高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解词义猜测题（原卷版）- （天津专用）

这是一份高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解词义猜测题（原卷版）- （天津专用），共9页。

高考阅读理解选材来源广泛，多源于国外英文图书、报刊、网络媒体，语言地道纯正，具有鲜明的语言文化特点。体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，涉及科普、社会、文化、地理、历史、政治、经济、人文、日常生活等领域。命题主要考查细节理解、主旨大意、词义猜测及推理判断。
词义猜测题考查的范围主要在以下几个方面：生词、短语、熟词生义、句子和代词的指代。
常见的设问形式主要有以下几种：
What des the underlined wrd "..." in t?
What des the underlined phrase "..." in t?
What des the underlined wrd "..." in
What des the authr mean by "..." in
Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd "..." in
无论是直接的词义猜测题，还是阅读中需要理解不认识的生词，我们都可以利用构词法、逻辑关系、语法关系、生活常识、文化背景和上下文语境等方法来猜出单词或短语的意思。
题型01 利用构词法猜词义
【题型诠释】
1.合成法
合成法是指两个或多个单词按照一定的组合规律组合在一起，形成一个新的单词。一般来说，新的合成词
的意思就是各个组成词的意思的综合。例如：wrkmate是由wrk（工作）和 mate（伙伴）组合成的新单
词，它的意思是"工友，同事"。这样的单词在平时阅读中经常见到，也比较容易猜测出它们的意思。
【典例】
Encuraging this kind f thinking has a dwnside. I ran the risk f lsing thse students wh had a different style f thinking. Withut fail ne wuld declare, "But I’m just nt creative."...
Q:What des the underlined wrd "dwnside" in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden.
2.派生法
派生法是英语单词的主要构成法，它是通过在基础词根上添加前缀或者后缀来构造新词。一般来说，前缀改变词义不改变词性；而后缀改变词性不改变词义。例如：dis-, un-,im-,in-,ir-,nn-,mis-等是一些表示否定或者相反意思的前缀，它们用在单词的前面往往构成原单词的反义词。如：appear→disappear, pssible→impssible, like→unlike, smker→nn-smker等。又如前缀re-表示"又，再"；c-表示"共同"；mini-或者micr-表示"小的"；ver-表示"过于"；super-表示"超级，极"；tele-表示"远的"等。
3.转化法
把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。例如：The authr emptied all his pckets t find his ticket．empty由形容词转化用作动词，在此表示"掏空"的意思。又如：Widespread prtests have placed the President under serius pressure.place由名词转化成动词，表示"安置，使……处于某位置"。
题型02 利用逻辑关系猜词义
【题型诠释】
语言表达总是按照一定的逻辑关系展开的，根据语言的内在逻辑关系可以粗略地推断出生词词义或大致义域。对我们猜测词义帮助最大的逻辑关系有并列、转折和因果等。
并列关系
英语中可以使用als, , similarly, and, r, just as, likewise等词语表示相同或者相近的意思，这种表示并列的关系中，只要我们认识其中一个单词，就可以推测出另一个单词的意思。如：Mr. Green lves t talk, and his brthers are similarly lquacius. 分析：这个句子里面使用了表示并列关系的单词and，还使用了表示"相似"的单词similarly，由此可知，画线单词lquacius表达的意思和"lves t talk"的意思一样，即"健谈的"。
【典例】
Sme plants pump ut smelly chemicals t keep insects away. But thers d duble duty. They pump ut perfumes designed t attract different insects wh are natural enemies t the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned.The attacker wh was lunching nw becmes lunch. ...
33.What des the authr mean by "the tables are turned" in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked. B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready t fight back. D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
【解析】本题考查文章中对一句话的理解，属于广义的词义猜测题。在这一句后面，又使用了一句同义并列的句子来对其进行解释，根据后一句话的意思 "正在吃午餐的攻击者变成了午餐"可以知道，画线句子是指形势发生了转变。A。
题型03 利用语法关系猜词义
【题型诠释】
英语的一些语法结构或者行文技巧也可以帮助我们猜测词义，例如：下定义、定语从句、同位语、自问自答、举例和标点符号。
1.下定义
mean, refer t, is, that is, namely等后的内容往往是对前面进行注解性说明的，可以帮助猜测词义。
Annealing is a way f making metal sfter by heating it and then letting it cl very slwly.
分析：本句就是一个由is引起的下定义的句子，is后面的内容对前面生词作了详细注解，故不难猜出anneal是"使（金属）退火"的意思。
2.定语从句
3.同位语
同位语是对其前的内容进行解释说明的，所以，同位语也是猜测单词词义的一个好办法。
Semantics, the study f the meaning f wrds, is necessary if yu are t speak and read intelligently.
分析：同位语the study f the meaning f wrds解释了Semantics的意思，因此可知，semantics的意思是"语义学"。
题型04 利用生活常识和文化背景猜词义
【题型诠释】
在阅读有关日常生活或大家比较熟悉的事物的文章时，即使存在一些生词，我们也可以根据生活经验和常识以及文化背景来猜测单词的意思，
The snake slithered thrugh the grass.分析：蛇是一种爬行动物，根据这个生活常识可以猜出，slither意为"爬行"。
Mst f the flwers are beginning t wither because f the cld weather.
分析：天气寒冷，大多数花都会凋谢，这是生活常识。由此可以猜出，wither的意思是"枯萎，凋谢"。
When a dctr perfrms an peratin n a patient, he usually gives an anaesthetic t make him uncnscius, because he des nt want his patient t feel pain r t knw what is happening t him.
分析：根据常识可知，医生在给病人动手术之前，通常会使用麻醉药来减轻病人的痛苦。由此可知，anaesthetic的意思应该是"麻醉药，麻醉剂"。
【典例】
it happens that a place has tw names: One is named by the peple and the ther by the gvernment. As in many areas, ld habits die hard, and the place cntinues t be called by its unfficial name lng after the meaning is ：What des the underlined phrase "die hard" in Paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A. Change suddenly. B. Change significantly.
C. Disappear mysteriusly. D. Disappear very slwly.
题型05 利用上下文语境猜词义
【题型诠释】
在文章中，任何一个单词都不是孤立存在的，它总要通过上下文和其他单词有着紧密的联系，通过这些联系也可以猜测出单词的意思，尤其是代词的指代含义。
代词指代题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下设置的一种题型，考查考生对复杂关系的分析能力，要求考生对代词所在句以及紧邻几个句子的结构和意思都有准确的理解。文章中的代词it, that, he, him, them等可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，考生要认真查找；有时考生需要对前面提到的内容进行总结概括，才能得出代词所指代的对象。考生可利用上下文语境，采用逻辑关系梳理法，使人物或事物的关系明朗化。要记住代词通常出现在原词之后，根据这条原则考生可以快速锁定答案，最后带入原句中进行验证。
【典例】
We shared the belief that if yu’re frtunate enugh t have success, yu shuld put smething back — he with his Newman’s Own fd and his Hle in the Wall camps fr kids wh are seriusly ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each ther all that regularly, but sharing that brught us tgether. We supprted each ther financially and by shwing up at
26.What des the underlined wrd "that" in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Their belief. B. Their care fr children.
C. Their success. D. Their supprt fr each ther.dt
【解析】代词指代的大多都是前面已经出现的名词，为了避免重复而使用了代词。根据上文的内容可知，让作者和朋友走到一起的是两个人共同的信念。A。
【高考真题】
（2023·天津·统考高考真题）I lve making art and lking at artwrks. I’ve fund myself wndering hw we gain pleasure frm art. And nw neuraesthetics, a cmbinatin f neurscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may prvide an answer.
Neuraesthetics is a relatively yung field f research n what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique t see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we cnsider beautiful. Similar research has been dne t understand the “neurnal firewrks” that ccur when we lk at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc.
But why d we find sme art beautiful and ther art ugly? Accrding t research, it all cmes dwn t the “aesthetic triad (三元组合)”.
The first part f the triad is sensry-mtr. This invlves perceiving things like clurs, shapes and mvements. Mvement in art has an interesting rle. If yu see a painting f a mvement, like f a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dg, yu feel like ging thrugh a similar experience. The part f yur brain that cntrls yur wn mvements lights up in respnse.
Secnd is emtin-valuatin. This is hw a piece f art makes yu feel, and whether r nt yu appreciate r enjy that feeling. The part f the brain related t pleasure is activated in respnse t smething we find beautiful. This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as fund by research using transcranial magnetic stimulatin(TMS) (经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied t a specific part f yur brain behind yur frehead that is particularly imprtant fr decisin-making, yu suddenly like different kinds f art. Such stimulatin prduces significant changes in aesthetic appreciatin f faces, bdies and artwrks.
The third part is meaning-knwledge. This is t d with hw we can cnnect with a piece f art and what meaning we can create in it. Art is deeply persnal, because when tw peple see the same artwrk, ur perceptin can create vastly different experiences f meaning. If we find meaning, then we ften find pleasure. We als get enjyment frm the knwledge f hw smething was made. Fr the images that an artist creates, viewers will prbably get far mre enjyment nce they knw the prcess used t create them.
Infrmed by neuraesthetics, the next time I create my art I will value the prcess even mre, enjying the activatin f the aesthetic triad in my brain as I admire the vivid images that I have created.
6．What des “neurnal firewrks” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A．A beautiful painting r sculpture.
B．The lighting-up f specific brain areas.
C．An advanced brain imaging technlgy.
D．The aesthetic assessment f mdern art.
（2020·天津·高考真题）Studying a subject that yu feel pintless is never a fun r easy task. If yu're studying histry, asking yurself the questin "why is histry imprtant "is a very gd first step. Histry is an essential part f human civilizatin. Yu will find smething here that will aruse yur interest, r get yu thinking abut the significance f histry.
Histry grunds us in ur rts. Histry is an imprtant and interesting field f study, and learning the histry f ur hme cuntry can give us a deeper, mre meaningful glimpse（一瞥）int ur ancestral pasts, and hw we gt t where we are tday. Many peple feel like they need a sense f cultural belnging, which is smething that studying yur rts and being pen-minded t the evlutin f yur culture can prvide.
Histry enriches ur experience. Reading histry is an amazing experience because it enables us t reflect n the scial and ecnmic life f the peple living lng time ag Accrding t the experts, prblems faced by peple regardless f the past and present are the same. With the infrmatin abut the ancestrs, ne can becme mre experienced in handling challenges f life.
Histry makes us mre empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying histry can give us insight （洞察力）int why ur culture des certain things, and hw the past has shaped it int what we knw nw. It als prvides a rather strng fundatin fr empathy acrss cultures. Fear and hate fr thers is usually caused by ignrance （无知）. We're scared f the things that we dn't understand. Histry has the ptential t break dwn thse bundaries by ffering us insight int entire wrlds that wuld therwise be freign t us.
Histry can inspire us t learn mre. what's fantastic abut histry is the way it bradens ur hrizns. It's almst impssible t learn abut ne histrical perid withut having dzens f questins abut related cncepts. Study the 19th century England, and yu might catch a glimpse f Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Lk up Charles Dickens, and yu might learn a thing r tw abut realism. Or maybe yu end up switching yur attentin away frm nvels, and discver the histry f rmantic pets in England. It can g anywhere, and there is smething in there fr abslutely anybdy.
The value f histry cannt be underestimated. We dn't have t live in the past, but we can definitely d better by learning frm it and using the lessns learnt t lead mre meaningful lives.
16．The underlined part "where we are tday" in Para. 2 prbably means __________.
A．the turning pint in ur histry
B．the present state f ur natin
C．the lcatin f ur hmeland
D．the ttal area f ur cuntry
【最新模拟】
（2024·天津·一模）“One f the reasns I find this tpic very interesting is because my mm was a smker when I was yunger.” says Lindsn-Hawley, wh studies tbacc and health at the University f Oxfrd.
By studying abut 700 adult smkers, she fund ut that her mm quit the right way—by stpping abruptly and cmpletely.
In her study, participants were randmly assigned t tw grups. One had t quit abruptly n a given day, ging frm abut a pack a day t zer. The ther cut dwn gradually ver the curse f tw weeks. Peple in bth grups used nictine(尼古丁) patches befre they quit, in additin t a secnd frm f nictine replacement, like gum r spray. They als had talk therapy with a nurse befre and after quit day.
Six mnths ut, mre peple wh had quit abruptly had stuck with it—mre than ne-fifth f them, cmpared t abut ne-seventh in the ther grup. Althugh these numbers appear lw, it is much higher than if peple try withut supprt.
And the quit rates were particularly cnvincing given that befre the study started, mst f the peple had said they’d rather cut dwn gradually befre quitting. “If yu’re training fr a marathn, yu wuldn’t expect t turn up and just be able t run it. And I think peple see that fr smking as well. They think, “Well, if I gradually reduce, it’s like practice.” “says Lindsn-Hawley. But that wasn’t the case. Instead f giving peple practice, the gradual reductin likely gave them cravings(瘾) and withdrawal symptms befre they even reached quit day, which culd be why fewer peple in that grup actually made it t that pint. “Regardless f yur stated preference, if yu’re ready t quit, quitting abruptly is mre effective.” says Dr. Gabriela Ferreira.“When yu can qute a specific number like a fifth f the patients were able t quit, that’s cnvincing. It gives them the encuragement, I think, t really g fr it.”Ferreira says.
Peple rarely manage t quit the first time they try. But at least, she says, they can maximize the dds f success.
9．The idea f “a marathn” (Para.5) illustrates the ppular belief that quitting smking
A．is a challenge at the beginningB．needs sme practice first
C．requires a lt f patienceD．is smething few can accmplish
（2024·天津·一模）We smetimes think that everything was much better and easier in the past. It’s ne f the tricks ur minds play n us, especially when we are in lw spirits.
Actually, it’s unlikely that things were bjectively better in the past. This frm f thinking is called rsy retrspectin, which is a well-studied cgnitive bias. It happens because when we think abut the past, we are mre likely t fcus n psitive generalities than annying details.
If yu think back t a hliday with yur family five years ag, yu’re likely t recall the beautiful views rather than the uncmfrtable bed. In ther wrds, the negative details disappear frm ur memry ver time while the psitive nes remain.
Rsy retrspectin can influence hw we make decisins, and it’s ne f the reasns why we easily return int prblematic relatinships. The lnger it is since we experienced the negative influence f a relatinship, the mre likely we are t let the gd memries utweigh the bad memries and t perhaps frgive unfrgivable behavir. It’s always a gd idea t review ur nstalgic (怀旧的) feelings with a healthy degree f dubt.
But rsy retrspectin des serve an imprtant purpse. It keeps us in a psitive state f mind in the present and is imprtant t ur psychlgical wellbeing. In fact, peple wh tend t remember negative experiences mre than psitive nes are likely t exhibit psychlgical disrders. Research generally suggests that ur happiest days are still t cme. And even if they’re nt, it’s still imprtant t believe that they are. Dn’t shy away frm lking upn the past with a certain degree f nstalgia. But, fr the same reasn, dn’t use the past as an excuse t be unhappy in the present.
12．What des the underlined phrase “rsy retrspectin” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Having a preference fr gd memries.B．Remembering exactly abut the details.
C．Cncentrating n impssible things.D．Thinking bjectively abut the past.
（2024·天津河西·一模）Sme peple wrry that there’s t much technlgy in ur lives. And they may have a pint, given hw cuntless peple nw carry the internet arund in their pcket and use it as a primary frm f cmmunicatin. It’s practically difficult t shun technlgy in ur wrld. There are cmputer micrchips (微芯片) in ur watches, ur cars, light switches, even ur pets! Where will it end?
Well, if certain peple have their way, it’ll g even further. We’ll have micrchips implanted int ur brains that can interact with the cmputers by thught alne. It may sund like smething frm the science fictin, but in many ways, things lk quite prmising. Thanks t the ability t send and receive infrmatin remtely via cmputers, micrchips and ther related devices have lng been put int brains.
Fr example, electrdes have been implanted in the brains f epilepsy patients t better recrd and even predict the abnrmal neurlgical (神经病学的) activity. Similarly, deep-brain stimulatin, thrugh implanted devices that cause activity in key brain regins, is an established treatment fr things like -Parkinsn’s disease, and is even being lked int fr illnesses like depressin.
Hwever, it’s anther thing t place such devices in healthy individuals. There are the practical cncerns, nt least f which is what these chips will be made f. The inside f the brain is a mass f highly reactive chemicals and electrical activity. Implants wuld need t be inert (静止的) enugh t nt upset the delicate prcesses by their presence, but als sensitive enugh t read and prcess the activity arund them. Current technlgy has made impressive prgress with this, but if it were t be rlled ut t millins f peple, we’d need t be 100 per cent certain that it’s safe.
Hw many peple will actually want t have technlgy literally put int their brain? A surprising 60 per cent f Americans say they’d be kay with it, but that’s when it’s purely. theretical. In reality, the pssibility f having strangers stick chips in yur brain is likely t prve unattractive, especially fr a ppulatin where millins get mad at fictinal micrchips in vaccines (疫苗), and even mre are frightened f dentists.
Ultimately, the technlgy f cmputer-brain interface (接口) implants is still far away frm us.
37．What des the underlined wrd “implanted” mean in paragraph 2?
A．T put smething int smene’s bdy by an peratin.
B．T design smething new ver a perid f time.
C．T prevent smething frm changing rapidly.
D．T get rid f smething steadily.