高考英语二轮-完形填空之说明文（重难专练）（全国通用）（学生版）

这是一份高考英语二轮-完形填空之说明文（重难专练）（全国通用）（学生版），共16页。
【题型解读】
1.高考完形填空中的说明文，其题型设计有极强的规律性。它的三大命题本质：①信息重构能力：能否从残缺文本中重建完整信息链。②逻辑推理能力：能否把握句、段、篇之间严密的科学或事理逻辑。③语篇把控能力：能否理解文章的整体组织结构和写作目的。
2.所有题目可归入以下三大类型，每一类都有其独特的“题眼”和“破题点”。
类型一：信息锁定题 (考“准确”)：这类题目的答案，是文中已明确给出的信息的复现、同义转述或直接指代。解题关键在“定位”。
类型二：逻辑衔接题 (考“严密”)：这是说明文的核心题型，占比最大。考查句子、段落之间起承转合的逻辑关系。选项多为连接副词、连词或体现逻辑关系的动词/名词。
类型三：概念应用题 (考“理解”)：这是最高阶的题型，要求你真正理解文中的概念、原理或过程，并能在新的情境中正确应用。答案无法直接复现，需要基于理解的推理。
考点一：指代与复现关系 (信息锁定)
1. In the same way, we can face the ________________ mments f ur life rather than run away frm them.
A. bring B. changeable C. exciting D. dark
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同样地，我们可以面对生活中的黑暗时刻，而不是逃避它们。A. bring 无聊的；B. changeable易变的；C. exciting 激动地；D. dark 黑暗的；呼应上文的in fear f the dark，指代人生中的灰暗时期。
2. Reacting t whatever (turns) up with kindness and gratitude is a pwerful , a chice supprted by hundreds f scientific research studies and recmmended in every enduring wisdm traditin fr thusands f years.
A. attitude B. tl C. chice D. influence
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：无论发生什么，都以善良和感恩之心应对，这是一个有力的选择，这一选择得到了数百项科学研究的支持，并在数千年的古老智慧传统中被推荐。根据复现原则可知，此处指用善良和感恩的心去应对生活中发生的事情是人们做出的一种选择，它有着强大的力量，故选C。
考点二：定义与阐释关系 (概念理解)
3. Hw lng can human beings live? Mst scientists wh study ld age think that the human bdy is ____________ t live n lnger than 120 years.
A. designed B. selected C. imprvedD. discvered
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词及语境的理解。句意：大多数研究年龄的科学家们认为人体被设计的不会活过120岁。designed 设计；selected 选择，挑选；imprved 提高，改善；discvered发现。根据句意可知，科学家们认为人体的结构设计决定了人类最多不会活过120岁，故应选A。
4. Yet, ur cells simply cannt cntinue t reprduce ___ (endlessly). They wear ut, and as a result, we get ld and _______________ die.
A. eventually B. hpelessly C. autmatically D. desperately
【答案】A
【解析】考查副词及语境的理解。句意：然而，我们的细胞根本无法继续无休止地繁殖。他们慢慢消耗尽，结果我们就会变老最终死亡。eventually 最终；hpelessly 没有希望地；autmatically 自动地；desperately绝望地，自暴自弃地。根据句意可知选A。
考点三：例证与支撑关系 (信息应用)
5. Such f the cultural infrmatin made available by new technlgies has been (called) “culturmics” (文化组学).
A. learningB. miningC. searchingD. using
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：由新技术提供的这类文化信息的挖掘被称为“文化组学”。A. learning (学习)；B. mining (挖掘，指从大量数据中提取信息)；C. searching (搜索)；D. using (使用)。根据本空后的“f the cultural infrmatin made available by new technlgies”可知，此处是说文学信息方面如此的挖掘 (mining)。故B项正确。
6. The is all arund us. It is easy t prepare a list f mdern stries having t d with lve.
A. pririty B. prf C. pssibilityD. principle
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词以及对语境的理解。句意：例子就在我们身边。很容易准备一系列的有关爱的现代故事。pririty 意为优先权，prf 意为证明，pssibility 意为可能性，principle 意为原则。后两句的意思是在当前的流行文化中，无数的故事和电影归类为爱情故事。根据这两句，的意思，结合上下文语境可知道本句的意思就是有很多证明的例子。故填prf。
考点四：衔接与连贯关系 (句间逻辑)
7. He was reading my wrds ut lud t the class … the whle class was laughing with pen-hearted enjyment. I did my best nt t shw ______________, but what I was feeling was pure happiness…
A. shck B. wnder C. wrry D. pleasure
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他在向全班大声朗读我的文字……全班同学都在开怀大笑。我尽力不表露出愉悦，但我内心感受到的是纯粹的快乐……。A. shck (震惊)；B. wnder；C. wrry (担忧)与上下文情境不符。D. pleasure (愉悦)与作者真实的快乐感受一致，且“不表露愉悦”符合尽力克制高兴之情的逻辑。故填pleasure。
8. they grew up ttally in their wn ways with almst n interference frm the ther.
A. Therefre B. Meanwhile C. Furthermre D. Hwever
【答案】A
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，他们完全按照自己的方式成长，几乎没有任何干扰。A. Therefre (因此、所以)；B. Meanwhile (同时、其间)；C. Furthermre (此外、而且)；D. Hwever (然而)。根据句意来判断，这里用“因此”(Therefre)表示他们完全以自己的方式长大，几乎没有其他的干扰。故选A。
考点五：结构与顺序关系 (语篇逻辑)
9. Its (advcates) think that these appraches can (discver) trends in scial pinins and standards f behavir that are hidden within vast quantities f data.
A. certainlyB. ftenC. alsD. therwise
【答案】D
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：它的支持者认为，这些方法可以发现隐藏在大量数据中的社会意见和行为标准趋势。根据本空后的hidden within vast quantities f data可知，此处是说在其他方面（therwise）隐藏在巨大的数据量之内的社会观点和行为标准的趋势。故D项正确。
10. The (latest) results certainly seem t shw that infrmal descriptins abut scial md are reflected in the (bth fictin and nn-fictin) f the twentieth century.
A. literatureB. scienceC. pliticsD. ecnmics
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：最新的结果确实表明，关于社会情绪的非正式描述在20世纪的文学作品（包括小说和非小说类）中得到了体现。根据本空后的(bth fictin and nn-fictin) f the twentieth century. 可知，最新的研究成果反映了20世纪文学（literature）上的社会情绪，故A项正确。
(建议用时：20分钟)
类型一：指代与复现关系 专项练
1. , a suitable site had t be prvided fr perfrmances and (when) the entire cmmunity did nt participate, a(n) (clear) divisin was usually made between the “area f acting and theatre in which an audience sits”.
A. As a resultB. In factC. On the cntraryD. In additin
2. Nwadays yu’re s that anyne can buy and make yu ur (cmpanin).
A. affrdableB. valuableC. cnventinalD. attractive
3. (2022高考英语乙卷) We brught yung children aged 2-4 int ur Minds in Develpment Lab at USC. Each ______________ sat dwn with an adult wh cvered her wn eyes r (ears).
A. parentB. childC. researcherD. dctr
4. Day-trippers t the canal city f Venice wh fail t pay 5 eurs t (enter) the city’s histric center will face _______________ starting at 10 times the entrance fee.
类型二：定义与阐释关系 专项练
5. Peple are living lnger because mre peple _______________ childhd.
A. survive B. enjy C. remember D. value
6. With lng lives ahead f them, they need t ________________ active and devted.
A. sund B. appear C. turn D. stay
7. (2022高考浙江6月卷) He thrws his arms and legs ut he were flying, his eyes wide with ___ (excitement).
A. as ifB. in caseC. even thughD. s that
8. It was hard t see myself in a field where few peple frm my were represented, since I was ne f the nly black students in my STEM curses.
A. natinalityB. backgrundC. pictureD. experience
类型三：例证与支撑关系 专项练
9. Hwever, sme appraches are mre (cmplex) than thers. Fr example, thse parents wh yell at their children fr their untidiness, but clean the rm fr them, have fewer chances f changing their children’s (nature).
A. later B. deliberately C. seldm D. thrughly
10. At infrmal get-tgethers, , peple ften arrive as much as 30 minutes past the ___ (appinted) time.
A. such asB. in a wrdC. fr exampleD. as usual
11. (2022高考浙江6月卷) His trust in me is (abslute) which is quite a nice feeling, but at the same time gives me a huge sense f .
A. reliefB. satisfactinC. achievementD. respnsibility
12. (2022高考浙江6月卷) _______________, teaching Jacky t swim means he has t (believe) that, when he’s swimming in the big pl, I’ll cme t his rescue if his dggy paddle lets him dwn.
A. Abve allB. In additinC. At firstD. Fr example
类型四：衔接与连贯关系 专项练
13. Anther trend is ff-site r management, where teams f peple linked by e-mail and the Internet wrk n prjects frm their wn huses.
A. virtualB. ineffectiveC. day-t-dayD. n-the-scene
14. Sme scientists even say we can live as lng as 130 years! Yet, ur cells simply cannt cntinue t reprduce ________________.
A. rapidly B. harmlessly C. endlessly D. separately
15. (2022高考浙江6月卷) Every time I (intrduce) Jacky t smething new, he’ll d it nly because he trusts me and feels _______________ in the knwledge that he wn’t get hurt .
A. safeB. happyC. prudD. grateful
16. (2022高考浙江6月卷) Gd ________________, like gd parenting, is a lng-term cmmitment.
A. managementB. persnalityC. cmmunicatinD. educatin
类型五：结构与顺序关系 专项练
17. (2022高考浙江6月卷) I hpe Jacky will always trust me fully, but I knw that, as he gets , it will need mre effrt and sund judgment (n my part).
A. lderB. busierC. quieterD. healthier
18. (2022高考英语乙卷) They simply mutual (相互的) recgnitin and regard. Our 59 suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket ver her head, it is nt a result f egcentrism.
A. hld backB. relate tC. insist nD. make up
19. (2022高考英语乙卷) A number f ruled ut that the children misunderstd what they were being asked.
A. instructinsB. descriptinsC. experiments D. assumptins
20. (2022高考英语乙卷) Each (child) sat dwn with an adult wh cvered her wn eyes r (ears). We then asked the child if she culd r hear the adult.
A. seeB. helpC. reachD. fl
(建议用时：15分钟)
类型一：指代与复现关系 专项练
1. An exemptin vucher (免除凭证) will be (issued) t peple wh access the city fr wrk, schl r medical care, as well as t peple brn in Venice and f the regin.
A. studentsB. wrkersC. stewardsD. residents
2. Dinner time came quickly, and the children silently filled their stmachs with and went t sleep.
A. milkB. breadC. waterD. ptat
3. “Are yu sure yu wn’t get annyed if I a bit slwer?” she asked, her eyes filled with a mix f excitement and wrry.
4. Then, a man stpped utside their huse, asking the cuple if he culd take f the birds n the prperty.
A. risksB. cmmandsC. phtgraphsD. ntes
类型二：定义与阐释关系 专项练
5. These will frm 50 t 300 eurs, plus the maximum entrance fee allwed by law, set at 10 eurs.
6. “The fact that they didn’t (even) ask me fr fd brke my heart mre than that there was nthing I culd give them fr dinner,” said Samiya. “My last brn even tld me his stmach was still frm the fd he had in the mrning.”
A. fullB. painfulC. emptyD. upset
7. On his land near Recint, Luis Ajila has turned dairy farming t cnservatin, replanting trees and prmting the site t wildlife turists — wrk that he says is a livelihd than farming.
A. lazierB. clearerC. slwerD. better
8. Needless t say, needles have always been a part f my life. They have been a physical f hw I’ve develped as a persn.
A. testB. cpyC. reminderD. prduct
类型三：例证与支撑关系 专项练
9. I watched her early in the mrning, even when it was fggy r drizzling.
A. set utB. turn backC. give upD. slw dwn
10. Ecuadr a variety f ecsystems at differing altitudes, which explains why it’s amng the tp 10 cuntries glbally fr bird (diversity).
A. purchasesB. rbsC. bastsD. discvers
11. As the business f birding grws, mre and mre farmers their land frm agriculture t bird reserves, (benefiting) nt just the birds, but the cuntry’s (ecnmy) t.
A. switchB. stpC. defendD. highlight
12. After my grandmther left America, I missed the f sticks clicking against each ther and the smell f her Peruvian crnbread.
A. typeB. mveC. shadwD. sund
类型四：衔接与连贯关系 专项练
13. Suddenly, in the middle f the busiest street in Harar, a twn in Ethipia, lud car hnks (喇叭声) and screams f passersby the air.
A. refreshedB. filledC. frzeD. plluted
14. There were times when she was by steep hills and wanted t give up, but she never did.
A. frightenedB. challengedC. attractedD. guided
15. She crssed the line just a few secnds befre me, her eyes shining with jy and .
A. prideB. triumphC. reliefD. admiratin
16. Afterwards, he suggested that getting rid f the birds, they shuld learn t (live alngside) them, and Maraksacha Reserve was brn.
A. tgether withB. instead fC. apart frmD. aside by
类型五：结构与顺序关系 专项练
17. Officials have avided calling it a tax, pting fr wrds like cntributin, since it als aims t cme up with mre mney t help better (manage) the phenmenn.
A. harderB. plainerC. sfterD. smarter
18. It was Christmas Day, and while thers were celebrating the hliday with , Samiya sat and watched as her three children ate the (last) f the fd they had in the huse.
A. travellingB. shppingC. gatheringD. feasting
19. “What trtured me the mst was my children’s . I wished they wuld cmplain, cry r even g t the neighburs t ask fr fd,” said Samiya.
A. braveryB. inncenceC. genersityD. silence
20. But as the rad pened up and the wind seemed t push me frward, my cmpetitive side tk ver. I gradually _______________ my speed, thinking she wuld catch up.
A. maintainedB. reducedC. increasedD. measured

(建议用时：20分钟)
一、完形填空：
The cultures f the East and the West really distinguish frm each ther a lt. This is because the culture systems are tw separate systems 1 .
The rigin f the eastern culture is mainly frm tw cuntries: China and India. Bth cultures were gestated by 2 . In China, the mther river is the Yellw River, 3 the Indian ne is the Hindu River. These tw cultures were 4 fr thusands f years and frmed their wn styles. Then in Tang Dynasty, Chinese culture 5 went t Japan, mixed int its sciety and 6 Japanese culture tday.
When the tw mther rivers gave birth t the eastern culture, anther famus culture was 7 n the Mesptamian Plain — the Mesptamian Civilizatin. This later develped int the cultures f Ancient Greece and Rme, knwn as the 8 f Eurpean culture. 9 Chinese culture, the Eurpean ne als 10 waters. When English clnists 11 in America, their culture crssed the Atlantic. S American culture desn’t 12 much frm the Eurpean ne.
The 13 in language systems adds t the cultural differences. Eastern languages mstly belng t pictgraphic systems, 14 Western languages are mstly based n the Latin system, such as English.
Other factrs like human race difference cunt as well. Hwever, 15 the enrmus distance and gegraphical barriers, the tw cultures seldm cmmunicated until recent centuries.
1. A. abve all B. n the whle C. in all D. in n case
2. A. muntains B. plains C. lakes D. rivers
3. A. r B. fr C. while D. when
4. A. develped B. imprved C. created D. prtected
5. A. suddenly B. quietly C. gradually D. naturally
6. A. expanded B. interrupted C. ended D. shaped
7. A. brught up B. carried ut C. given ut D. picked up
8. A. result B. sign C. base D. cntent
9. A. Thrugh B. Except C. With D. Like
10. A. affected B. spread C. crssed D. frmed
11. A. jined up B. settled dwn C. brke dwn D. went up
12. A. cme B. suffer C. result D. differ
13. A. distinctin B. cntact C. appearance D. feature
14. A. meanwhile B. therefre C. whereas D. namely
15. A. in terms f B. due t C. as t D. in case f
【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. B
二、语法填空：
The Mga Caves: A Legacy in Peril and Preservatin
Nestled in the desert cliffs near Dunhuang, China, the Mga Caves represent ne f humanity’s mst extrardinary artistic achievements. Created ver a millennium frm the 4th t 14th centuries, this UNESCO Wrld Heritage site cntains nearly 500 caves adrned 1 breathtaking Buddhist murals and sculptures. Each year, it draws thusands f visitrs 2 marvel at its spiritual and histrical significance.
As these ancient caves exceed 1,600 years in age, 3 nging, meticulus cnservatin effrt is crucial t preserve this fragile heritage. The wrk 4 (encmpass) tw primary challenges: structural reinfrcement f the caves themselves and artistic cnservatin f the invaluable paintings within.
The riginal sandstne grttes face cnstant threats frm ersin and seismic activity, making them remarkably vulnerable. While traditinal methds like wden bracing have been used 5 (histric) t secure cracks, mdern preservatin nw relies n a clsely mnitred envirnment. Sphisticated systems maintain stable temperature and humidity levels 6 (prevent) further deteriratin f the delicate murals.
Restratin f the artwrks 7 (g) thrugh evlving phases. Fllwing perids f theft and neglect in the early 20th century, systematic cnservatin began. Tday, damaged areas are carefully treated, with lsses 8 (fill) in with scientifically apprved, reversible materials. Cntemprary 9 (apprach) priritize stabilizatin ver alteratin, learning frm earlier well-intentined but smetimes damaging interventins. The enduring missin remains t safeguard the cave’s fading clrs and structural integrity fr future generatins, 10 (ensure) this Silk Rad treasure cntinues t inspire awe and schlarly wnder fr centuries t cme.
考点
五年考情 (2021---2025)
命题趋势
考点1 议论文型
完形填空
(5年1考)
2022浙江6月卷—信任的重要性；
2018浙江卷—越忙越能办好事。
一、整体趋势预测：选材更注重时代性与跨学科性
1.主题前沿化；2.跨学科融合；3.能力考查立体化；4.信息密度增加。
二、命题热点主题预测 (按概率排序)
1.科技与人文交叉领域：如：数字文化遗产保护、脑机接口的医疗应用、城市智慧交通系统的设计逻辑。
2.环境与地球科学：如：气候工程 (碳捕获技术)、极端天气预警机制、生态农业创新案例。
3.行为与经济科学：如：行为经济学实验 (助推理论)、小微企业数字化转型路径、共享经济模型演变。
考点2 说明文型
完形填空
(5年2考)
2022全国乙卷—孩子捉迷藏的背后;
2021天津卷—为小区免费修车;
2015广东卷—长寿与老龄化;
2015安徽卷—减少垃圾，理性消费;
2013广东卷—鸟类感受数字能力;
英语完形填空指代与复现关系和定义与阐释关系的逻辑线索
一、指代与复现关系：核心是同一个概念（人、事、物、观点）在文中以不同的“面孔”反复出现。
1.判断方法与标志
词汇复现：原词复现；同义词/近义词复现；反义词复现；上下义词复现，互相指代。
2.解题应用
向前找线索：当空格所在句包含 the, this, such, that, its 等指代词时，立即向前寻找它所指代的对象。答案往往就是该对象的原词、同义词或概括词。
向后看复现： 填空后，注意后文是否有词在复现你选择的答案。这可以作为验证手段。保持一致性： 确保你的选择在单复数、性别、感情色彩（褒贬）、主题上与上下文复现的信息完全一致。
二、 定义与阐释关系：核心是作者对一个抽象概念、术语、观点或现象进行解释、说明或举例。定义/被定义部分和被解释/解释部分互为线索。
1.判断方法与标志
直接定义标志：is/are, means, refers t, is called, is knwn as, that is (i.e.), in ther wrds 等。
间接阐释标志：冒号 :、破折号 —、括号 ()。
举例：fr example, such as, like, including。
因果关系： 原因是对结果的解释，结果是对原因的体现。because, since, as, therefre, thus 等连词引导的句子常含有这种关系。
2.解题应用
定位“解释”部分： 如果空格是被定义项（通常是较难、较抽象的术语），就到后文寻找定义或解释它的内容。答案往往是解释部分的高度概括。
定位“被解释”部分： 如果空格是定义或阐释部分，就到前文寻找那个需要被解释的核心概念。你的选择必须能准确描述或例证那个核心概念。
利用例子反推： 如果空格后跟 fr example 等，例子具体说明了什么，空格就填什么（上义词）。反之，如果空格是例子，就找它要证明的论点（上义词）。
英语完形填空例证与支撑关系和衔接与连贯关系的逻辑线索
一、例证与支撑关系：作者提出一个观点、论断或概括性陈述，然后用具体事例、数据、细节或行动来证明、支撑或体现它。这是议论文和说明文中最常见的关系之一。
1. 判断方法与标志：
明确举例标志：fr example, fr instance, such as, like, including, a case in pint
隐含支撑标志：观点-例证结构；问题-方案结构；主张-原因/结果结构。
2. 解题应用：
①“从上到下”推理（空格是观点）：如果空格在举例标志词之前，或需要概括后文一系列具体描述，那么空格就是 “总起句”或“观点句”。
②“从下到上”推理（空格是例证）：如果空格在举例标志词之后，或是用来证明前文观点的具体细节，那么空格就是 “支撑句”或“例证”。
3. 验证关系：填空后，问自己：“这个例子能有力地证明这个观点吗？” 如果不能，很可能选错了。
二、衔接与连贯关系：这是最综合、最高频的关系，涉及句子与句子、段落与段落之间如何平滑、逻辑地连接。它决定了文章的“流动感”。
1. 判断方法与标志（重点关注连接词/过渡词）：
并列与递进：and, als, besides, furthermre, mrever, in additin, what’s mre
逻辑：前后内容性质相似，后者补充或加强前者。
转折与对比：but, hwever, yet, instead, n the cntrary, n the ther hand, althugh, thugh, while, whereas
逻辑：前后内容意义相反或形成对比。看到这些词，空格前后情感、方向、评价往往对立。
因果：原因(because, since, as, due t, wing t)；结果(s, therefre, thus, hence, as a result, cnsequently)。
逻辑：前因后果，或前果后因。必须分清哪个是原因，哪个是结果。
条件与假设：if, unless, prvided that, therwise
逻辑：满足某种条件，才会产生某种结果。
时间与顺序：when, while, befre, after, first, then, finally, meanwhile, subsequently
逻辑：理清事件发生的先后或同时关系。
总结与结论：in cnclusin, t sum up, in a wrd, in shrt, verall
逻辑：后文是对前文的概括或得出结论。
2. 解题应用：
①锁定“路标”词：空格前后出现的任何连接词（如上所列）都是最强逻辑信号。它直接告诉你前后句的关系。
②分析语义逻辑：即使没有明显的连接词，也要通过动词、形容词的感情色彩，判断两句之间是顺承、转折、因果还是举例。
③代入验证：将选项代入后，重读空格所在句及前后句，检查逻辑是否通顺、流畅，是否符合常见的思维习惯。
④注意固定搭配：有些衔接是固定短语，如nt nly… but als…, either… r…, s… that…, such… that…。
结构与顺序关系的逻辑线索
什么是结构与顺序关系？文章内容按照时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序（如重要性、步骤）展开。填空必须符合这种既定的“顺序框架”，保证叙述或说明的连贯性。
一、 判断标志与方法：
1. 时间顺序：最常见于记叙文。标志词是你的“GPS”，告诉你故事进行到哪一步。
它包括：明确时间词；时间从句连词；隐含时间线索。
2. 空间顺序：常见于场景描写、方位说明。标志词是“地图标记”。
它包括：方位介词/副词；移动动词；视角词。
3. 逻辑顺序（重要性/程度）：常见于议论文或说明文，按重要性递增或递减排列观点。
它包括：递增（轻→重）；递减（重→轻）；总结性顺序。
4. 过程/步骤顺序：常见于说明文，描述如何做某事。
它包括：步骤标志词；动作序列。
二、 核心解题技巧与步骤：
1. 速览首段，确定体裁：快速阅读开头几句，判断是记叙文（找时间线）、说明文（找步骤或逻辑层次） 还是描写文（找空间线）。这决定了你关注的重点。
2. 圈出“顺序路标词”：做题时，立即划出空格前后的时间词、方位词、步骤词。它们是最可靠的定位器。
3. 利用动词时态和动作逻辑：如果缺乏明显标志词，分析动词。
4. 代入验证，确保流程顺畅：选择答案后，在心里快速“过电影”。