2021高三全国统考英语（话题版）一轮学案：第2编专题六名词
展开专题六 名词和冠词
1.(2018·江苏高考，32)Try to understand what's actually happening instead of acting on the ________ (assume) you've made.
答案：assumption 由空前的定冠词the和空后的made可知，这里应填入名词作made的宾语，故答案为assumption。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，66)This switch has decreased ________ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
答案：pollution 谓语动词has decreased后应接名词作宾语，故填pollution。
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ，66)I'm a ________ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
答案：scientist 不定冠词a后应跟单数名词，故填scientist。
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ，69)This development was only possible with the ________ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.
答案：introduction 由空格前的定冠词the可知，其后应接名词作介词with的宾语。
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ，66)She is determined to carry on with her ________ (educate)．
答案：education 形容词性物主代词通常在名词前作定语。由此可知，her后面的空格处应为名词education。
6．(2017·浙江高考，56) Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small ________ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.
答案：carrots 由空格前面的修饰语a handful of “一把……；少量的”可知，后面的名词carrot应用复数形式carrots。
7．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，短文改错)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city.
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答案：city→cities many修饰可数名词复数。
8．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ，短文改错)Since I was a kid, I've considered different job I would like to do.
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答案：job→jobs 形容词different后跟名词的复数形式。
一 可数名词的数
可数名词有单数和复数之分。
(一)名词复数的规则变化
变化规则 | 例词 |
1.一般情况加s | map—maps; girl—girls; house—houses; mouth—mouths |
2.以s, x, sh, ch结尾的加es | class—classes; box—boxes; brush—brushes; match—matches 但是，stomach (胃) 的复数是stomachs; ox (公牛)的复数是oxen |
3.“辅音字母＋y”结尾的变y为i加es | city—cities; country—countries; party—parties; factory—factories 但是，以元音字母＋y结尾的则直接加s，如boy—boys; toy—toys |
4.以o结尾的名词许多加es | tomato—tomatoes; potato—potatoes; zero—zeroes/zeros; hero—heroes; Negro—Negroes; mango—mangoes; volcano—volcanoes/volcanos 但是，注意以下这些以o结尾的名词复数直接加s：radio—radios; zoo—zoos; bamboo—bamboos; piano—pianos; kilo—kilos; photo—photos |
5.以f, fe 结尾的名词，通常变f或fe为v再加es | half—halves; leaf—leaves; shelf—shelves; thief—thieves; wolf—wolves; wife—wives; life—lives; knife—knives 但是也有的直接加s，如roof—roofs; handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves; chief—chiefs |
6.合成名词构成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变成复数 | sonsinlaw女婿； passersby过路人； storytellers讲故事的人； gobetweens中间人；grownups成年人 |
(二)名词复数的不规则变化
变化情况 | 例词 |
1.特殊变化 | child—children; foot—feet; tooth—teeth; mouse—mice; man—men; woman—women 注意：由man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式是men或women，如an Englishman—two Englishmen；但German不是合成词， 故复数形式为Germans |
2.单复数同形 | deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, means, species |
3.集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实际为复数 | people, police, cattle |
4.有些名词的单复数有不同的拼写方法 | 细菌bacterium (单数)—bacteria (复数) 资料、数据datum (单数)—data (复数) 现象phenomenon (单数)—phenomena (复数) |
二 不可数名词
不可数名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词，一般没有单复数之分。
1．常考的不可数名词
advice 建议 | equipment 装备 |
experience 经验(注：作“经历”讲时可数) | exercise 锻炼(注：作“练习；体操”讲时可数) |
fun 开心、快乐的事 | furniture 家具 |
news/information/word 消息，新闻 | baggage/luggage 行李 |
progress 进步 | strength 力量 |
2．抽象名词具体化
抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常见的和常考的有：
单词 | 抽象名词意义 | 具体化名词意义 |
comfort | 安慰；慰藉 | 令人感到安慰的人或事物 |
success | 成功 | 成功的人或事 |
failure | 失败 | 失败的人或事 |
honor | 荣幸 | 令人荣幸的事情 |
pride | 骄傲 | 令人骄傲的事情 |
shock | 震惊 | 令人震惊的事情 |
pleasure | 乐趣 | 令人高兴的事情 |
3．物质名词的复数现象
(1)有些物质名词用复数形式表示与原来不同的事物。
paper (纸)—papers (证件，论文)
custom (风俗习惯)—customs (海关)
arm (胳膊)—arms (武器，装备)
(2)有一些物质名词用复数形式，表示由大量该物质组成的事物。
sand (沙子)—sands (沙滩，沙漠)
water (水)—waters (水域，水体)
time (时间)—times (时代)
wood (木头，木材)—woods (树林)
(3)有些物质名词用复数形式表示不同的种类，如food, wine, metal, fish, vegetable等。
The wines of France are among the best in the world.
三 名词的所有格
1．有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加's。
his father's boss 他爸爸的老板
2．表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等非生命的事物后也可加's表示其所有格。
today's paper 今天的报纸
England's shore 英国的海岸
the car's design 这辆车的设计
We accepted the invitation without a moment's hesitation.
我们毫不犹豫地接受了邀请。
3．在某些习惯用语中，所有格也需要加's。
for friendship's sake 为了友情
a stone's throw 一箭之遥
at arm's length 保持距离；在伸手可及处
at one's wits' end 黔驴技穷
4．无生命的名词，借用of表示所属关系。
the window of the room 这个房间的窗户
5．如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加's，如果不是共有的则两个名词后都要加's。
Jane and Mary's mother 简和玛丽的妈妈(共有，暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系)
Jane's and Mary's mothers 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈(不是共有，分别指两位妈妈)
6．双重所有格：“a/two/some ...＋名词＋of＋名词's/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格，“of＋名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。
a friend of her mother's 她妈妈的一个朋友
two photos of hers 她的两张照片
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2019·广东省深圳市高三月考)At any ________ (discuss) of a job offer, money can be a deal breaker.
答案：discussion 根据前面的介词at和后面的介词of可知，空格处应该是名词，故填discussion。
2．Though I said I wasn't going to do it, my ________ (foot) carried me toward the pool.
答案：feet foot是可数名词，且没有被冠词修饰，故用其复数形式feet。
3．This was the first time I had left ________ (England) shore.
答案：England's 表示无生命的名词后也可以加's，表示其所有格。
4．It's still a useful and pleasant form of ________ (communicate)．
答案：communication 介词of之后要用名词， a form of communication “一种沟通方式”。
5．We had better keep them at ________ (arm) length.
答案：arm's at arm's length “保持距离”。
6．(2019·安徽省合肥市高三调研性检测)We make a lot of ________ (guess) about almost everything.
答案：guesses a lot of修饰可数名词复数或者不可数名词，而此处guess是可数名词，故填guesses。
7．There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some ________ (think) and then let me know.
答案：thought 句意：现在没必要告诉我你的答案。认真考虑，然后告诉我。some后应跟名词，thought “思索，考虑”。
8．Only a few dollars can help to fill a ________ (child) hungry stomach.
答案：child's 此处表示“仅仅几美元就能帮助一个孩子不挨饿”，空后是名词stomach，提示词是child，空前是不定冠词a，故用child的所有格形式。
9．Vitamin A is found in liver and green ________ (vegetable)．
答案：vegetables 这里表示蔬菜的种类，故用复数。
10．There are some iron ________ (work) near the river.
答案：works work在这里表示“工厂”，是可数名词，故用其复数形式works。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．“Reading for pleasure” plays a more important role in one's grow than one's family background.
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答案：grow→growth 由后文的one's family background可知前面的one's后应是名词growth。
2. As a witness, he gave the police a vivid descriptions of the accident.
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答案：descriptions→description description “描述，描写”，give sb. a description为固定短语，意为“向某人作描述”。
3．You can't legally take possessions of the property until three weeks after the contract is signed.
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答案：possessions→possession take possession of “拥有，占有”，固定搭配。
4. The students with hobbies left school with many extra skill.
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答案：skill→skills 由many修饰可数名词复数可知应用skills。
5．Several friends of me together with me will visit our former teachers before the Double Ninth Festival.
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答案：第一个me→mine 此处表示“我的几个朋友”，应用“n.＋of＋名词性物主代词”结构。
