course?他是什么时候决定选修这门课程的？(3)含有not...until 结构的强调句式为“It is/was not until ＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分”。It is not until you’ve finished your homework that you are allowed to go out.直到你把作业做完才准出去。[名师点津]　若强调谓语，要在谓语动词前加do/does/did，这种强调只适用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定句。The scientist did devote all his life to his research work.这位科学家的确把他的一生献给了研究工作。1.祈使句的基本用法祈使句用来表达说话人的请求、命令、建议、劝告等。祈使句的主语一般为第二人称(通常省略)，有时也可用everybody, someone, anybody等不定代词。2.祈使句表示假设的情况(1)“祈使句＋and＋陈述句(一般将来时)”。①名词词组＋and＋陈述句名词词组中通常含有more, another, further, earlier等词。One step further and you’ll fall down.再多走一步，你就会摔倒。Just a little more patience and we’ll look into it soon.再耐心点儿，我们很快就会调查此事。②祈使句＋破折号＋陈述句Try some of this juice—perhaps you’ll like it.尝尝这种果汁，也许你会喜欢它的。(2)“祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句”，相当于“if...not＋主句”。Hurry up or we’ll be late for the meeting.＝If we don’t hurry up, we’ll be late for the meeting.快点儿，不然我们开会就迟到了。[名师点津]　祈使句后的反意疑问句不表示反问，而表示一种语气。其结构为：·肯定祈使句，＋will/won’t you?·否定祈使句，＋will you?·Let us...，＋will you?·Let’s...，＋shall we?Close the window，will/won’t you?关上窗户，好吗？Let’s go to the bookstore, shall we?我们去书店，好吗？一、英语中一些固定的省略结构1.在以if, when, though, as if(好像)等连词引导的状语从句中，若从句中的主语与主句中的主语一致且谓语动词是be，常将从句中的主语和动词be省略。Whenever possible，he will come to my help.他一有可能就来帮助我。While cycling，don’t forget the traffic lights.骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。2.由固定词组引导的疑问句。What about having a game of chess?下盘棋怎么样？How come they left you alone here?他们怎么会把你一个人留在这里呢？What if it’s raining?如果天下雨怎么办？Why not try again?为什么不再试试呢？二、与不定式相关的省略1.通常为了避免重复，在联系密切的语境中，作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式常省略，只保留不定式符号to。She went teaching because she wanted to (go teaching).她去教书，因为她想去。2.如果不定式符号to后面是be时，要保留be。如果不定式用了完成时，要保留到助动词have。The city now is much noisier than it used to be.这个城市现在比过去喧闹多了。3.如果不定式作表语，用于解释do的内容，to也常可省略。What I did was (to) lay the table.我所要做的是摆桌子。[解 题 策 略]1.分清主语、找准谓语法做主谓一致的题目时，由于在句子中，有一些主语容易受到别的词的影响，往往造成一些理解上的错误，如主语后面接with, together with，along with，but，as well as等短语时，谓语应与前面的名词保持一致，记住：谓语动词的单复词要和主语中的中心词一致。(1)Listening to loud music at rock concerts ________ caused hearing loss in some teenagers.A.is   B.are  C.has   D.have答案　C　[动名词短语作主语，句子的谓语动词用单数形式，由此排除B、D两项，根据主语与caused的主动关系，排除A项。](2)Such poets as Shakespeare ________widely read，of whose works，however，some ________ difficult to understand.A.are；are   B.is；isC.are；is   D.is；are答案　A　[主句中的主语应为poets，谓语动词用复数，其后的非限制性定语从句的主语应为some of whose works，谓语动词也应是复数。故选A。]2.还原法一般说来，对于一些特殊的句型，我们可以把它还原为正常的句型，如把倒装句还原为陈述句等等。(1)At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River ________，one of the ten largest cities in China.A.lies Chongqing   B.Chongqing liesC.does lie Chongqing   D.does Chongqing lie答案　A　[分析句子结构得知，此处将地点状语提前且主语为名词，故句子需用完全倒装形式，所以选A项。](2)—Is everyone here?—Not yet...Look，there ________ the rest of our guests!A.come   B.comesC.is coming   D.are coming答案　A　[本句中there放在句首，句子采用了倒装句式，谓语动词的单复数应该根据句子的主语the rest of our guests来判断，故答案为A。]3.结构分析法在一些试题中要注意区别一些特殊的句型，如倒装句、强调句、反意疑问句、祈使句等。(1)It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village ________ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.A.where   B.that  C.when   D.which答案　B　[本题为强调句型，符合it was＋被强调部分＋that...结构。此题迷惑点在于强调部分中含有一个定语从句that she had bought in the village。](2)John’s success has nothing to do with good luck. It is years of hard work ________ has made him what he is today.A.why   B.when  C.which   D.that答案　D　[本题为强调句型，被强调部分为years of hard work，故选D。]4.固定句型判断法在平时的学习中，要掌握各种句型，注意积累一些经典的句型，把它们运用到日常写作中，以达到真正掌握的目的。—English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?—Yes.________ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.A.Know   B.Knowing  C.To know   D.Known答案　A　[根据题干中的and和will就可以判断答案是A。本句是“祈使句＋and/or＋主语＋will...”结构，祈使句表示条件，相当于一个条件句。][针 对 训 练]1.Bach died in 1750，but it was not until the early 19th century ________ his musical gift was fully recognized.(2015·重庆卷)A.while   B.though  C.that   D.after答案　C　[句意：巴赫于1750年去世，但是他的音乐才能一直到19世纪早期才完全被认可。本句是一个强调句型，其基本结构是：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他，本句被强调部分是not until the early 19th century，故选C。]2.Only when Lily walked into the office ________ that she had left the contract at home.(2015·天津卷)A.she realized   B.has she realized C.she has realized   D.did she realize答案　D　[句意：直到莉莉走进办公室时，她才意识到她把合同忘在家里了。“only＋状语从句”位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。根据时间状语when Lily walked into the office可知要用一般过去时。故答案为D。]3.It might have saved me some trouble ________ the schedule.(2015·江苏卷)A.did I know   B.have I knownC.do I know   D.had I known答案　D　[句意：要是早知道时间表的话，可能会省去我一些麻烦。由句意和might have saved可知，句子用了虚拟语气。本句表示与过去事实相反的情况，故从句谓语用had known。if引导的非真实条件句中含有were，had，should时，可将它们提到主语之前，并将if省略。]4.Video games can be a poor influence if ________ in the wrong hands.(2015·湖南卷)A.to leave   B.leavingC.leave   D.left答案　D　[句意：如果落在不合适的人的手中，电子游戏就会有一个很坏的影响。leave的逻辑主语是video games，主语video games与leave之间是被动关系，故用过去分词。if left...是状语从句的省略。]5.________ the nurses want a pay increase，they want reduced hours as well.(大纲卷)A.Not do only   B.Do not only C.Only not do   D.Not only do答案　D　[句意：护士们不仅要求提高工资，还要求缩短工作时间。not only在句首引起句子时，该句用部分倒装，其结构为not only do/will/can etc.，因此D项正确。]6.________，they couldn’t make her change her mind.A.Hard as they tried   B.Tried hard as theyC.As they tried hard   D.They tried as hard答案　A　[句意：尽管他们尽力了，但他们还是没能让她改变主意。as引导让步状语从句时，采用部分倒装的形式，故选A。]7.The director was fully convinced that this moving story，if ________for television，would be a hit.A.adapted   B.being adapted C.to be adapted   D.having been adapted答案　A　[此处为条件状语从句中的省略，省略了主语及系动词，补全后为if it was adapted for television，故选A。]8.Don’t press the red button，________you will set off the alarm.A.but   B.or  C.so   D.and答案　B　[句意：不要按红色按钮，不然警报就会拉响。在固定句式“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”中，祈使句相当于一个条件句，符合该条件就会有后面的结果，就用连词and；不符合该条件就不会有后面的结果，就用连词or。故B项正确。]9.Then________，each waiting for the other to let the cat out of the bag.A.did the silence come  B.came the silenceC.the silence coming   D.the silence came答案　B　[在题干中，副词“Then”位于句首时，句子应使用全部倒装结构，由此可排除未使用倒装的C、D两项；A项为部分倒装形式，也可排除；B项为全部倒装结构。]10.It was not the word you said ________ angered Mr.Zhang，but ________ you said it.A.that；how   B.which；whatC.that；that   D.which；why答案　A　[句意：不是你说的话激怒了张老师，而是你说话的方式(激怒了他)。第一空填“that”，与It was构成强调句型；第二空填how表方式，在此引导名词性从句。]11.You should be fully prepared before going walking in the mountain.Above all，________plenty of drinking water with you.A.to bring   B.broughtC.bringing   D.bring答案　D　[句意：去山里散步之前你应该做好充分的准备。最重要的是要带足够多的饮用水。分析句子结构及语境可知后一句缺少谓语，故选D。]12.To my great surprise, there at the door ________ trembling in wet clothes.A.stood a girl   B.a girl stoodC.did a girl stand   D.had a girl stood答案　A　[句意：让我很吃惊的是，门口站着一个正在颤抖的女孩，衣服湿透了。介词短语置于句首，且句子主语为名词时，句子要用全部倒装，即介词短语＋谓语＋主语。故选A。]13.Hardly ________ on the stage when the audience rose and cheered.A.had the singer appearedB.did the singer appearC.was the singer appearedD.appeared the singer答案　A　[hardly...when...表示“一……就……”，hardly为表否定意义的副词，位于句首时句子使用部分倒装；在hardly...when...结构中，主句一般用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。故此处应将had提前，A项正确。]14.When we ________ a mistake, we must correct it fully, openly, and as quickly as possible.A.do make   B.don’t makeC.making   D.not making答案　A　[句意：当我们的确犯错误时，我们必须尽快地、公开地并完全地改正它。在谓语动词前面加助动词do/does/did，表示强调。]15.All the scientific evidence ________that increasing use of chemicals in farming ________ damaging our health.A.show；are   B.shows；areC.show；is   D.shows；is答案　D　[句意：所有的科学证据表明：农业方面越来越多的使用化学物质正在损害着我们的健康。主语是evidence “证据(不可数名词)”，所以谓语动词应用单数式shows，宾语从句的主语是use “使用(不可数名词)”，所以要用is。]16.The basketball coach, as well as his team，________ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.A.were   B.was  C.is   D.are答案　B　[as well as放在作主语的名词或代词后边，动词要与主语取得一致，故谓语动词用单数形式，且由语境确定B项正确。]