高考英语概要写作训练及指导

概要写作[考纲解读]提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。[原题分析]1．原文材料350词以内，概要写作40～80词。2．原文以说明文、议论文为主。3．概要，基本就是段落大意。每段用一句话概括，或者两段一个大意，最多用两句话概括。4．要着重训练自己文章主旨大意和各段段落大意的归纳概括能力。[写作注意事项]1．找关键词和主题句，准确理解、分析原文要点，归纳段落大意。2．各要点的表达要相对独立。3．各要点之间要有适当的衔接。4．句型力求简单，每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词。5．尽量使用短句，慎用长难句。例如，尽量少用关系代词which，who等引导的定语从句，而采用­ing形式和­ed形式作定语。6．多使用概括性词语，少用具体描述性词语。    [概要模板及句型]1．表示文章的内容以及研究目的①This paper is aimed at/covers/mainly deals with...②The article focuses on the topic of...2．表示研究的结论①The result showed that...②The author found that...③It was concluded that...3．表示推荐、观点或建议The author suggests/considers that...Suggestions are made for...实战演练1阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。As most children return to school, many affluent families are choosing to pull their children out of the mainstream education system altogether in favor of having a tutor at home "Around 50 percent of the inquiries we're getting at the moment are for long-term, daily home tutoring," Steve Spriggs, managing director of London-based private tutoring service And, he adds, the trend has grown from families asking for personal tutors to replicate the classroom environment in their own homes. Many families that were making the inquiries for full-time home tutors, Spriggs said, were either travelling so frequently that sending their children to one school was impractical and others did not want their children to go into boarding school. Home tutoring is nothing new, and many tuition firms also offer extra tutoring services to families wanting their children to have a little extra help learning ahead of entrance exams at competitive private schools in the U.K., such as Harrow, St. Pauls or Eton."We always make it clear to parents that we will only offer full-time home schooling for a year though," Spriggs explained. "Any more than a year and children start to lose out on what a school environment can give them, such as social skills and that vital interaction they need – although we try to mitigate that anyway in our home tutoring with sports clubs of museum trips as part of the teaching program."Spriggs said that the costs of hiring a full-time tutor would exceed the fees of a top boarding school, which usually charge around £35,000 ($54,400) a year. Some families employ two full-time tutors, one to cover humanities and the other to cover science and maths. Devising an educational plan for youngsters in these situations is not a quick process, however, taking up to six weeks to plan, Spriggs said, with a tutor being matched to the child to ensure they are compatible.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         参考范文：Home tutoring isn’t rare in society. Some rich families choose full-time tutors because of frequent travelling or because they don’t want their children to go into boarding school.(要点1) Meanwhile, to perform better in entrance exams, some children need extra tutoring services.(要点2) Some tuition firms add some activities to improve the social skills of the children .(要点3) Although the costs of home tutoring are high, some families still employ two full-time tutors to ensure their children can gain balanced development.(要点4)    实战演练2阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing.However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the king of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry Ⅳ，King of France，was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the king ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long­lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea：clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first­time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching  dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               【参考范文】　People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(要点1)For a long time in history，people of some European countries，such as France，believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点2)However，people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点3)However，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4) 附：概要写作评分原则及给分范围一、评分原则1．本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。2．评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。3．词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。4．评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；(3)上下文的连贯性；(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。5．拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。6．如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。二、各档次的给分范围和要求档次描述第五档(21－25)—理解准确，涵盖全部要点。 —能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。—有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。—完全使用自己的语言。第四档(16－20)—理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点。—所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全不影响意义表达。—比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。—有个别整句抄自原文。第三档(11－15)—理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点。—所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达。—应用简单的语句间连接成分，使上下文内容连贯。—出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。第二档(6－10)—理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点。—有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达。—较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性。—出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。第一档(1－5)—没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符。—有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响了意义的表达。—缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯。—多个句子抄自原文。 0分白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。