高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解之词义猜测题（解析版）

这是一份高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解之词义猜测题（解析版），共21页。

根据上下文猜测词义是阅读能力的一部分，也是高考阅读理解测试中重要的一项。要做好这类题目，考生要记住：在完整的语篇中，单词和词组的意义总是受特定的语境、上下文限制的，因此考生可以根据上下文，并利用所掌握的语法、词汇和构词法等知识确定它们的意义。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。
设问方式
By saying that “...” in the first (secnd ...) paragraph, the authr means that ________.
In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by “______”．
The meaning f “...” in Paragraph ... is related t ________.
Which f the fllwing has the clsest meaning t ... (Paragraph ...)？
As is used in Line ..., the wrd “...” refers t ________.
The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph prbably means that ________.

词义猜测题技巧
要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。
一．根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：
①Annealing is a way f making metal sfter by heating it and then letting it cl very slwly.句子给予了annealing一个明确的定义，即“退火”。
②It will be very hard but als very brittle — that is, it will break easily.从that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。
③The herdsman,_wh lks after sheep, earns abut 650 yuan a year.定语从句中lks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。
④The weather in this area is treacherus;_its sudden changes ften endanger the lives f sailrs.分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是treacherus, sudden change与treacherus在语义上相对应，因此含义是“突变的”。
⑤Sme gd readers find it helpful t use their sense t visualize — r picture — what they read.
visualize的意思由破折号后的picture(想象)给出了说明，因此含义为“想象”。
⑥When President Trrijs f Panama met Carter, he tried t give him a friendly abraz (hug)．
abraz对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的hug(拥抱)，我们不难推测abraz也是“拥抱”的意思。
二．根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：
①They traveled a lng way, at last gt t a castle,_a large building in ld times.
同位语部分“a large building in ld times”给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。
②We are n the night_shift — frm midnight t 8 a．m. — this week.
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。
③The “Chunnel”， a tunnel (隧道) cnnecting England and France, is nw cmplete.
此句中“a tunnel (隧道) cnnecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位语。因此，Chunnel指的就是英法之间的海底隧道。
三．根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
①“Our parties are aimed fr children 2 t 10，” Anacleri said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense f drama based n a subject.”
文中interactive是由前缀inter­(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。
②Perhaps, we can see sme pssibilities fr next fifty years. But the next hundred?
pssibility是pssible的同根名词，据此可以判断pssibility的意思是“可能性”。
四．根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
①The lack f mvement caused the muscles t weaken. Smetimes the weakness was permanent. S the player culd never play the sprt again.
从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。
②Mary didn't ntice me when I came int the classrm, because she was cmpletely engrssed in her reading.
从前面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测engrssed的意思为“全神贯注的”。
③Our visin was bscured by the trees, s we culdn't see the lake frm ur windw.
由后面的结果culdn't see(看不见)可知，我们的视线被树遮挡住(bscured)了。
五．根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。例如：
①Like Schmid, the editrs f several self­published art magazines als champin (捍卫) fund phtgraphs. One f them,_called simply Fund, was brn ne snwy night in Chicag, when Davy Rthbard returned t his car t find under his wiper (雨刷) an angry nte intended fr smene else：“Why's yur car HERE at HER place？”
them指的是前面出现的self­published art magazines。
②Hwever, the questin that “mn peple” asked is still an interesting ne. A grwing number f scientists are seriusly thinking abut it.
it指的是月球人(mn peple)所问的问题(the questin)。
六．根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects. Why d we ften assume that mre_is_mre when it cmes t kids and their belngings? The gd news is that I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less.
…
32．What d the wrds “mre is mre” in paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A．The mre, the better.
B．Enugh is enugh.
C．Mre mney, mre wrries.
D．Earn mre and spend mre.
[分析] 根据该段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects.”可知，作者认为成年人都理解物质过剩的那种感觉，后面又用反问句提出了问题：但是，说到孩子们和他们的物品，我们为什么通常又认定mre is mre呢？由此推知，这里的 mre is mre与前面的 flded with为近义呼应，指“越多越好”。故选A。
七．根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
根据上下句的连接词，如but, hwever, therwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：
①A child's birthday party desn't have t be a hassle;_it can be a basket f fun.
从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket f fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。
②She is usually prmpt fr all her class, but tday she arrived in the middle f her first class.
but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
③The players in the Wrld Cup are prfessinals, while thse wh play in the Olympics must be amateurs.
由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出amateurs是prfessinals(专业人士)的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。
例1-2024北京，C
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive(认知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical(实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
2. What des the phrase “cntingent n” underlined in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Accepted by. B. Determined by.
C. Awakened by. D. Discvered by.
2. B推测词义题。根据画线短语所在句 “If empirical experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries.”可知，如果实证经验无法揭示现实，那么推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于概念和文字。此处that引导定语从句，指代cncepts and wrds，作主语；根据画线短语后的ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries可知，此处指推理所依赖的这些概念和文字由我们的社会、文化和心理学的历史决定。由此可推知，cntingent n意为“取决于”，与 B 项意思相近。 故正确答案为B。
例2-2023北京，D
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk's ptential. If researchers can't keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn't be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
3.What des the underlined wrd “prne” in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A.Open. B.Cl. C.Useful. D.Resistant.
3. A推测词义题。根据画线词所在句中的“Jhnsn able t understand”可推知，借助未知的心理，量子计算的某些东西使它特别容易被炒作，由此推知这里的“prne”就是“pen”的意思。
例3-2021北京，C
The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld’s mst technlgically advanced natins. Nt very lng ag, it was als unthinkable that a virus wuld shut dwn natins and that safety nets wuld be prven s disastrusly lacking in flexibility.
1.What des the underlined wrd “germane” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A.Scientific.B.Credible.C.Original.D.Relevant.
1. D推测词义题。根据画线单词所在句子可知，即使是在世界上技术最发达的国家，大流行病和经济危机仍未得到控制，在这种情况下，呼吁公众参与到这些以前无法想象会发生的事情中去是尤为重要的。relevant“有重大关系的，相关的”。
（建议用时：40分钟）
一
（2024·北京海淀·二模）The idea that aging reduces adults’ ability t imagine, a cmmn theme in children’s literature, is cntradicted by psychlgical research. While children are ften prtrayed as mre imaginative, research indicates that adults nt nly keep this ability but smetimes surpass children in imaginative thinking.
Children are frequently celebrated fr bundless imaginatin. Yet, research reveals that their make-believe games ften center arund realistic scenaris, such as cking and cleaning, as demnstrated in a 2020 study published in Jurnal f Cgnitin and Develpment. Anther study, lasting fr fur decades, als suggests that children are nt naturally mre imaginative than adults; their limitatins result frm a lack f knwledge and expertise t effectively use their imaginative capacity as adults.
Imaginatin may have evlved fr cnsidering alternatives t reality, but we use it mst naturally t explre clse alternatives, like preparing a different meal, rather than far alternatives, like riding n cluds. When we use imaginatin t envisin far alternatives — t innvate r invent — we’re nt digging int an inbrn appreciatin f the extrardinary; we’re using a tl designed t explre the rdinary. When cnsidering alternatives t reality, we fix ur attentin n pssibilities that are physically reasnable, statistically prbable, scially cnventinal and mrally permissible. When tld abut pssibilities that vilate such regularities, we usually deny they culd happen. Generally speaking, ur ideas abut what culd happen are firmly rted in what we expect t happen.
This mindset is als particularly apparent in yung children. In a 2018 study I c-designed with psychlgist Jnathan Phillips, 4-year-lds were asked t help a distressed girl wh disliked ging t schl due t missing her mther. Amng all the slutins given, they perceived the nly pssible slutin was fr her mther t d smething special after schl t ease her cncerns. Unexpected alternatives, such as snapping fingers and making it Saturday, wearing pajamas t schl r lying abut schl being clsed, were all regarded impssible. Frm this, we can cnclude that children’s earliest intuitins (直觉力) abut pssibility cnfuse what culd happen with what shuld happen.
Histrically, the imprbable event f traveling faster than a hrse was cnsidered impssible, as was traveling by air r traveling int space. Befre the arrival f trains and planes, there were gd reasns t think that peple culd travel nly s far and nly s fast. But these reasns were empirical (经验主义的), nt lgical. Imaginatin, n its wn, lumps the imprbable with the impssible, but we can cmbine imaginatin with ther abilities — namely, knwledge and reflectin — t separate the tw. While imaginatin in children ften subjects t expectatin, adults can cntrl their imaginative capacity fr innvatin by integrating it with accumulated knwledge and reflective thinking.
31．Accrding t the first tw paragraphs, we knw that _________.
A．children develp imaginatin thrugh games
B．children face limitatins in acquiring knwledge
C．adults are as gd as children in imaginative thinking
D．adults’ imaginative ability is likely t stay cnstant with age
32．We can infer frm the passage that _________.
A．expectatin results frm imaginative capacity
B．certain practical cncerns can limit imaginatin
C．breaking regularities may lead t clse alternatives
D．far alternatives are mre imprtant than clse alternatives
33．The 2018 study shws that children _________.
A．came up with a wide range f alternativesB．were quicker t figure ut slutins
C．tk what shuld happen as pssibilitiesD．used imaginatin in a reasnable way
34．The underlined wrd “lumps” in the last paragraph prbably means _________.
A．mixB．matchC．cmpareD．replace
【答案】31．D 32．B 33．C 34．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。这篇短文主要指出心理学研究反驳了老年人想象力下降的观点，实际上成年人在某些方面可能比儿童更有想象力。研究表明，儿童的想象游戏通常围绕现实场景，并非天生比成人更具想象力，而是受限于知识和经验。人们倾向于用想象力探索与现实相近的可能性，而非遥远的不切实际的事物。研究还显示，儿童对可能性的理解容易与期望混淆。最后，文章强调成人可以通过结合知识和反思来控制想象力，从而进行创新。
31．推理判断题。由第一段中“While children are ften prtrayed as mre imaginative, research indicates that adults nt nly keep this ability but smetimes surpass children in imaginative thinking. (虽然儿童通常被描绘成更有想象力，但研究表明，成年人不仅保持了这种能力，而且有时在想象力思维方面超过了儿童)”和第二段中“Anther study, lasting fr fur decades, als suggests that children are nt naturally mre imaginative than adults (另一项持续四十年的研究也表明，儿童天生并不比成年人更有想象力)”可知，儿童天生并不比成年人更有想象力，人成年后也更有想象力，成年人不仅保持了这种能力，而且有时在想象力思维方面超过了儿童，可得出成年人的想象力可能会随着年龄的增长而保持不变。故选D项。
32．推理判断题。由第三段中“When we use imaginatin t envisin far alternatives — t innvate r invent — we’re nt digging int an inbrn appreciatin f the extrardinary; we’re using a tl designed t explre the rdinary. When cnsidering alternatives t reality, we fix ur attentin n pssibilities that are physically reasnable, statistically prbable, scially cnventinal and mrally permissible. When tld abut pssibilities that vilate such regularities, we usually deny they culd happen. Generally speaking, ur ideas abut what culd happen are firmly rted in what we expect t happen. (当我们用想象力来设想创新或发明的遥远替代方案时，我们并不是在挖掘与生俱来的非凡鉴赏力；我们正在使用一种旨在探索普通事物的工具。在考虑现实的替代方案时，我们将注意力集中在物理上合理、统计上可能、社会传统和道德上允许的可能性上。当被告知违反这种规律的可能性时，我们通常否认它们可能发生。一般来说，我们对可能发生的事情的想法深深植根于我们所期望的事情)”可得出，某些实际问题会限制想象力。故选B项。
33．细节理解题。由第四段中“Frm this, we can cnclude that children’s earliest intuitins (直觉力) abut pssibility cnfuse what culd happen with what shuld happen. (由此，我们可以得出结论，孩子们最早对可能性的直觉混淆了可能发生的事情和应该发生的事情)”可知，2018年的研究表明，儿童把应该发生的事情视为可能。故选C项。
34．词句猜测题。由最后一段中“But these reasns were empirical (经验主义的), nt lgical. Imaginatin, n its wn, lumps the imprbable with the impssible, but we can cmbine imaginatin with ther abilities — namely, knwledge and reflectin — t separate the tw. (但这些原因都是经验的，而非逻辑的。想象力本身就lumps不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现），但我们可以把想象力与其他能力——即知识和反思——结合起来，把两者分开)”可知，but后讲人们可以通过将想象力与其他能力，即知识和反思相结合，将不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现）分开，说明想象力本身会将不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现）混为一谈，划线词lumps意为“混合”。故选A项。
二
【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.
A new study f dwntwn Chicag shws undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that give ff the heat in the first place. “Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says study authr Rtta Lria, an envirnmental engineer.
Humans aren’t the nly ptentially affected. “Fr a lt f things in the subsurface, it’s kind f ‘ut f sight, ut f mind’,” says Grant Fergusn, a gelgist. But the undergrund wrld is full f creatures that have adapted t subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because f climate change and undergrund urban develpment, scientists are keeping eyes n the ptential implicatins fr undergrund ecsystems.
But the questin f hw undergrund htspts culd affect infrastructure has gne largely unstudied. Because materials expand and cntract with temperature change, Rtta suspected that heat cming frm undergrund culd be cntributing t wear and tear n varius structures. T understand hw undergrund temperature difference has affected the grund’s physical prperties, he used a cmputer mdel t simulate(模拟) the undergrund envirnment frm the 1950s t nw—and then t 2050. He fund that by the middle f this century, sme areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch r settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending n the sil makeup f the area invlved. Thugh these may sund like small displacements, Rtta says they culd cause cracks in the fundatins f sme buildings, causing buildings t fall.
Kathrin Menberg, a gescientist in Germany, says these displacement predictins are far beynd her guesses and culd be linked t the sft, clay-heavy sils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It wuld be a big issue in all cities wrldwide that are built n such material.”
Like climate change abve the surface, undergrund changes ccur gradually. “These effects tk decades t develp,” Fergusn says, adding that increased undergrund temperatures wuld likewise take a lng time t dissipate n their wn. “We culd basically turn everything ff, and it’s ging t remain there, the temperature signal, fr quite a while.”
But Fergusn says this wasted heat energy culd als be reused, presenting an pprtunity t bth cl the subsurface and save n energy csts. Still, this assumptin culd fail as abvegrund climate change cntinues t bst undergrund warming. Hwever slwly, this heat will gather beneath ur feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rtta Lria says. “Maybe we dn’t see it always, but it’s happening.”
28．The authr qutes Rtta Lria in Paragraph 2 mainly t _______.
A．make a predictinB．highlight a finding
C．draw a cnclusinD．raise an assumptin
29．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．“Urban heat islands” extend undergrund t spare ecsystems.
B．Surface climate change cntributes t the reuse f undergrund heat.
C．Undergrund temperatures mirrr the grund’s physical characteristics.
D．Buildings may cllapse as a ptential cnsequence f undergrund heat.
30．What des the underlined wrd “dissipate” in Paragraph 6 prbably mean?
A．Shw.B．Stay.C．Develp.D．Disappear.
31．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Undergrund climate change is a silent danger.
B．Humans fail t ntice the dramatic climate change.
C．Cling the subsurface helps cntrl urban heat rises.
D．Researching undergrund heat helps save n energy csts.
【答案】28．B 29．D 30．D 31．A
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了城市的热量正在向地下传播，这会影响到一些地面建筑材料，且这种变化是不易察觉的，是一种无声的危险。
28．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.(城市的街道和屋顶都会吸收热量，这使得一些城市地区比农村地区更热。随着城市热量向下传播，这些“城市热岛”也会在地下发展，地铁轨道和其他地下基础设施也会不断向周围的地球辐射热量)”说明城市热量在向地下发展，第二段““Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says study authr Rtta Lria, an envirnmental engineer.(“在没有人意识到的情况下，芝加哥市中心正在变形，”研究报告的作者、环境工程师罗塔·洛里亚说)”引用Rtta Lria的话突出了这一发现。故选B。
29．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Because materials expand and cntract with temperature change, Rtta suspected that heat cming frm undergrund culd be cntributing t wear and tear n varius structures.(由于材料会随着温度的变化而膨胀和收缩，罗塔怀疑来自地下的热量可能会导致各种结构的磨损)”及“He fund that by the middle f this century, sme areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch r settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending n the sil makeup f the area invlved. Thugh these may sund like small displacements, Rtta says they culd cause cracks in the fundatins f sme buildings, causing buildings t fall.(他发现，到本世纪中叶，一些地区可能会向上抬升0.50英寸或下沉0.32英寸，这取决于该地区的土壤构成。虽然这些听起来像是很小的位移，但罗塔说，它们可能会导致一些建筑物的地基出现裂缝，导致建筑物倒塌)”可知，地下热量的潜在后果是建筑物可能倒塌。故选D。
30．词义猜测题。根据划线词前文“adding that increased undergrund temperatures wuld likewise take a lng time t(他补充说，地下温度的升高同样需要很长时间才能)”及后文“We culd basically turn everything ff, and it’s ging t remain there, the temperature signal, fr quite a while.(我们基本上可以把所有的东西都关掉，温度信号会在那里停留很长一段时间)”可推知，关掉开关，也不会导致地下温度升高立即消失，因此，地下温度升高需要很长时间才能消失，划线词与disappear意思一致。故选D。
31．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.(城市的街道和屋顶都会吸收热量，这使得一些城市地区比农村地区更热。随着城市热量向下传播，这些“城市热岛”也会在地下发展，地铁轨道和其他地下基础设施也会不断向周围的地球辐射热量)”及第二段“A new study f dwntwn Chicag shws undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that give ff the heat in the first place.(一项针对芝加哥市中心的新研究表明，地下热点可能会威胁到最初散发热量的相同结构)”结合最后一段““It’s like climate change,” Rtta Lria says. “Maybe we dn’t see it always, but it’s happening.”(“这就像气候变化，”罗塔·洛里亚说。“也许我们并不总是看到这种情况，但它正在发生。”)”可知，本文介绍了城市的热量正在向地下传播，这会影响到一些地面建筑材料，且这种变化是不易察觉的，因此，作者想要告诉我们“地下气候变化是一种无声的危险”。故选A。
三
【2024年北京市房山区高三一模】A gd meal has a psitive impact n ne’s md. Thse wh feast n Christmas buffet almst enjy an immediate rise in their bld sugar. That will prmpt a fld f chemicals that act as happy hrmnes t rush thrugh their brains.
But the pleasure ges deeper. Tyrsine and tryptphan are needed fr the prductin, respectively, f dpamine, a neurtransmitter (神经传递素) that cntrls feelings f pleasure and reward, and sertnin, anther such, which helps regulate md. And cranberries are high in vitamin C, which is invlved in cnverting dpamine t nradrenaline, anther neurtransmitter, and a lack f which seems t be assciated with depressin.
With mental-health disrders rising, a grwing number f scientists are investigating hw fd r nutritinal supplements affect the mind. But separating the brain’s nutritinal needs frm thse f the rest f the bdy is difficult. Nt pssible fr nw, at least. And, cmpared with ther fields, nutritinal science is understudied. That is partly because it is hard t d well. Randmised cntrlled trials (rcts), used t test drugs, are tricky. Few peple want t stick t an experimental diet fr years. Instead, mst nutritinal science is based n bservatinal studies that try t establish assciatins between particular fds r nutrients and diseases. They cannt be used t definitively prve a causal ( 因 果 关 系 的 ) cnnectin between a disease and a particular cntributing factr in a diet. But as with smking and lung cancer, put tgether enugh f these kinds f trials and causal narratives begin t emerge.
It is nw clear that sme diets are particularly gd fr the brain. One recent study cncludes that sticking t the “Mediterranean diet”, high in vegetables, fruit, pulses and whlegrains, lw in red and prcessed meats and saturated fats, decreases the chances f experiencing strkes, cgnitive impairment and depressin. Other recent wrk lking at a “green” Mediterranean diet high in plyphenls fund it reduced age-related brain atrphy. Anther versin, the mind diet, emphasises, amng ther things, eating berries ver ther kinds f fruit and seems t lessen the risk f dementia.
Scientists think such diets may wrk by reducing inflammatin in the brain. This, in turn, may affect areas such as the hippcampus, which is assciated with learning, memry and md regulatin—and where new neurns grw in adults. Studies in animals shw that when they are fed a diet rich in mega-3 fatty acids (frm walnuts, fr example), flavnids (cnsumed mainly via tea and wine), antixidants (fund in berries) and resveratrl (fund in red grapes), neurn grwth is stimulated and inflammatry prcesses are reduced. This fits with research suggesting that thse wh regularly eat ultra-prcessed, fried and sugary fds, which increase inflammatin in the brain, heighten their risk f develping depressin.
31．Which f the fllwing wrds can replace “tricky” in Paragraph 3?
A．Rare.
B．Tugh.
C．Traditinal.
D．Cntradictry.
32．Hw d researchers d bservatinal studies in nutritinal science?
A．By keeping at an experimental diet fr years.
B．By carrying ut randmized cntrlled trials.
C．By identifying a particular cntributing factr.
D．By cmparing findings f certain kinds f trials.
33．What can be inferred frm the last tw paragraphs?
A．A diet rich in fruit is gd fr cgnitive abilities.
B．Peple fnd f sugary fds may be a risk lver.
C．Red grapes add fuel t inflammatin in the brain.
D．Drinking tea can slve age-related brain prblems.
34．What is mainly discussed in the passage?
A．The links between diets and diseases.
B．The significance f Mediterranean diet.
C．The functin f varius neurtransmitters.
D．The influence f nutrients n mental health.
【答案】31．B 32．D 33．A 34．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是食物中的营养素对心理健康的影响。
31．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Few peple want t stick t an experimental diet fr years. Instead, mst nutritinal science is based n bservatinal studies that try t establish assciatins between particular fds r nutrients and diseases. They cannt be used t definitively prve a causal (因果关系的) cnnectin between a disease and a particular cntributing factr in a diet.(很少有人愿意多年坚持实验性饮食。相反，大多数营养科学是建立在观察性研究的基础上的，这些研究试图建立特定食物或营养素与疾病之间的联系。它们不能被用来明确地证明某种疾病与饮食中某一特定因素之间的因果关系。)”可知，用于测试药物的随机对照试验是很难进行的，划线词tricky的意思是“困难的”，和tugh意思相近，故选B。
32．推理判断题。根据第三段“Instead, mst nutritinal science is based n bservatinal studies that try t establish assciatins between particular fds r nutrients and diseases.(相反，大多数营养科学是建立在观察性研究的基础上的，这些研究试图建立特定食物或营养素与疾病之间的联系。)”和“But as with smking and lung cancer, put tgether enugh f these kinds f trials and causal narratives, it begin t emerge.(但就像吸烟和肺癌一样，把足够多的这类试验和因果叙述放在一起，它就会开始出现。)”可知，研究人员通过比较不同试验的结果在营养科学中进行观察性研究。故选D。
33．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One recent study cncludes that sticking t the “Mediterranean diet”, high in vegetables, fruit, pulses and whlegrains, lw in red and prcessed meats and saturated fats, decreases the chances f experiencing strkes, cgnitive impairment and depressin.(最近的一项研究得出结论，坚持“地中海饮食”，多吃蔬菜、水果、豆类和全谷物，少吃红肉、加工肉类和饱和脂肪，可以降低患中风、认知障碍和抑郁症的几率。)”可知，富含水果的饮食对认知能力有好处。故选A。
34．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段“With mental-health disrders rising, a grwing number f scientists are investigating hw fd r nutritinal supplements affect the mind.(随着心理疾病的增加，越来越多的科学家正在研究食物或营养补充剂是如何影响心理的。)”可知，本文主要讲的是食物中的营养素对心理健康的影响，即“The influence f nutrients n mental health.(营养素对心理健康的影响。)”。故选D。
四
【2024年北京市东城区高三一模】Research spanning several decades demnstrates that yu are mre likely t think the infrmatin that is repeated t be true than the infrmatin yu hear nly nce. Yu usually assume that if peple put in effrt t repeat a statement, this reflects the truth f the statement. This tendency-als called the truth effect-is a bias (偏见) that can lead yu t draw incrrect cnclusins.
T what degree are peple aware f the truth effect? This questin was addressed in a paper in the jurnal Cgnitin early this year.
In the critical study in this paper, participants did tw sessins. In ne sessin, they read abut a hypthetical (虚构的) study in which they were expsed t sme statements and then were asked whether bth statements they had heard befre as well as these new statements were true. They were asked t predict the prprtin (比例) f each statement that wuld be judged as true. They did this bth as a predictin f ther peple’s perfrmance as well as a predictin f hw they wuld d in this study.
At anther sessin a few days later, participants actually perfrmed this study, reading a set f 20 statements in the hypthetical study again and then judging the truth f altgether 40 statements, half f which were frm the hypthetical study and the ther half f which were new.
This study did replicate the well knwn truth effect. Peple were mre likely t judge statements they had seen befre as true than statements that were new. Tw interesting findings emerged frm the predictin. First, participants tended t underestimate the size f the truth effect fr everyne. T hat is, while they did expect sme difference in judgments between the statements seen befre and thse that were new, they thught this difference wuld be smaller than it actually was. Secnd, participants mre significantly underpredicted the truth effect fr themselves cmpared t that fr ther peple.
This study is particularly imprtant in light f the amunt f misinfrmatin present in scial media. Many peple have the pwer t influence public pinin abut imprtant matters. Flding scial media feeds with misinfrmatin will lead peple t believe this infrmatin is true just because it is stated. Recgnizing that we are all susceptible t this influence f repeated infrmatin shuld lead us t mistrust ur intuitin (直觉) abut what is true and t lk up imprtant infrmatin prir t using it t make imprtant judgments and decisins.
28．In the first paragraph, the authr intends t ______.
A．clarify a miscnceptinB．present a phenmenn
C．challenge a statementD．cnfirm a thery
29．What can we learn frm the study?
A．Impacts f the truth effect require further studies.
B．Making predictins befre judgments is significant.
C．Peple have hardly any awareness f the truth effect.
D．Peple tend t believe they can make wiser judgments.
30．What des the wrd “susceptible” underlined in the last paragraph mst prbably mean?
A．Critical.B．Subject.C．Oppsed.D．Adapted.
【答案】28．B 29．D 30．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了一种被称作“真实效应”的心理偏见现象，即人们更容易相信被重复表述的信息，而不是只听到一次的信息，呼吁人们应该更加警惕重复信息的影响，以及在做出重要判断和决策之前查证重要信息的真实性。
28．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Research spanning several decades demnstrates that yu are mre likely t think the infrmatin that is repeated t be true than the infrmatin yu hear nly nce. Yu usually assume that if peple put in effrt t repeat a statement, this reflects the truth f the statement. This tendency-als called the truth effect-is a bias that can lead yu t draw incrrect cnclusins.(几十年的研究表明，与只听到一次的信息相比，你更有可能认为重复的信息是真实的。你通常认为，如果人们努力重复一句话，这就反映了这句话的真实性。这种倾向——也被称为真实效应——是一种偏见，它会导致你得出错误的结论。)”可知，作者的意图是阐明一个现象，即“真实效应”，这是一种偏见，可能导致人们得出不正确的结论。故选B。
29．推理判断题。根据第五段的“Secnd, participants mre significantly underpredicted the truth effect fr themselves cmpared t that fr ther peple.(第二，与他人相比，参与者对自己真实效应的低估更为显著。) ”可知，人们在对“真实效应”的认识上存在一些偏差，尤其是对于他们自己而言。他们往往低估了这种效应的影响，认为自己能够做出更明智的判断。故选D。
30．词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“This study is particularly imprtant in light f the amunt f misinfrmatin present in scial media. Many peple have the pwer t influence public pinin abut imprtant matters. Flding scial media feeds with misinfrmatin will lead peple t believe this infrmatin is true just because it is stated.(鉴于社交媒体上存在大量错误信息，这项研究尤为重要。许多人有能力在重要问题上影响公众舆论。充斥在社交媒体上的错误信息会让人们相信这些信息是真实的，仅仅因为它是陈述出来的。)”可知，人们容易受到重复信息的影响，从而误导人们的判断，因此划线词意为“易受影响的”，subject(易遭受……的，受……支配的，可能受……影响的)与其是同义词。故选B。
五
2023新课标Ⅱ，C
Reading Art:Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject—the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists’ representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed (描绘) alne in many settings and pses—absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect(才智), wealth r faith f the subject. Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway，artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks—transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated. Frm a 21stcentury pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. T serve its functin, a bk must be activated by a user: the cver pened, the pages parted, the cntents reviewed, perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined. And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity.
1. Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
A. An intrductin t a bk.B. An essay n the art f writing.
C. A guidebk t a museum.D. A review f mdern paintings.
2. What are the selected artwrks abut?
A. Wealth and intellect.B. Hme and schl.
C. Bks and reading.D. Wrk and leisure.
3. What d the underlined wrds “relate t” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand.B. Paint.
C. Seize.D. Transfrm.
4. What des the authr want t say by mentining the ereader?
A. The printed bk is nt ttally ut f date.
B. Technlgy has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are netwrked.
D. Peple nw rarely have the patience t read.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是说明文，主题语境为文学与艺术，主要介绍了一本书，名为《阅读艺术：爱书之人的艺术》。该书通过呈现与图书和阅读相关的艺术作品让爱书之人感受不同时代与文化间的联系。
1. A推理判断题，考查文章出处推断。根据第一段第一句“Reading Art:Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject—the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld.”以及第二段第一句“In this ‘bk f bks,’ artwrks are selected and arranged...”可知，本文是在介绍一本关于书本的书，所以很可能节选自对一本书的介绍。故选A。
2. C细节理解题。根据题干关键词the selected artwrks可定位到第二段第一句。根据后面列举的具体画面“ learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk... Adults are prtrayed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure.”可知，入选的艺术作品是以书籍和阅读为主题的。故选C。
3. A猜测词义题。These scenes（这些场景）指的是孩子们在家或学校学习阅读以及成年人沉浸在一卷书中，陷入沉思或沉浸在片刻的休闲中。并列连词but表示转折，前一分句说这些场景可能在数百年前被绘制，距离现在已经十分久远，后一分句与前一分句构成转折关系，所以应表示我们现在仍然能够理解画中描绘的那些时刻。故选A。
4. A推理判断题，考查写作目的。根据题干关键词the e-reader可定位到最后一段。根据第二句“ printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader.”可知，纸质书是古老的，但它仍然像电子书一样具有互动性。再结合最后一句可知纸质书还能提供一个完全私人的离线活动机会。由此可推断出纸质书并不完全过时。故选A。
六
（2024·福建泉州·一模）
I’m sure yu’ve all taken sme persnality tests, like MBTI test r thse in psychlgy class, that can be great fr icebreaker activities but hw d intrversin and extrversin (内向与外向) play ut in ur daily lives?
An intrverted brain has a high autmatic system reactivity which means that they are far less likely t seek ut stimulatin. Hence, intrverts tend t be less scial, avid cnflict and ften prcess things the best when alne. Extrverts, hwever, draw their attentin frm the envirnment because f their brain’s lw stimulatin. They seek ut scial situatins and ften feel mre cmfrtable in grup settings.
Our current educatin system emphasizes the need fr “cllabrative learning”, “prject-based learning” and “flipped classrms (翻转课堂)”. In this system, intrversin in students can be cmmnly misinterpreted by teachers as bredm r prblematic issues. Furthermre, intrverted students are less likely t participate in grup discussins, and ftentimes feel mre pressure and anxiety t becme extrverted. These feelings can easily flw int ther aspects f life and impact an intrvert’s scial and academic life.
Hwever, there are still upsides t being an intrvert. Intrverts may nt always thrive in the scial aspects f a class, but their intense cncentratin and tendency t be rganized and methdical can reflect further success in cnventinal frms f educatin like grades and exams. On average, mre intelligent children are-fund t be intrverts than extrverts.
S, what can teachers d? Firstly, ne f the mst imprtant steps is recgnizing; understanding the need t accmmdate intrverted students, while supprting extrverted students. Fr example, teachers can redefine participatin. Participatin shuldn’t just represent the times a student raises their hand r speaks in a discussin. Helping thers, vlunteering, revising wrk, etc. all reflect a student’s participatin in the class. Besides, they can cnsider playing with space. Gruped desks might be great fr extrverts but cnsider creating “quiet znes” fr students willing t fcus n a task r create submissin bxes fr intrverted students t leave their discussin thught.
1．What is the cause f the difference between intrverts and extrverts?
A．Cmmunicatin abilities.B．Attitude twards cnflicts.
C．Prblem prcessing capability.D．Brain reactivity t stimulatin.
2．What des the underlined wrd “thrive” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Succeed.B．Emerge.C．Withdraw.D．Struggle.
3．What des the authr suggest teachers d?
A．Develp students’ self-management skills
B．Guide students t develp intense cncentratin.
C．Encurage students t participate in class debates.
D．Create an intrvert-friendly learning envirnment.
4．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Intrverts & Extrverts: Hw Students React t Teaching
B．Psychlgy f Persnality: Challenges f Being Intrverted
C．Intrverts & Extrverts: When Classrms Overlk Intrverts
D．Psychlgy f Persnality: Discussins n Class Participatin
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了内向学生在课堂上容易受到忽视，作者建议老师给学生创设适合内向学生学习的课堂环境。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“An intrverted brain has a high autmatic system reactivity which means that they are far less likely t seek ut stimulatin. Hence, intrverts tend t be less scial, avid cnflict and ften prcess things the best when alne. Extrverts, hwever, draw their attentin frm the envirnment because f their brain’s lw stimulatin.(内向的大脑具有很高的自动系统反应性，这意味着他们不太可能寻求刺激。因此，内向的人往往不太善于社交，避免冲突，并且经常在独处时处理事情最好。然而，外向的人会因为他们的大脑刺激性低而将从周围的环境中吸引注意力。)”可知，造成内向和外向差异的原因就是大脑对刺激的反应，内向对刺激的反应高，而外向的人大脑对刺激的反应低。故选D。
2．词义猜测题。根据第四段“ their intense cncentratin and tendency t be rganized and methdical can reflect further success in cnventinal frms f educatin like grades and exams(但是，他们的高度专注和有组织有条理的倾向，可以反映出他们在成绩和考试等传统教育形式中取得的进一步成功。) ”可知，内向的人也可以取得成功。根据此句中的“but”可知，前句应表示内向的人不总是取得成功，故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Firstly, ne f the mst imprtant steps is recgnizing; understanding the need t accmmdate intrverted students, while supprting extrverted students.(首先，最重要的步骤之一是认识;理解需要容纳内向的学生，同时支持外向的学生。)”和“Gruped desks might be great fr extrverts but cnsider creating “quiet znes” fr students willing t fcus n a task r create submissin bxes fr intrverted students t leave their discussin thught.(分组办公桌可能对外向的人很好，但考虑为愿意专注于任务的学生创建“安静区域”，或者为内向的学生创建提交箱，让他们留下讨论的想法。)”可知，作者建议老师适合内向学生的学习环境。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“S, what can teachers d? Firstly, ne f the mst imprtant steps is recgnizing; understanding the need t accmmdate intrverted students, while supprting extrverted students. (那么，老师们能做些什么呢？首先，最重要的步骤之一是认识到；理解需要容纳内向的学生，同时支持外向的学生。)”和本文的主要内容可知此文主要讲述了内向学生在课堂上容易受到忽视，作者建议老师给学生创设适合内向学生学习的课堂环境，故选C。
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