2020高考英语大一轮精讲练人教版讲义：5.1



[话题单词]
1．analyse vt. 分析
2．measure v． 测量
3．observe v． 观测，观察
4．explore v． 探索
5．solve vt. 解决
6．simplify vt. 简化
7．equip vt. 装备，配备
8．create v． 创造
9．invent vt. 发明
10．inspire v． 鼓舞，启示
11．research v． 研究
12．curious adj. 好奇的
13．accurate adj. 精确的
14．radioactive adj. 放射性的
15．digital adj. 数字的，数码的
[话题短语]
1．apply to适用于，运用
2．make progress in某方面取得进步
3．succeed in doing sth.成功做某事
4．put one's heart into致力于……
5．work hard at努力做……
6．decide/be determined to do决定做
7．mean/intend/plan to do打算/计划做
8．make great contributions to...为……做出巨大贡献
9．one of the best/most important...最好的/最重要的……之一
10．have a good command/knowledge of精通
11．lay a good/solid foundation in ...在……奠定牢固的基础
12．send up another man－made satellite发射另一颗人造卫星
13．send up a manned spaceship发射载人飞船
14．show an early interest in...很早就开始对……感兴趣
15．put one's heart into/be devoted into/be absorbed in
专心于，致力于
[话题佳句]
1．Knowledge is power.
知识就是力量。
2．He planned to go abroad for further studies.
他计划出国深造。
3．Great work is performed not by strength but by perseverance.
完成伟大的事业不在于体力，而在于坚韧不拔的毅力。
4．In conclusion，on the way to success，one should bring his patience and perseverance.
总之，在成功的道路上，一个人需要有耐心和毅力。
5．Every one should devote himself to building our motherland into a strong country.
每个人应该为把我们祖国建设成为一个强大的国家而奉献自己的力量。
[佳作背诵]
未来家用机器人
社会发展到了2050年，照顾老年人成了一个突出的社会问题。你公司顺应社会需求适时推出了家用机器人。请你根据以下内容写一个发言稿，在新闻发布会上向大家推荐你公司的这一新产品。
该机器人的主要功能有：
1．可以在固定的时间做饭，做饭时间可以根据个人需要进行调整；
2．可以陪老人聊天、下棋、做运动等；
3．及时处理突发事件，例如在老人突然病倒时及时拨打呼救电话等。
注意：1.词数不少于100；
2．内容可适当发挥，注意行文连贯。
参考词汇：突出的，显著的prominent
Ladies and gentlemen，
Thank you for attending our company's news conference.As you know，with the development of economy，people have to face various pressures.They don't have enough time to attend to the old people in their families，which has become a prominent social problem.To solve this problem，our company put out the household robot，which is designed to take care of old people.
It can cook meals at a fixed time which can be adjusted according to individual needs.It can also accompany old people in having a chat，playing chess，and doing exercise.Moreover，it can deal with emergencies.For example，if an old man falls ill suddenly，the robot will call doctors for help.
It would be a great help for you if you own such a robot.
Thank you.

识记·思考·运用
1．核心单词
①attend vt.照顾；护理；出席；参加
②cure n．&vt.治愈；痊愈；治疗
③handle n．&vt.柄；把手；处理；操纵
④absorb vt.吸收；吸引；使专心
⑤suspect vt.&n.认为；怀疑；被怀疑者；嫌疑犯
⑥blame vt.&n.责备；谴责；过失；责备
⑦expose vt.暴露；揭露；使曝光→exposed adj.无遮蔽的；无保护的；风险高的
⑧analyse vt.分析 → analysis n．分析
⑨conclude vt.&vi.结束；推断出；conclusion n．结论；结束
⑩pollute vt.污染；弄脏 →pollution n．污染
⑪instruct vt.命令；指示；教导 instruction n．教授；传授→ instructions n．用法；说明
⑫contribute vt.&vi.捐献；贡献；→contribution n．贡献
2．阅读单词
①pump vt. 用泵抽水
②data n．资料，数据
③enquiry n．询问
④link v. 连接； 联系
⑤spin v. (使)旋转；纺(线或纱)
⑥germ n．细菌
⑦defeat vt. 击败；战胜
⑧chart n．图表；航海图
⑨universe n．宇宙
⑩foresee vt.预见；预知
⑪movement n. 运动， 活动
⑫victim n．牺牲者；受害者
⑬positive adj.积极的；肯定的
⑭firework n. 焰火
⑮co-operative adj.合作的
⑯severe adv.严重的；严厉的；严格的；严肃的
⑰cautious adj.谨慎的→caution n．谨慎
⑱announce vt.宣布；通告→announcement n．通知；宣告
⑲reject vt. 拒绝；不接受；抛弃→rejection n．拒绝；抛弃
⑳enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的→enthusiasm n．热情
challenge n．&vt.挑战→challenging adj.困难的；挑战性的
scientific adj.科学的→science n．科学→scientist n．科学家
characteristic adj. 典型的，独特的→character n．性格；特色；人物 → characterize vt.以...为特色；具有．..的特性
physics n．物理学→physical adj.物理的；身体的→ physicist n．物理学家→ physician n．医生；内科医师
creative adj. 有创造力的；独创的→create vt. 创造；创立→creation n．创造；创造物
responsible adj. 有责任的；负责的 → responsibility n. 责任；职责
用上面所给单词的适当形式填空
1．That year，I attended (attend)a seminar where we were asked to create a project that would touch the world.
2．Instead of blaming(blame)the child who had broken the vase，she gave him a tolerant smile and let him go.
3．In the end the idea almost leads them to the same conclusion(conclude)．
4．After he was cured (cure)of the cancer，he lived a normal life.
5．Not knowing what was wrong with his car，Tom decided to send for an experienced man to handle (handle)the problem.
6．These soldiers were put in prison because they rejected obeying(obey)orders.
7．To our surprise，many rivers and lakes nearby are seriously polluted (pollute)．
8．When I came in，he was absorbed(absorb)in reading a new novel.
9．We're not saying that everyone needs to contribute(contribute)their lives to the poor.
10．The young player was defeated(defeat)by his partner in the game，but he didn't lose heart.

1．后缀－sion构成的抽象名词集锦
①admission准许进入；承认
②conclusion结论；结束
③confusion混乱
④expression词组；表达式
⑤oppression压迫；压制
⑥permission允许
⑦profession职业；专业
⑧revision修正；复习
2．后缀－ment构成的抽象名词一览
①development发展
②disappointment失望
③excitement兴奋
④improvement改进，改良
⑤movement运动
⑥settlement定居点
⑦treatment对待，待遇
⑧judgment判断
3．“熟练的”归纳
①expert adj.熟练的；内行的
②skillful adj.熟练的；灵巧的
③skilled adj.熟练的；有技能的
④experienced adj.熟练的；有经验的
4．以-ic结尾的常见形容词
(1)characteristic 特有的；独特的
(2)scientific科学的
(3)enthusiastic热情的；热心的
(4)energetic精力充沛的
(5)fantastic极好的
5．含fore-前缀的单词面面观
①forehead n． 额头
②forearm n． 前臂
③forecast vt. 预报
④foresee vt. 预见
⑤foreword n． 前言
⑥foretell v． 预言；预示
识记·思考·运用
1．动词＋副词(介词)
①put forward 提出；将……提前
②expose...to 使显露；暴露
③link...to 将……和……联系或连接起来
④lead...to 通向，导致
⑤look into 调查；窥视
2．其他形式
①draw/reach/come to/arrive at a conclusion得出结论
②apart from 除……之外；此外
③(be)strict with...对……严格要求的
④make sense讲得通；有意义
⑤be enthusiastic about 对……热情
⑥cure sb. of治好某人的……
用左栏所给短语的适当形式填空
1．We'll look into the matter first before coming to a decision.
2．It does not make sense to buy that expensive coat when these are cheaper.
3．He is easy to get along with.Apart from that，he is a determined boy.
4．She is kind，but she is strict with my study.
5．The television camera was linked to a computer.
6．From what is said above，we can draw a conclusion that computers are more a blessing than a disaster.

1．“动词＋n.＋to”必备短语集锦
①add...to增添；增加
②compare...to把……比作
③devote...to把……专用于；贡献给
④expose...to使显露；暴露
⑤link...to...将……和……联系或连接起来
⑥supply...to供应给
2．“除……之外”必备短语一览
①apart from/aside from除……之外，根据上下文的不同，可以分别相当于besides，except或except for。
②in addition to除……之外(还，也)，常与also，more，other等连用。
③except for除……以外，其后所跟的词往往与前面的不是同一类的，是指整体中除去的一个细节或某一方面。
在解读中学懂，在仿写中学通
背原句
学句型
练仿写
1.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.
人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。
neither...nor...连接两个并列的句子成分。
我妻子和我本人都没能说服女儿改变主意。
Neither my wife nor I myself was able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.
2.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.
所以每次爆发霍乱时，都有成千上万惊恐的人病死。
every time作连词用，引导时间状语从句。
每次我去看她时，她都全神贯注于研究工作。
Every time I went to see her，she was absorbed in her research work.
3.Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.
只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
“only＋状语(从句)”位于句首时后面的主句需用部分倒装。
只要你有目标而且持之以恒地去追求，那么你的梦想就能实现。
Only if you have a goal and go for it with perseverance can your dreams be achieved.
3500词汇语境篇——先练后背，事半功倍
A Strange Disease
When the construction of the firework factory came to the stage of painting，a pump was put in.Then，all the painters in the neighbourhood were defeated by a 1.severe(severely) disease 2.whose characteristic was alike to that of a bad burn.
An expert physician 3.was instructed(instruct) to attend to the victims and handle this case.He was enthusiastic，but he didn't foresee that it was 4. a hard challenge.After simple enquiry，he announced that the 5polluted(pollute) paint was to blame.But 6.without positive evidence，people suspected and rejected his view，saying the theory he put forward made no sense.Being much more strict with himself，he 7.contributed(contribute) himself to the case.Apart from making enquiries，he made detailed charts and analyzed the data 8.cautiously(cautious) .Finally，he drew a 9.scientific(science) conclusion，linking the disease to the radium in the pump.Exposed to radium，a kind of radioactive material in the universe，people absorbed radiation and got sick immediately.
Spinning the pump backward，he took away the radium.This simple movement cured all the 10.victims(victim)．


conclude vt.&vi.结束；推断出
(教材原句)Draw a conclusion.得出结论。
拓展词：conclusion n．结论；推论
(1)conclude
conclude sth.
to conclude最后
(2)draw/reach/arrive at/come to/lead to a conclusion得出结论
come to the conclusion that...所得结论是……
in conclusion最后
(1)In conclusion，I would like to express my thanks to everyone (thank everyone) who has helped us.最后，我要感谢所有帮助过我们的人。
(2)语境活用
Jack said he could conclude from Jane's expression that Jane had stolen his money.But everyone knew Jack always came to a conclusion(conclude)without any evidence to support his conclusion(conclude)．In conclusion(conclude)，nobody was likely to believe Jane was a thief.
杰克说他能从简的表情断定简偷了他的钱。但是每个人都知道杰克总是没有任何证据地得出结论来支持他的推论。最后，没有人愿意相信简是个贼。
(3)写作能力提升
从以上讨论可以得出两个结论。
①Two conclusions can be drawn from the above discussion.(被动语态)
②There are two conclusions to be drawn from the above discussion.(不定式作定语)
attend vt.照顾；护理；出席；参加；上学
(教材原句)John Snow was a famous doctor in London—so expert，indeed，that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。
拓展词：attendance n．出席，参加；上学；到场
attendant n．服务员，侍者，侍从，随从；护理者
attend a lecture/a meeting/a conference/school/class/church/party听讲座/出席会议/上学/上课/做礼拜/参加聚会
attend to处理；照顾
attend on/upon sb.伺候/照顾某人
(1)That holiday morning I didn't have to attend(attend) school.
那个假日的早上，我不必去上学。
(2)写出下列句子中黑体词的含义
①Attend to your work and stop talking.专心
②The nurses were attending to the injured man.照顾，护理
③He took a short leave of absence to attend to personal business.处理
④Mind yourself，face forward and attend to the teacher！倾听
(3)单句语法填空
①—Would you like to join us in the game?
—I'm afraid not，for I have something important to attend(attend)to.
②You must attend to your work.
③You have missed several attendances(attend)this term.




expose v．使置身于危险中；暴露；揭露；使曝光
(教材原句)But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.但他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。
拓展词：exposed adj.暴露的；无遮蔽的
exposure n．显露；暴露；揭露；曝光
expose...to使显露；暴露
be exposed to暴露于……，处于……危险中
expose sth.to sb.向某人揭发某事
expose sb.to sth.使某人接触到某物，使面临，使遭受
(1)He smiled suddenly，exposing(expose) a set of amazingly white teeth.他突然微笑了一下，露出一副雪白的牙齿。
(2)We want to expose the kids to as much art and culture as possible.我们想让孩子尽量多地接受艺术和文化的熏陶。
(3)写作能力提升
Being exposed to the sunlight for too long will be harmful to your skin.
①Exposing yourself to the sunlight for too long will be harmful to your skin.(用动名词短语作主语改写)
②If exposed to the sunlight for too long，you will get your skin harmed.(用if省略句改写)
③Exposed to the sunlight for too long，you will get your skin harmed.(用过去分词作状语改写)
(4)写出句子中黑体词的含义
Schools are again exposing children to the classics.使……接触到……




absorb vt.吸收；吸引；使专心
(教材原句)The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二种看法是人们在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。
拓展词：absorbed adj.全神贯注的
absorbing adj.十分吸引人的
absorb/attract/draw one's attention吸引某人的注意
absorb...from...从……中吸收……
absorb...into...把……吸收进……
be absorbed by/into被……吞并/吸引
(be) absorbed in...全神贯注于……
(1)Service work absorbed(absorb) a great number of women who arrived in the cities from the country.
服务业吸纳了很多从农村来到城市的妇女。
(2)When deeply absorbed(absorb) in work，he always forgets all about eating or sleeping.
当专注于工作时，他总是废寝忘食。
[联想记忆]
be absorbed in结构在句中作状语或定语时，常用其过去分词形式absorbed in...。类似的结构还有：be lost in，be caught in，be buried in，be devoted to，be occupied in，be involved in等。
(3)单句语法填空
①Most little shops have been absorbed into/by big businesses.
②After absorbing(absorb)enough water，the plants grow well.
③Absorbed(absorb)in painting，John didn't notice evening approaching.
(4)写作能力提升
汤姆专心于工作，忘记了通知她这件事。
①Tom was so absorbed in his work that he forgot to inform her of it.(absorb)
②So absorbed was Tom in his work that he forgot to inform her of it.(用so...that...的倒装句)
③Absorbed in his work，Tom forgot to inform her of it.(用过去分词短语作状语)
contribute vt.& vi.捐献；贡献；捐助
(教材原句)—to contribute捐献
拓展词：contribution n．捐款；捐献；贡献；投送的稿件
(1)contribute...to...向……捐献……
contribute to有助于；导致；为……作贡献；为……捐款；向……投稿
(2)make a contribution/contributions to对……作出贡献；为……捐款
(1)Positive emotions not only contribute to our success，but(also)contribute to our well-being.积极情绪不仅有助于我们的成功，还有助于我们的健康。
[联想记忆]
表示“引起，导致；有助于”的词语有：contribute to，result in，bring about，lead to，cause等。
(2)语境活用
Many people contributed money to the poor boy，which contributed to his returning(return)to school.A writer wrote a story about it and contributed(contribute)it to China Daily.
许多人给这个可怜的小男孩捐了款，这使他重返校园。一位作家写了一篇关于此事的故事并把它投给了《中国日报》。
(3)单句语法填空
(2018·天津卷)3D food printing could probably contribute(contribution) to the solution.





put forward提出；推荐；将……提前；将(钟表)向前拨
(教材原句)Who put forward a theory about black holes？谁提出关于黑洞的理论？
put away把……收拾好；整理；储蓄
put aside把……放到一边；储存；留出
put down放下；写下；记下；镇压
put on穿上；上演
put off推迟；延期
put up搭建；张贴；为……提供住宿
put through接通电话；完成
put out扑灭
put up with容忍；忍受
(1)写出下列句子中黑体词的含义
①My watch was slow，so I put it forward three minutes.把表拨快
②She was put forward as an advanced worker.推荐
③They have put forward the date of the meeting by three days.将……提前
(2)用put相关短语的适当形式填空。
①Why we decided to put off the meeting was that our headmaster hadn't come back from Beijing.
②My parents wanted me to be a doctor，but I couldn't put up with all those years of study.
③Everything taken into consideration，the plan he put forward seems to be workable.
④You are not allowed to put up advertisements on this wall without special permission.
(3)单句语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Whether you’re looking at wallpaper or paint，the time，effort and relative expense put into it are significant.
apart from除……之外，还；此外
(教材原句)Apart from the construction mentioned above，you have also learned the following phrases.
除了以上提到的结构，你也学过下面的词组。
(1)apart from具有下列三层含义：
①相当于besides。指“除……之外，另外还有”，强调“另外还有”；
②相当于except。指“除了……”，表示从整体中除去；
③相当于except for。指“除……外”，是在对某人或物整体上肯定的同时，特别指出其不足之处。
(2)take...apart将……拆开
tell sb./sth.apart分辨出某人/某物
(1)Apart from them，I had no one to talk to.除了他们，没有人和我说话。
(2)I can't tell the twins apart.我区分不开这对双胞胎。
(3)I received nothing except what was due to me.除了我应得的东西，我并未接受任何东西。
(4)Except for her illnesses，she had had a particularly happy childhood.
除了体弱多病外，她的童年特别幸福。
[易混辨析]　besides/except/except for/apart from/but/in addition
besides
“除了……之外，还有……”，指“在整体中加入一部分”；后接名词，代词，动名词等
except
从所提到的人或事物中除去，即从整体中除去一部分；后可接名词，代词，that/what/when等引导的宾语从句
except
for
表示对整体主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定，起部分修正主要意思的作用；表示非同类事物进行比较；置于句首，表达except的含义
apart
from
既可表示besides，也可以表示except或except for，还可以表示without的意思
but
在意思上相当于except，但常用在不定代词或疑问词后面
in addition
相当于副词besides，表示“另外”；in addition to相当于介词besides
(5)用apart from，except for，except，except that，besides填空
①The club members go there every day except Monday.
②He is a good man except for/apart from his bad temper.
③Your article is good except that there are some spelling mistakes.
④Apart from/Besides the cost，it will take a lot of time.
⑤Apart from/Except for that，everything goes well.
make sense有意义；讲得通
(教材原句)Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.
只有把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能讲得通。
(1)make sense of...理解，明白……
make no sense没道理，没意义
there is no/much sense in doing sth.
做某事没道理(意义)/很有意义
(2)common sense常识
have a sense of...有……感
in a sense在某一方面；就某种意义来说
in no sense决不(放句首句子用部分倒装)
a sense of duty/humor/beauty/direction
责任感/幽默感/美感/方向感
(1)He gets a great sense of fulfillment from his work.
他从工作中获得了极大的成就感。
(2)There's no sense in getting upset about it now.
现在没有必要为这件事烦恼。
(3)单句语法填空
①There is no sense buying(buy) expensive clothes for children，as they soon grow out of them.
②In no sense did he realize he had made such a serious mistake.
(4)写作能力提升
①I have read the material several times，but it just doesn't make any sense to me.
②I have read the material several times，but I just can't make any sense of it.
这个材料我读了几遍了，但就是不明白。
(5)单句语法填空
(2018·浙江卷)Today Dickens' greatness is unchallenged.Removing him from the pantheon(名人堂)of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.

　Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.
人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。
neither...nor...“既不……也不……”，连接句中两个相同的句子成分。连接并列主语时，谓语动词遵循就近一致原则。
遵循“就近原则”的其他并列连词：
either...or...不是……就是……
not only...but also...不仅……而且……
not...but...不是……而是……
(1)Neither you nor I am(be) wrong.你没错，我也没错。
(2)Not only the students but also their teacher is(be) enjoying the film.
不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片，他们的老师也在欣赏。
(3)单句语法填空
①Neither I nor Jane and Mary are (be) tired of having one examination after another.
②Not his words but the expression in his eyes hurts(hurt) my feelings.
(4)写作能力提升
①Henry won't see a film tonight.His girlfriend Helen won't，either.
→Neither Henry nor his girlfriend Helen will see a film tonight.
②The nurses are very kind to the patients；the doctors are very kind to the patients，too.
→Not only the nurses but also the doctors are very kind to the patients.

Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．If you foresee (预测；预见)something，you expect and believe that it will happen.
2．Many cancer victims can be cured (治愈)if the disease is found early enough.
3．If we can defeat (打败)that team，we'll be through to the final.
4．At the end of their meeting，it was announced (宣布) that an agreement had been reached.
5．If you can't handle (处理)the job，I will get someone else to do it.
6．Keller is cautious (谨慎的)about making predictions for the success of the program.
7．The rural environment has a(n) positive (积极的) effect on the children's health.
8．Exposed (暴露)to so many advertisements，we can't help being persuaded to buy something we don't really need
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．The assistant was absorbing in his reading.absorbing→absorbed
2．He exposed the plan in several newspapers.in→to
3．Parents blame them for drop the towel in the bathroom.drop→dropping
4．Parents should attend their children and lend an ear to what they have to say.attend后加to
5．It makes a sense to work on the problem before it gets out of control.去掉a
6．I have pains in my back at every time I catch a cold.去掉 at
7．Only we are united can we solve the problems.only后加if/when
8．His skin is exposing to the sun.exposing→exposed
Ⅲ.教材与语法填空
John Snow，a well－known doctor in London，became 1.inspired(inspire)when he thought about helping ordinary people who 2.were exposed(expose)to cholera，a 3.deadly(dead)disease of his day.Thousands of people died every time there was an outbreak 4.because no one knew the cause of it.John wanted to help solve 5.the problem.
He got interested in two theories 6.explaining(explain)how cholera killed people.He believed in the second theory that suggested that people 7.absorbed (absorb) the disease with their meals.In 1854,8.when another outbreak hit London，he was ready to test the two theories.9.With the help of the map he made，he got a valuable clue about the cause of the disease and was able to announce that the water was 10.to blame (blame)．
Ⅳ.教材与短文改错
There was time when the powerful Christian Church believed God had made the world.It was because that reason that the earth was thought to be the centre of the solar system.Copernicus had thought long and hardly about it and tried to find an answer.But，all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion what the earth was not the centre of the solar system.When he placed a fixed sun at the center of the solar system，the movement of the other planets made the sense.The Christian Church rejects his theory.But her theory is now the basis on that all our ideas of the universe are built.
答案：
There was time when the powerful Christian Church believed God had made the world.It was because that reason that the earth was thought to be the centre of the solar system.Copernicus had thought long and about it and tried to find an answer.，all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion the earth was not the centre of the solar system.When he placed a fixed sun at the center of the solar system，the of the other planets made the sense.The Christian Church his theory.But theory is now the basis on all our ideas of the universe are built.
Ⅴ.话题微写作
1．在历史的长河中，科学家为这个世界做出了巨大的贡献。
2．我认为，科学家就是那些在工作中严格要求自己及专注于他们所从事的每件事的人。
3．科学家都牢记这么一点：一个理论如果无法帮助世人从不可预料的困境中解脱的话，就不能称之为好理论。
4．科学家们耗尽一生的心血，只为找到一个这样的理论。
Throughout history，scientists have made great contributions to the world.In my opinion，scientists are those who are strict in their work and are always absorbed in everything they do.Scientists keep it in mind that a theory makes no sense if it can't help the world that is exposed to unexpected dangers.Scientists devote all their life to their research so that they can find such a theory.