高考英语二轮-阅读理解之猜测词义题（讲义）（学生版）

这是一份高考英语二轮-阅读理解之猜测词义题（讲义）（学生版），共16页。学案主要包含了考查猜测单词题3，考查猜测短语的含义题6，考查猜测句子的含义题8，考查代词指代的含义题12等内容，欢迎下载使用。
\l "_Tc17226" 01考情透视·目标导航2
02 \l "_Tc18151" 知识导图·思维引航2
\l "_Tc25540" 03考点突破·考向探究3
\l "_Tc20799" 考点一 考查猜测单词题3
【 \l "_Tc19212" 真题研析】3
【 \l "_Tc11164" 核心精讲】3
【 \l "_Tc28075" 命题预测】5
\l "_Tc29041" 考点二 考查猜测短语的含义题6
【 \l "_Tc30789" 真题研析】6
【核心精讲】 \l "_Tc285" 7
\l "_Tc30219" 【命题预测】7
\l "_Tc29325" 考点三 考查猜测句子的含义题8
【 \l "_Tc30789" 真题研析】8
【核心精讲】 \l "_Tc285" 9
\l "_Tc30219" 【命题预测】10
\l "_Tc29325" 考点四 考查代词指代的含义题12
【 \l "_Tc30789" 真题研析】12
【核心精讲】 \l "_Tc285" 12
\l "_Tc30219" 【命题预测】13
阅读理解之猜测词义
考点一 考查猜测单词题
(2023北京卷D篇)
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk's ptential. If researchers can't keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn't be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
3.What des the underlined wrd “prne” in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A.Open. B.Cl. C.Useful. D.Resistant.
如何猜测单词的意思
（1）常见的设问方式：
①What d the underlined wrds “” mean in paragraph 7?
②What des “” underlined in paragraph 3 refer t?
③ The wrd "" in paragraph 2 means _________?
④What d the underlined wrds “” prbably mean?
（2）解题技巧：
一．根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：
①Annealing is a way f making metal sfter by heating it and then letting it cl very slwly.句子给予了annealing一个明确的定义，即“退火”。
②It will be very hard but als very brittle — that is, it will break easily.从that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。
二．根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：
①They traveled a lng way, at last gt t a castle,_a large building in ld times.
同位语部分“a large building in ld times”给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。
②We are n the night_shift — frm midnight t 8 a．m. — this week.
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。
三．根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
“Our parties are aimed fr children 2 t 10，” Anacleri said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense f drama based n a subject.”
文中interactive是由前缀inter­(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。
四．根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
①The lack f mvement caused the muscles t weaken. Smetimes the weakness was permanent. S the player culd never play the sprt again.
从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。
②Mary didn't ntice me when I came int the classrm, because she was cmpletely engrssed in her reading.
从前面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测engrssed的意思为“全神贯注的”。
五．根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。例如：
Hwever, the questin that “mn peple” asked is still an interesting ne. A grwing number f scientists are seriusly thinking abut it.
it指的是月球人(mn peple)所问的问题(the questin)。
六．根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects. Why d we ften assume that mre_is_mre when it cmes t kids and their belngings? The gd news is that I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less.
…
What d the wrds “mre is mre” in paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A．The mre, the better.
B．Enugh is enugh.
C．Mre mney, mre wrries.
D．Earn mre and spend mre.
七．根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
根据上下句的连接词，如but, hwever, therwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：
①A child's birthday party desn't have t be a hassle;_it can be a basket f fun.
从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket f fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。
②She is usually prmpt fr all her class, but tday she arrived in the middle f her first class.
but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.
A new study f dwntwn Chicag shws undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that give ff the heat in the first place. “Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says study authr Rtta Lria, an envirnmental engineer.
Humans aren’t the nly ptentially affected. “Fr a lt f things in the subsurface, it’s kind f ‘ut f sight, ut f mind’,” says Grant Fergusn, a gelgist. But the undergrund wrld is full f creatures that have adapted t subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because f climate change and undergrund urban develpment, scientists are keeping eyes n the ptential implicatins fr undergrund ecsystems.
But the questin f hw undergrund htspts culd affect infrastructure has gne largely unstudied. Because materials expand and cntract with temperature change, Rtta suspected that heat cming frm undergrund culd be cntributing t wear and tear n varius structures. T understand hw undergrund temperature difference has affected the grund’s physical prperties, he used a cmputer mdel t simulate(模拟) the undergrund envirnment frm the 1950s t nw—and then t 2050. He fund that by the middle f this century, sme areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch r settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending n the sil makeup f the area invlved. Thugh these may sund like small displacements, Rtta says they culd cause cracks in the fundatins f sme buildings, causing buildings t fall.
Kathrin Menberg, a gescientist in Germany, says these displacement predictins are far beynd her guesses and culd be linked t the sft, clay-heavy sils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It wuld be a big issue in all cities wrldwide that are built n such material.”
Like climate change abve the surface, undergrund changes ccur gradually. “These effects tk decades t develp,” Fergusn says, adding that increased undergrund temperatures wuld likewise take a lng time t dissipate n their wn. “We culd basically turn everything ff, and it’s ging t remain there, the temperature signal, fr quite a while.”
But Fergusn says this wasted heat energy culd als be reused, presenting an pprtunity t bth cl the subsurface and save n energy csts. Still, this assumptin culd fail as abvegrund climate change cntinues t bst undergrund warming. Hwever slwly, this heat will gather beneath ur feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rtta Lria says. “Maybe we dn’t see it always, but it’s happening.”
30．What des the underlined wrd “dissipate” in Paragraph 6 prbably mean?
A．Shw.B．Stay.C．Develp.D．Disappear.
考点二 考查猜测短语的含义题
（2024 北京卷 C篇）
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive(认知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical(实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
2. What des the phrase “cntingent n” underlined in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Accepted by. B. Determined by.
C. Awakened by. D. Discvered by.
如何猜测短语的含义
（1）常见的设问方式：
①What d the underlined phrase “” mean in paragraph 2?
②Which f the fllwing best explains “” underlined in paragraph 2?
③What d the underlined phrase “” mean in paragraph 3?
④What d the underlined phrase "" refer t in the last paragraph?
（2）解题技巧：
猜测短语题要利用出现短语的上文与其意义上的联系或下文进一步的叙述来猜测它的意思或利用文章中所出现的与短语意思相反的内容来猜测其语意。
Reading Art:Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject—the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists’ representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed (描绘) alne in many settings and pses—absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect(才智), wealth r faith f the subject. Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway，artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks—transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated. Frm a 21stcentury pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. T serve its functin, a bk must be activated by a user: the cver pened, the pages parted, the cntents reviewed, perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined. And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity.
3. What d the underlined wrds “relate t” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand. B. Paint.
C. Seize. D. Transfrm.
考点三 考查猜测句子的含义题
I was fifteen mnths ld, a happy carefree kid until the day fell. It was a bad fall. I landed n a glass rabbit which cut my eye badly enugh t blind it. Trying t save the eye, the dctrs stitched the eyeball tgether where it was cut, leaving a big ugly scar in the middle f my eye. The attempt failed, but my mama, in all f her wisdm, fund a dctr wh knew that if the eye were remved entirely, my face wuld grw up badly twisted, s my scarred, sightless, cludy and gray eye lived n with me. And as I grew, this sightless eye in s many ways cntrlled me.
I walked with my face lking at the flr s peple wuld nt see the ugly me. Smetimes peple, even strangers, asked me embarrassing questins r made hurtful remarks. When the kids played games, I was always the “mnster”. I grew up imagining that peple lked at me in an unusual way, as if my appearance were my fault. I always felt like I was a freak.
Yet mama wuld say t me, at every turn, “Hld yur head up high and face the wrld.” It became a litany that I relied n. She had started when I was yung. She wuld hld me in her arms and strke my hair and say, “If yu hld yur head up high, it will be kay, and peple will see yur beautiful sul.” She cntinued this message whenever I wanted t hide. Thse wrds have meant different things t me ver the years. As a little child, I thught mama meant, “Be careful r yu will fall dwn r bump int smething because yu are nt lking. ”As an adlescent, even thugh I tended t lk dwn t hide my shame, I fund that smetimes when I held my head up high and let peple knw me, they liked me. My mama’s wrds helped me begin t realize that by letting peple lk at my face, I let them recgnize the intelligence and beauty behind bth eyes even if they culdn’t see it n the surface.
In high schl I was successful bth academically and scially. I was even elected class president, but n the inside I still felt like a freak. All I really wanted was t lk like everyne else. When things gt really bad, I wuld cry t my mama and she wuld lk at me with lving eyes and say, “Hld yur head up high and face the wrld. Let them see the beauty that is inside.”
When I met the man wh became my partner fr life, we lked each ther straight in the eye, and he tld me I was beautiful inside and ut. He meant it. My mama’s lve and encuragement were the spark that gave me the cnfidence t vercme my wn dubt. I had faced adversity, encuntered my prblems head n, and learned nt nly t appreciate myself but t have deep cmpassin fr thers.
“Hld yur head up high”, has been heard many times in my hme. Each f my children has felt its invitatin. The gift my mama gave me lives n in anther generatin.
1．As a result f the terrible accident, the writer ________.
A．became deaf and blind.B．had her eye hurt.
C．had sme hearing lss.D．had her eye mved away.
2．By saying “Hld yur head up high and face the wrld”, her mther meant t ________.
A．blame her fr lack f cnfidence.B．warn her f the incnvenience.
C．encurage her in her daily life.D．praise her fr her great curage.
3．The underlined sentence “Each f my children has felt its invitatin.” in the last paragraph means ________.
A．all f the writer’s children grew up with an inviting prspect.
B．Mama’s inspiratinal wrds had deep effects n the writer’s children.
C．each f the writer’s children received their grandma’s invitatin.
D．the writer’s children had n chice but t accept the invitatin.
如何猜测句子的意思
（1）常见的设问方式：
①The underlined part "" in Para. 2 prbably means __________.
②By saying “” in Para. 2, the authr means _______.
③What d the wrds “” in paragraph 1 prbably mean?
④What des the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?
（2）解题技巧
句意理解题通常需要考生理解的是一个具有概括性的句子或是考查考生对谚语、格言警句等的理解，要求考生通过上下文的情景暗示及文章的主题思想来判断句意，只有紧密结合语境，才能既理解相应的字面意思，也理解相应的深层含义。
I’d dne it befre, and s I had n reasn t believe that this time wuld be any different. I was sure that when I returned hme frm my missin trip. As always, I’d bring back nthing mre than sme mud n my bts. A hle r tw in my jeans and, f curse, a lt f great memries.
The summer befre my high schl graduatin, I went t West Virginia with thers as vlunteers t repair the hmes f thse in need. Arriving at ur destinatin, my grup was assigned the task f rebuilding sectins f a hme that had been damaged by fire. N sner had we parked n the hme’s dirt driveway than we saw an excited little girl, n mre than six years ld, standing in the drway f the family’s temprary hme. Sheless and wearing dirty clthes and the biggest smile I’d ever seen, she yelled, “Ma, Ma, they really came!” I didn’t knw it then, but her name was Dakta, and fur mre days wuld pass befre she’d say anther wrd near me.
Behind Dakta was a wman in a wheelchair — her grandmther, we’d sn learn. I als discvered that my jb that week wuld be t help change a fire-damaged dining rm int a bedrm fr this little girl. Over the fllwing days, I nticed Dakta peeking at us every nw and then as we wrked. A few times, I tried talking with her, but she remained shy and distant, always flying arund us like a tiny butterfly but keeping t herself.
By ur fifth and final day, hwever, this was abut t change. Befre I went t wrk n her hme n that last mrning, I spke fr a mment r tw with the grandmther. I was especially pleased when she tld me hw much Dakta lved her new rm — s much. As we talked, I nticed smething I hadn’t seen befre — Dakta was hiding behind her grandmther.
Cautiusly, she stepped int view, and I culd see that just like her clthes, her face was still dirty. But n amunt f sil culd hide thse bright blue eyes and the big smile. She was simply adrable. Slwly, she began walking tward me. It wasn’t until she was just inches away that I nticed the flded piece f paper in her tiny hand. Silently, she reached up and handed it t me. Once unflded, I lked at the drawing she’d made with her brken crayns n the back f an ld clring bk cver. It was f tw girls — ne much taller than the ther — and they were hlding hands. She tld me it was suppsed t be me and her, and n the bttm f the paper were three little wrds that instantly brke my heart. Nw almst in tears, I culdn’t cntrl myself anymre — I bent dwn and hugged her. She hugged me, t. And fr the lngest time, neither f us culd let g.
I left fr hme early the next mrning. I was returning with muddy bts and hles in my jeans. But because f Dakta, I brught back smething else, t — a greater appreciatin fr all r the blessings f my life. I’ll never frget that bareft little butterfly with the big smile and dirty face. I pray that she’ll never frget me either.
1．What did the authr expect befre taking this missin trip?
A．An exciting experience.B．A rutine result.
C．A special memry.D．A surprising change.
2．The underlined part means that the little girl ________.
A．feared t talk with meB．desired t apprach me
C．resisted accepting meD．enjyed meeting me
3．What were prbably written n the bttm f the paper?
A．Enjy yur help.B．Help me, please.
C．Please dn’t leave.D．Hug me clse.
4．What des the passage mainly tell us?
A．One must learn t share life experiences.
B．One ften wants t lead a meaningful life.
C．One shuld be mre grateful fr the gift f life.
D．One ccasinally benefits frm the pverty.
考点四 考查猜测代词的含义题
（2020•新高考Ⅰ卷阅读C•节选）
In the mid-1990s, Tm Bissell taught English as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven mnths, physically brken and having lst his mind. A few years later, still attracted t the cuntry, he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.
His visit, hwever, ended up invlving a lt mre than that．Hence this bk, Chasing the Sea：Lst Amng the Ghsts f Empire in Central Asia, which talks abut a rad trip frm Tashkent t Karakalpakstan, where millins f lives have been destryed by the slw drying up f the sea. It is the stry f an American travelling t a strange land, and f the peple he meets n his way: Rustam, his translatr, a lvely 24-year-ld wh picked up his clrful English in Califrnia, Oleg and Natasha, his hsts in Tashkent, and a string f freign aid wrkers.
9．What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A．Develping a serius mental disease.
B．Taking a guided tur in Central Asia.
C．Wrking as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan.
D．Writing an article abut the Aral Sea.
如何猜测代词的意思
代词指代题——“就近原则”猜代词
在文章中，为了避免语意的重复和啰嗦，常用一些代词指代上文所说的人或事。在平时的学习中，熟悉代词的含义十分重要。在文章的具体语境中常出现的代词有it、this、that、he、them、they、ne、thse等。一般来讲，it/this/that指代一件事；it/he/them/they/ne/thse可指代前面内容提到的人或事。
（1） 猜测代词意思的设问方式
①What des “this” refer t in the secnd paragraph?
②What des the underlined “thse” in paragraph 3 refer t?
③What des “That” underlined in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
（2）解题方法：
“3步法”解题
此类题目要求考生根据语境判断代词(this，that，it，they，them，ne等）究竟指代什么。具体方法：
（1）返回原文，找出指代词(it，they，them，this...).
（2）向上（有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子（就近原则）。
（3）将找到的词、词组或句子代人替换该指代词，看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺，并最终确定最佳答案。
A gadget which makes water ut f air culd becme the greatest husehld inventin since the micrwave.
Using the same technlgy as a dehumidifier (除湿器), the Water Mill is able t create a ready supply f drinking water because it can always get it frm an unlimited surce — the air.
The cmpany behind the machine says nt nly des it ffer an alternative t bttled water in develped cuntries, but it is a slutin fr the millins wh face a daily water shrtage.
The machine wrks by drawing in wet air thrugh a filter (过滤器) and ver a cling instrument which changes it int water drplets. It can prduce up t 12 liters a day. The Water Mill will als prduce mre water when strms pass ver, as the amunt f water which is cntained in the air increases. In keeping with its ec-develpment, the machine uses the same amunt f electricity as three lights.
Inventr Jnathan Ritchey said: “The demand fr water is ff the chart. S peple are lking fr freedm frm water distributin systems that are shaky and unreliable.”
The machine, which is abut 3 feet wide, is likely t cst￡800 when it ges n sale here in the spring. Its maker, Canadian Firm Element Fur, rughly calculates that a liter f water csts arund 20p t prduce.
Envirnmentalists state that half the wrld’s ppulatin will face water shrtage because f climate change by 2080. One in five is said t lack access t safe drinking.
The Water Mill is nt effective in areas where the amunt f water cntained in the air is belw abut 30 percent, but in Britain that wn’t be much f a prblem.
1．What des the underlined wrd “it” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A．Water Mill.B．Inventin.
C．Micrwave.D．Drinking water.
2．What d we learn abut the machine?
A．It absrbs steam and turns it int water.
B．It is very expensive fr families t affrd.
C．It wrks in the same way as micrwaves.
D．It helps t make the water clean t drink.
3．What’s the best title fr the passage?
A．A New Way t Slve Water PrblemB．A Dehumidifier t Prduce Water
C．A Machine t Make Water ut f AirD．An Abslutely New Inventin
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