2020届新高考英语二轮教师用书：第四讲　特殊句式和主谓一致

第四讲　特殊句式和主谓一致

[考纲解读·定方向]

    特殊句式在高考语法填空和短文改错中考查较少，但是作为语法中的一个重点和难点，我们应在备考中给予足够的重视。特殊句式的重要性主要体现在书面表达之中，它们基本上都是高级句式，它们的应用对于提升文章的档次起着举足轻重的作用。

　　　特殊句式的解题技法

　　　　　铭记句式结构(强调句型)

[实例体验]

1．(2017·天津卷)It was when I got back to my apartment ________ I first came across my new neighbors.

解析：that　[此处是“It is/was...that...”强调句式，强调的是when引导的时间状语从句，故填that。]

2．(2016·天津卷)You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel ________ the coach picks up tourists.

解析：that　[分析句子结构可知，本句为强调句型。at the hotel是被强调部分，缺少强调句式中的that，故填that。]

3．(2020·湖北四地七校联考)However，like so many other things，it is only too much stress ________ does you harm.

解析：that　[句意：但是，像很多其他的事情一样，只有太多的压力才会伤害到你。去掉it is及设空处，句子结构和意义仍然完整，因此此句为强调句，其基本句型为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他”。本句被强调的部分为事物。故填that。]

4．(2020·湖北襄阳四校联考)Although it was ten years ago ________ I read the book，it shows me a universal truth that books are friends，always pushing us to move on.

解析：that　[分析句子结构可知，本句为强调句型，强调时间状语，故填that。]

5．(2020·湖北荆门调研)It wasn't until in high school ________ I began to trust other people again.

解析：that　[句意：直到上了高中我才开始再次信任别人。本句考查强调句型“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分”，且强调时间状语，故填that。]

6．(2020·江西樟树中学等六校联考)In that way，World Read Aloud Day ________ (do) help make a difference.

解析：does　[句意：通过那种方式，世界大声读书日的确帮助产生了影响。本句主语为World Read Aloud Day，设空处后的谓语动词是动词原形help，根据提示词do可知本题考查强调。do/does/did放在实义动词前表示强调。因主语为单数第三人称，故填does。]

7．(2020·福州模拟)And ________ is tai chi that has helped her understand the value of “going slowly”．

解析：it　[分析句子结构可知，本句为强调句型，故填it。]

[重点强化]

一、强调句式的常用结构

1．强调句的基本句型是“It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语或状语等。

2．强调句的特殊句式

二、强调谓语动词

强调谓语动词时，要在所强调的谓语动词前加助动词do，does或did。

The family did manage to send him to a technical school.

家里的人的确设法让他上了一所技术学校。

注意：被强调的是时间、地点或原因状语时，一律用that。

　　　　　倒装原则要记牢(倒装句)

[实例体验]

1．(2020·四川部分名校联测)At the top of the hill ________ (lie) an old cottage which has a wonderful view of the whole city.

解析：lies　[当介词短语置于句首时，句子应用完全倒装，去除修饰部分which has a wonderful view of the whole city后，还原成正常语序为：An old cottage ________ (lie) at the top of the hill.句意：山顶上坐落着一间能一览全城美景的古老小屋。结合定语从句的时态可以判断，此处应用一般现在时，故填lies。]

2．(天津卷)Only after Mary read her composition the second time ________ she notice the spelling mistake.

解析：did　[当only修饰的时间状语位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装，且由本句时态可知应用一般过去时，故填did。句子还原为正常语序为：Mary noticed the spelling mistake only after she read her composition the second time.]

3．(2019·烟台二模)So necessary ________ I found it to learn about my kid's schoolwork that I will visit his teachers next week.

解析：have　[考查so...that倒装句式，正常语序为I have found it so necessary to learn about my kid's schoolwork that I will visit his teachers next week.]

4．(2020·临沂月考)Not a single word ________ he say when he was asked，which made his parents angry.

解析：did　[否定副词not位于句首时，句子要用部分倒装，由when he was asked 可知应填助动词did。]

5．(2020·崇州模拟)Hardly ________ she gone out when a student came to visit her.

解析：had　[此题考查hardly...when句式，该句式主句应用过去完成时。]

[重点强化]

1．不要把全部倒装误用作部分倒装

(1)当表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首时，句子用全部倒装。

(2)当作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词置于句首时，句子用全部倒装。

(3)直接引语置于句首时，句子也用全部倒装。

2．不要把部分倒装误用作全部倒装

(1)当否定词以及由no构成的否定短语置于句首时，用部分倒装。

(2)当“only＋状语(从句)”置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。

(3)在so/such...that...句式中，当“so＋形容词/副词”或“such＋名词”位于句首时，其后的句子用部分倒装。

(4)当as/though表示“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句时用部分倒装。(though引导的让步状语从句也可以不倒装)

(5)在含有had/were/should的if虚拟条件句中，可以省略if，将had/were/should放在主语前，构成部分倒装。

(6)当表示前面所说的肯定(或否定)情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“so(或neither/nor)＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语”，表示“……也是(或也不)……”。

　　　　　牢记there be句型及其他结构

[实例体验]

1．(2019·郑州模拟)________ is no doubt that keeping an English diary helps you a lot with written English.

解析：There　[此题考查固定句型There is no doubt that...意为“毫无疑问……”。]

2．(2018·北京卷改编)In any unsafe situation，simply ________ (press) the button and a highly­trained agent will get you the help you need.

解析：press　[考查固定句型。句意：在任何不安全的情况下，只要按下按钮，一个训练有素的代理人就会给你你需要的帮助。分析句子结构可知，此处为祈使句，所以用动词原形。]

3．There is a house near the river.There lives a man in the house and there ________ (be) a lot of fish in the river.

解析：are　[此处表示河里有很多鱼。fish指的是鱼不是鱼肉，fish单复数同形，故谓语动词用复数are。]

4．(浙江卷)There are some health problems that，when ________ (not treat) in time，can become bigger ones later on.

解析：not treated　[本题考查省略句的用法。完整的句子应该是．..when they are not treated in time，...。]

[重点强化]

There be及其他特殊结构

1．There be结构

There be/stands/lies/lives...；There is no need/doubt/possibility/sense/point...等。

2．there be 句型be 动词的单复数

要根据就近一致原则确定be的单复数，there be句型不要误用作there have。

3．状语从句的省略

当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致或从句的主语为it，且从句谓语动词含有be动词时，可省略状语从句的主语和be动词。

4．if条件句的省略

用so或not代替上文内容，此时可用“if so/not”省略句式。其他类似结构还有if ever，if any，if possible等。

5．祈使句

勿把动词原形用作非谓语动词。

6．感叹句

由what和how引导感叹句。

[考纲解读·定方向]

    在英语中，句子谓语动词的形式应与句子的主语在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致主要分为语法一致、意义一致以及就近、就远一致三种。近年来高考对主谓一致的考查主要集中在语法一致和意义一致上，并且常常将主谓一致与动词的时态和语态结合起来进行综合考查。

　　　　　　　语法一致、意义一致、就近、就远一致

原则解决主谓一致

[实例体验]

1．(2017·浙江卷11月)This isn't as hard as it ________ (sound)，and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while reading an interesting piece of literature.

解析：sounds　[考查主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，本句中第二个as引导从句，从句中it是主语，且根据上文的isn't和全文时态可知，此处应用一般现在时，故填sounds。]

2．(2020·湖北七市联考)A red rose，rather than yellow roses，________ (act) as the traditional romantic gift given to your love on Valentine's Day.

解析：acts　[考查时态及主谓一致。本段描述的都是客观情况，故应用一般现在时；句子的主语是A red rose，而不是rather than后的yellow roses，所以谓语动词应该用单数形式，故填acts。]

3．(2020·郑州第一次质量预测)In general，preparing for new debate topics usually ________ (include) brainstorming arguments，researching a resolution(解决)，and doing debate practice.

解析：includes　[考查主谓一致。本句中主语为preparing for new debate topics，是动名词短语，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。]

4．(2020·太原阶段测评)Furthermore，the amount of sleep ________ (change) greatly over the past 15 years.

解析：has changed　[考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的时间状语“over the past 15 years”可知，此处应用现在完成时，且该句的主语是“the amount of sleep”，故谓语动词用单数形式。]

5．(2019·河北五个一名校联盟二模)In that way you can find articles just about anything that ________ (be) related to the science fields you are interested in.

解析：is　[考查主谓一致。关系代词that指代的是先行词anything，并在从句中作主语，再结合全文的时态可知，应填is。]

[重点强化]

1．可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

2．在定语从句中，关系代词that，who，which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。

3．非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。但what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。

4．就近原则：由either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。

5．就远原则：主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，but，except，along with，rather than等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。

[小题夯基练]

单句语法填空

1. They celebrate Christmas here，and there are obviously displays in shops and Christmas markets，but ________ seem to be no signs of Christmas adverts.

解析：there　[句意：他们在这里庆祝圣诞节，而且很明显商店和圣诞节市场里有很多展览品，但是似乎没有圣诞广告的迹象。考查there be句型，be动词可用lie，exist，seem，remain等替代。]

2．I was in trouble in overcoming my addiction to alcohol，and ________ was my friend Mike.

解析：so　[根据句意判断，所填的词要能表达出后一种情况与前面情况相同这一意义，故用so，构成“so＋谓语动词＋主语”这种倒装结构，表示“……也……”。]

3．Only then ________ we realize there was an earthquake.I was too frightened to move.

解析：did　[句意：只有在那时我们才意识到地震发生了。我太害怕了以至于一动不动。“only＋状语”位于句首，后面的句子需要部分倒装。本句介绍的是过去的事情，需用一般过去时，故填did。]

4．One has reason to believe that China's anti­corruption over the past few years，tough ________ it is，has achieved inspiring progress.

解析：as/though　[句意：有理由相信在过去的几年里中国的反腐活动取得了令人鼓舞的成就，虽然该活动很艰难。as/though引导让步状语从句时采用了部分倒装。]

5．Now，just in front of the house ________ (stand)a tall tree with a history of 100 years.

解析：stands　[句意：现在，就在这座房子前面耸立着一棵有100年历史的大树。表示地点的介词短语置于句首，且主语是名词，后面的主语、谓语部分需用全部倒装形式；根据时间状语Now可推知设空处需用一般现在时；本句主语为第三人称单数，故填stands。]

6．More than one doctor ________ (be) involved in the rescue that took place after the earthquake.

解析：was　[句意：许多医生都加入到了震后的营救工作中。“more than one＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。根据从句用一般过去时可知，主句也应用一般过去时。故填was。]

7．The traditional Chinese marriage usually ________ (involve) some necessary procedures，such as match­making，engagement，meeting the bride，and three bows.

解析：involves　[考查主谓一致。根据该句中的usually可知，此处表示经常发生的动作，故用一般现在时；主语The traditional Chinese marriage为第三人称单数，故谓语动词应用单数形式。]

8．While most water towns are in the south，Shandong's Tai' erzhuang stands out in the north.The town ________ (be) on the bank of the Beijing­Hangzhou Grand Canal.

解析：is　[考查时态和主谓一致。该句主语为“The town”，为单数，故谓语动词用单数；该句陈述的是当前的情况，故用一般现在时。句意：这个小城位于京杭大运河的岸边。]

9．In my life，it is music which is extremely important ________ brings me closer to my friends and family.

解析：that　[考查强调句型。此题强调music，which is extremely important为定语从句修饰先行词music。]

10．It's said that not getting enough sleep ________ (lead) to poor judgement，lack of creativity，and even depression.

解析：leads　[从句中主语not getting enough sleep是动名词结构，谓语动词应用单数形式，根据主句的时态可知，此处应用一般现在时，所以填leads。]

[大题提能练]

语法填空——倒装专练

There 1.________(be) a girl named Cinderella whose stepmother had two ugly and lazy daughters.Not only did they get good cares，but also they needed to do nothing.However,2.________ by doing dirty housework could Cinderella get access to food；and seldom could she 3.________ (gain) some rest.Not 4.________ midnight was she allowed to go to bed.Poor 5.________ she was，she was very beautiful.One day，from the palace came 6.________ invitation，saying that the prince would choose his wife.Away went her stepmother and her stepsisters to the palace.Never had Cinderella 7.________ (be) permitted to go with them.“8.________ (be) I a princess，I would live a whole new life！”sighed Cinderella.No sooner had she sat down than a goddess appeared and gave her a smart dress，a cargo as well as horses.But she warned Cinderella that everything would disappear at 12 o'clock.When Cinderella arrived at the party,9.________ attractive was Cinderella that the prince only danced with her.Hardly had the clock stricken twelve when Cinderella began to run，and she left a crystal slipper on the stair.The prince's servant came to Cinderella's to find out the owner of the slipper.Cinderella's elder sister couldn't wear it.10.________ could the other sister.Not a word could anybody say when Cinderella wore the slipper perfectly.From then on she lived happily ever after with her prince.

[语篇解读]　 灰姑娘每天都要做很多家务，而继母和她的女儿则整日欺负灰姑娘，王子举行选妃舞会。灰姑娘在仙女的帮助下，漂漂亮亮地参加了舞会，并最终嫁给了王子。

1．解析：was　[此处是there be句型，主语为a girl，根据文章时态可知用过去时。故填was。]

2．解析：only　[从could Cinderella get这一部分倒装可以推断，前面是“only＋状语(介词短语)”。]

3．解析：gain　[因seldom否定词放句首时，句子需要部分倒装，有情态动词could提到主语前面了，因此gain用动词原形。]

4．解析：until　[not until...置于句首时，用部分倒装。句意是：直到半夜，她才被允许睡觉。]

5．解析：as/though　[因其表语poor提前，故用as/though引导让步状语从句。]

6．解析：an　[作地点状语的介词短语from the palace提前，句子用完全倒装，invitation(请柬)作主语，因其以元音音素开头，故前面用不定冠词an。]

7．解析：been　[因否定词放句首时，句子需要部分倒装；这是过去完成时的被动语态，故填been。]

8．解析：Were　[此处的Were I．..＝If I were...表示与现在事实相反的假设。]

9．解析：so　[so...that...如此……以至于……，是固定句式。“so＋形容词”置于句首，句子用部分倒装。]

10．解析：Neither/Nor　[灰姑娘的一个姐姐不适合，另一个姐姐也不适合，用neither/nor表示前面所述的一件事也不适合另一个人或物。]