高考英语二轮-阅读理解——研究报告类说明文（专项训练）（全国通用）（教师版）

这是一份高考英语二轮-阅读理解——研究报告类说明文（专项训练）（全国通用）（教师版），共70页。
TOC \ "1-2" \h \u \l "_Tc17943" 01 课标达标练
考向01考查研究报告prblem--slutin--result类
\l "_Tc2717" 考向02 考查研究报告Findings/discveries--evidence(experiment, result)--cnclusin(applicatin/evaluatin)类
\l "_Tc30632" 考向03 考查研究报告Phenmenn--analysis--cnclusin类
\l "_Tc20184" 02 核心突破练
研究报告说明文创新练
\l "_Tc5699" 03 真题溯源练
考向01考查研究报告prblem--slutin--result类
1.（2025·宁夏回族自治区银川一中月考）
Sme studies estimate that by 2025, abut 35.7 millin Americans r 22% f the wrkfrce will be remte wrkers. Nw mre peple are chsing t welcme a lcatin-independent, technlgy-enabled lifestyle that allws them t travel and wrk remtely. They are called digital nmads (数字游民), and the trend is becming mre and mre widespread.
The grwing ppularity f this lcatin-independent lifestyle has stimulated an interest in digital nmad visas. As a result, cuntries are intrducing visa ptins t lure freigners fr extended stays. Fr example, Indnesia annunced that the cuntry is develping a new visa that wuld be effective fr five years — lnger than any ther digital nmad visa currently available. The emergence f digital nmad visas signifies a prgressive respnse t the rising demand fr this new lifestyle.
Meanwhile, the cnventinal image f digital nmads is underging a transfrmatin. Digital nmads used t be thught f as twenty-smethings backpacking frm hstel t hstel, lking fr anywhere they culd plug in their laptp. But flexible wrk and hmeschling have helped intrduce a new type f digital nmad that wants t see the wrld and create lasting memries with their families. It’s called the “anywhere wrker”. Mst anywhere wrkers can be fund in high-tech jbs, with 61% wrking full-time. Almst half f peple in this categry are married, and, unlike the typical digital nmad, 70% are parents wh take their families with them.
Cnsistent with the changing image f digital nmads, there is als a shift frm valuing pssessins t fcusing n experiences. Millennils in particular, are fueling this trend. Rather than spending mney n expensive watches r luxury cars, yunger generatins prefer t invest in experiences like cncerts, rck climbing and traveling. Accrding t ne study, mre than three in fur Millennials wuld rather spend their hard-earned mney n a thrilling experience r event ver buying a prduct.
As remte wrk pprtunities increase, the trend f living a digital nmadic lifestyle is expected t cntinue grwing, allwing mre individuals t pursue their dream lifestyles. Nevertheless, whether r nt it will stand the test f time remains t be seen.
1．What makes remte wrk pssible?
A．The rise f digital nmads.
B．The technlgy advancement.
C．The availability f digital nmad visas.
D．The increased demand fr wrk-life balance.
2．What des the underlined wrd “lure” mean in Paragraph 2?
A．Request.B．Entertain.C．Fascinate.D．Guide.
3．What is Paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．The shpping habits f Millennials.
B．The analysis f Millennials’ image.
C．The changing values f digital nmads.
D．The benefits f a digital nmadic lifestyle.
4．What is the authr’s attitude twards digital nmads?
A．Psitive.B．Negative.C．Neutral.D．Ambiguus.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了数字游民现象的兴起，数字游民签证应运而生，数字游民的形象从年轻背包客演变为更广泛的“随地工作者”，观念也发生了改变。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Nw mre peple are chsing t welcme a lcatin-independent, technlgy-enabled lifestyle that allws them t travel and wrk remtely. (现在，越来越多的人选择了一种与地点无关的、技术支持的生活方式，这种生活方式允许他们远程旅行和工作。)”可知，技术进步使远程工作成为可能。故选B项。
2．词句猜测题。根据画线词所在句中“As a result, cuntries are intrducing visa ptins…(因此，各国纷纷推出签证选项……)”再结合画线词所在句前一句“The grwing ppularity f this lcatin-independent lifestyle has stimulated an interest in digital nmad visas.(这种不依赖地点的生活方式越来越受欢迎，激发了人们对数字游牧民签证的兴趣。)”提到不受地域限制的生活方式日益普及，激发了人们对数字游民签证的兴趣，可推测出一些国家纷纷推出数字游民签证的目的是吸引外国人延长逗留时间，故推断lure意为“吸引”的意思，和选项C项Fascinate“吸引”意思一致。故选C项。
3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Cnsistent with the changing image f digital nmads, there is als a shift frm valuing pssessins t fcusing n experiences. Millennils in particular, are fueling this trend. Rather than spending mney n expensive watches r luxury cars, yunger generatins prefer t invest in experiences like cncerts, rck climbing and traveling. Accrding t ne study, mre than three in fur Millennials wuld rather spend their hard-earned mney n a thrilling experience r event ver buying a prduct.(与数字游民形象的变化相一致的是，他们也从重视财产转向关注体验。千禧一代尤其助长了这一趋势。比起把钱花在昂贵的手表或豪车上，年轻一代更喜欢投资于音乐会、攀岩和旅行等体验。根据一项研究，超过四分之三的千禧一代宁愿把辛苦赚来的钱花在令人兴奋的体验或活动上，而不是购买产品。)”可知，本段讲述了数字游民开始从重视物质向关注经历转变，特别强调了千禧一代更加注重体验生活。所以，本段主要讲的是数字游民价值观的变化。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“As remte wrk pprtunities increase, the trend f living a digital nmadic lifestyle is expected t cntinue grwing, allwing mre individuals t pursue their dream lifestyles. Nevertheless, whether r nt it will stand the test f time remains t be seen.(随着远程工作机会的增加，数字游牧生活方式的趋势预计将继续增长，让更多的人追求他们梦想的生活方式。然而，它能否经受住时间的考验还有待观察。)”可知，作者虽肯定数字游民生活有助于年轻人逐梦，但同时也表明要时间来表明其是否能经得起考验，由此可推知，作者对数字游民的态度是中立的。故选C项。
2.（2025·陕西省西安高新唐南中学第七次模拟）
The Evlutin f Aerspace: Trends and Prspects
The aerspace industry is n the limit f a revlutinary era, driven by technlgical advancements, sustainability gals, and evlving geplitical dynamics. As we apprach 2025, several key trends are set t redefine this dynamic sectr.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and autnmus systems are becming deeply embedded in aerspace and defense. AI is enhancing air traffic cntrl and flight management, ptimizing (优先) light paths, and imprving fuel efficiency. Autnmus aircraft, including drnes and eVTOLs (electric Vertical Takeff and Landing vehicles), are rapidly advancing. These innvatins prmise t revlutinize urban air mbility and military peratins.
The industry is als fcusing an reducing its envirnmental impact. Electric and hybrid-electric aircraft are being develped by cmpanies like Airbus and Being. Sustainable Aviatin Fuels (SAFs) and advanced materials like carbn fiber cmpsites (复合材料) are als gaining tractin (拉力). These effrts aim t make air travel mre ec-friendly.
Space remains a critical dmain (领域) fr bth cmmercial and defense interests. Private cmpanies like SpaceX and Blue Origin are driving the cmmercializatin f space. By 2025, we can expect significant advancements in space turism, satellite launches, and lunar explratin. Gvernments are als increasing their fcus n space defense, develping anti-satellite weapns and missile defense systems.
Despite these advancements, the aerspace industry faces several challenges. Supply chain issues, wrkfrce shrtages, and geplitical tensins are majr cncerns. Hwever, the industry is adapting thrugh AI-driven slutins, strategic partnerships and increased investment in cybersecurity.
By 2025, the aerspace industry will be shaped by the integratin f AI, the cmmercializatin f space, and a grwing emphasis n sustainability. These trends will create new pprtunities and challenges, requiring innvatin and adaptability. As the industry navigates these changes, it will cntinue t play a crucial rle in glbal security, ecnmic develpment, and technlgical prgress.
1．Hw is AI being used in the aerspace industry?
A．T reduce the number f flights.
B．T ptimize flight paths and imprve fuel efficiency.
C．T replace human pilts cmpletely.
D．T increase the cst f air travel.
2．Why is space defense becming a tp pririty?
A．Decreasing interest in satellite cmmunicatin.
B．Reductin in cmmercial space activities.
C．Declining investment in space explratin.
D．Grwing reliance n space-based facilities and rising threats.
3．What challenges des the aerspace industry face?
A．Supply chain issues and wrkfrce shrtages.
B．Decreasing demand fr air travel.
C．Lack f technlgical innvatin.
D．Reduced investment in cybersecurity.
4．What is the authr’s attitude twards the future f the aerspace industry?
A．Skeptical.B．Pessimistic.C．Optimistic.D．Indifferent.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了2025年前航空航天业的三大趋势及其挑战，指出该行业将通过创新适应变化，继续推动全球安全与经济进步。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“AI is enhancing air traffic cntrl and flight management, ptimizing (优先) light paths, and imprving fuel efficiency. (AI正在提升空中交通管制和飞行管理，优化飞行路径，并提高燃油效率)”可知，AI被应用于优化飞行路径和提高燃油效率。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Gvernments are als increasing their fcus n space defense, develping anti-satellite weapns and missile defense systems. (政府正加强关注太空防御，研发反卫星武器和导弹防御系统)”可知，政府研发武器和防御系统来加强太空防御，由此推知，太空防御成为当务之急是因为对太空设施依赖加深及新兴威胁。故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Supply chain issues, wrkfrce shrtages, and geplitical tensins are majr cncerns. (供应链问题、劳动力短缺和地缘政治紧张是主要忧虑)”可知，航空航天业面临的挑战包括供应链问题和劳动力短缺。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“By 2025, the aerspace industry will be shaped by the integratin f AI, the cmmercializatin f space, and a grwing emphasis n sustainability. These trends will create new pprtunities and challenges, requiring innvatin and adaptability. As the industry navigates these changes, it will cntinue t play a crucial rle in glbal security, ecnmic develpment, and technlgical prgress. (到2025年，人工智能的深度融合、太空商业化进程加速以及对可持续发展的日益重视将重塑航空航天产业格局。这些趋势在创造新机遇的同时也带来了全新挑战，要求行业以创新思维和灵活适应性应对变革。在转型过程中，该产业将继续为全球安全体系、经济发展与技术进步发挥不可替代的关键作用)”可知，作者关注的是航空航天业的机遇与持续影响力，这表明他对行业未来持积极乐观的态度。故选C项。
3.（2025·浙江省杭州市高三二模）
Mst peple see innvatin as a flash f brilliance and Eureka, a new wrld is brn. When Alexander Fleming returned t his lab in 1928, he fund a bacteria culture he had grwn was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any clnies it tuched. Rather than simply starting ver, Fleming switched his fcus t the fungus. He identified the bacteria-killing substance, which he called “penicillin”, and seemingly in a single strke, created the new field f antibitics. The truth, hwever, is messier. It wasn’t until 1943 that penicillin came int widespread use.
T put Fleming’s discvery in cntext, cnsider Ignaz Semmelweis, wh pineered hand washing in maternity wards (产房), significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scrn instead f fame. That was because in the 1850s, his ideas cnflicted with the ppular miasma thery, which attributed disease t “bad airs”. After his death in 1865, germ thery was accepted, paving the way fr Fleming’s later wrk.
Fleming was a gifted bilgist but a pr cmmunicatr. When he published his results in 1929, few tk ntice. In 1935, Hward Flrey and Ernst Chain discvered Fleming’s paper, understd its imprtance, and develped methds t prduce penicillin in quantity. By 1943, with Wrld War II raging, the War Prductin Bard enlisted 21 cmpanies t mass-prduce penicillin, saving cuntless lives and ushering in the new age f antibitics. Fleming, Flrey and Chain received the Nbel Prize fr Medicine in 1945.
Penicillin wes much f its success t gvernment supprt. Fr many ther grundbreaking innvatins like the Internet and GPS, their innvatrs, while carving their wn path, are ften uncertain f where the pprtunity lies until they team up with ther visinaries and crpratins, wh might have the resurces t fast-track their ideas. S, lk at any significant innvatin and the myth f the lne genius and the “eureka mment” breaks dwn.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A．An accunt f a lab stry.B．Redefinitin f a traditinal view.
C．Crrectin f a ppular miscnceptin.D．An analysis f a scientific phenmenn.
2．What is the message cnveyed abut Fleming’s stry?
A．Great minds think alike.
B．The early bird catches the wrm.
C．Luck’s gt yur back when it cmes t success.
D．Early wrk is a steppingstne t later breakthrughs.
3．What des the underlined part “ushering in” mean in paragraph 3?
A．Delaying.B．Intrducing.C．Predicting.D．Transfrming.
4．Which f the fllwing can be the best title?
A．Great Innvatins: Individuals Are True Heres.
B．Frm Failure t Success: The Stry f Penicillin.
C．The Lne Genius: Fleming’s Discvery f Penicillin.
D．The Lng Rad t Penicillin: Hw Innvatin Happens.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过讲述青霉素的发现、早期未受重视、后续量产推广的过程，结合塞麦尔维斯在产房推行洗手却遭冷遇的例子，揭示重大创新并非是某个天才“灵光一闪”的产物，而是多方面因素共同作用的结果。
1．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Mst peple see innvatin as a flash f brilliance and Eureka, a new wrld is brn. When Alexander Fleming returned t his lab in 1928, he fund a bacteria culture he had grwn was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any clnies it tuched. Rather than simply starting ver, Fleming switched his fcus t the fungus. He identified the bacteria-killing substance, which he called “penicillin”, and seemingly in a single strke, created the new field f antibitics. The truth, hwever, is messier. It wasn’t until 1943 that penicillin came int widespread use. (大多数人将创新视为灵光一现的“尤里卡时刻”（即灵感突现的瞬间），仿佛一声“尤里卡”，新世界便随之诞生。1928年，亚历山大・弗莱明回到实验室时，发现自己培养的细菌培养基被霉菌污染，而霉菌所到之处，细菌菌落均被杀死。他没有简单地从头再来，而是将研究重点转向了这种霉菌。他鉴定出了这种杀菌物质，并将其命名为“青霉素”——看似一蹴而就间，他开创了抗生素这一全新领域。但事实远比这复杂。直到1943年，青霉素才得以广泛应用。)”可知，在第一段中，作者先指出大众对创新的普遍认知，随后通过弗莱明发现青霉素的例子，用“hwever”转折强调“事实远比这复杂”，即纠正了人们对创新过程的误解。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Fleming was a gifted bilgist but a pr cmmunicatr. When he published his results in 1929, few tk ntice. In 1935, Hward Flrey and Ernst Chain discvered Fleming’s paper, understd its imprtance, and develped methds t prduce penicillin in quantity. By 1943, with Wrld War II raging, the War Prductin Bard enlisted 21 cmpanies t mass-prduce penicillin, saving cuntless lives and ushering in the new age f antibitics. Fleming, Flrey and Chain received the Nbel Prize fr Medicine in 1945. (弗莱明是一位天赋异禀的生物学家，但不擅长沟通。1929年，他发表了自己的研究成果，却几乎无人关注。1935年，霍华德・弗洛里和恩斯特・钱恩发现了弗莱明的论文，意识到其重要性，并开发了批量生产青霉素的方法。到1943年，第二次世界大战正如火如荼，美国战争生产委员会召集21家公司大规模生产青霉素，拯救了无数生命，也开创了抗生素的新时代。弗莱明、弗洛里和钱恩于1945年共同获得诺贝尔医学奖。)”可知，弗莱明的成果最初无人关注，直到弗洛里和钱恩发现其论文并推动量产，最终借助政府和企业资源实现突破。由此可推测，弗莱明的初步发现、弗洛里团队的开发，均体现早期成果为后续突破铺路的逻辑。故选D。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词所在句“By 1943, with Wrld War II raging, the War Prductin Bard enlisted 21 cmpanies t mass-prduce penicillin, saving cuntless lives and ushering in the new age f antibitics. (到1943年，第二次世界大战正如火如荼，美国战争生产委员会召集21家公司大规模生产青霉素，拯救了无数生命，也……抗生素的新时代。)”可知，青霉素的大规模生产拯救了生命，由此开启了抗生素的新时代。划线单词的意思和“开创、引入”相似。选项B“intrducing”意为“引入”，与此相符。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章通过青霉素的发现与应用过程，揭示了创新并非“灵光一现”，而是依赖前人研究积累、团队协作、资源支持等多方面因素的长期过程。选项D“The Lng Rad t Penicillin: Hw Innvatin Happens. (青霉素的漫长之路：创新如何发生。)”既涵盖青霉素从发现到应用的漫长过程，又点明文章对创新本质的探讨，契合主旨。故选D。
\l "_Tc2717" 考向02 考查研究报告Findings/discveries--evidence(experiment, result)--cnclusin(applicatin/evaluatin)类
1.（2025届辽宁省沈阳市东北育才学校高三下学期适应性考试）
The future f space fd culd be simple and strange. Fr decades, astrnauts have relied mstly n prepackaged fd r the ccasinal grwn vegetables during their visits t uter space. With missins beynd Earth’s rbit in sight, a NASA led cmpetitin is hping t change all that and start a new era f sustainable space fd.
T slve the prblem f feeding astrnauts n lng duratin missins, the US space agency started the Deep Space Fd Challenge in January 2022, asking cmpanies t prpse nvel ways t develp sustainable fds fr future missins. Abut 200 cmpanies entered, which were narrwed dwn t 11 teams in January 2023 as part f phase 2. On Nvember 19, NASA annunced the teams that will prgress int the final phase f the cmpetitin, with sme winners t be annunced in March, 2025.
All teams had t shw systems that culd perate fr three years and feed a crew f fur n a future space missin. The prpsals did nt need t supply a crew’s entire diet, but they did need t create a variety f nutritius fds t the astrnauts.
One cmpany tk an incredibly unusual apprach t the task. Air Cmpany, based in New Yrk, designed a system that culd use the carbn dixide breathed ut by astrnauts in space t prduce alchl, which can then be fed t yeast (酵母) and prduce “smething that’s suitable fr eating”. “It’s making fd ut f the air.” says Staffrd Sheehan, c-funder and chief technlgy fficer f Air Cmpany, “It sunds like magic, but when yu see it actually perating, it’s much mre simple.”
Interstellar Lab in Flrida had a different apprach. Its system, called NUCLEUS, is a set f small capsules. Each is self-cntained, with its wn temperature, watering system, etc. That wuld allw different vegetables t be planted s that astrnauts can easily grw their wn fd in space.
While the winning ideas frm the Deep Space Fd Challenge wn’t immediately be used by astrnauts, they shw what might be pssible n future missins. “Yu’ve gt t start years in advance t make sure yu have the capability in place when yu need it,” says Ralph Fritsche, senir prject manager fr space crp prductin at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Flrida.
1．Why was the Deep Space Fd Challenge launched?
A．T find tasty fds fr astrnauts.
B．T fund a space fd supply center.
C．T develp a new surce f space fd.
D．T attract astrnauts t fd explratin.
2．Which might be the requirement t becme the winning cmpany?
A．Future space missins lasting three years.
B．Entire diets fr lng-lasting space research.
C．Cncrete prpsals invlving a crew f fur.
D．Sustainable supply f nutritius space fds.
3．What d paragraphs 4 and 5 fcus n?
A．Describing future space fd.
B．Shwing slutins frm cmpeting cmpanies.
C．Intrducing the current status f space fd.
D．Explaining the nutritinal needs f space fd.
4．What is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．Astrnauts prduce mre space fd.
B．Space explrers face a lack f nutritin.
C．New types f space fds are n the way.
D．Future space missins last even lnger.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C
【解析】本文为说明文，主要讲述NASA启动“深空食物挑战”计划以开发可持续太空食物，并介绍参赛公司的创新解决方案。
1.细节理解题。根据第二段“T slve the prblem f feeding astrnauts n lng duratin missins, the US space agency started the Deep Space Fd Challenge in January 2022, asking cmpanies t prpse nvel ways t develp sustainable fds fr future missins.(为了解决长期任务中宇航员的饮食问题，美国航天局于2022年1月启动了深空食品挑战赛，要求公司为未来的任务提出开发可持续食品的新方法。)”可知，该挑战旨在开发新的太空食物来源。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“All teams had t shw systems that culd perate fr three years and feed a crew f fur n a future space missin. The prpsals did nt need t supply a crew’s entire diet, but they did need t create a variety f nutritius fds t the astrnauts.(所有团队都必须展示可以运行三年的系统，并在未来的太空任务中为四名机组人员提供食物。这些提议不需要提供宇航员的全部饮食，但他们确实需要为宇航员创造各种营养食品。)”可知，获胜要求是提供可持续的营养食物供应。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“One cmpany tk an incredibly unusual apprach t the task. Air Cmpany, based in New Yrk, designed a system that culd use the carbn dixide breathed ut by astrnauts in space t prduce alchl, which can then be fed t yeast (酵母) and prduce “smething that’s suitable fr eating”. (一家公司对这项任务采取了令人难以置信的不同寻常的方法。总部位于纽约的航空公司设计了一种系统，可以利用宇航员在太空中呼出的二氧化碳来生产酒精，然后将酒精喂给酵母，生产出“适合食用的东西”。)”描述利用二氧化碳生产食物的方法，第五段“Its system, called NUCLEUS, is a set f small capsules. Each is self-cntained, with its wn temperature, watering system, etc. That wuld allw different vegetables t be planted s that astrnauts can easily grw their wn fd in space.(它的系统被称为NUCLEUS，是一组小胶囊。每个都是独立的，有自己的温度、浇水系统等。这将允许种植不同的蔬菜，这样宇航员就可以在太空中轻松种植自己的食物。)”描述NUCLEUS种植系统可知，两段均以具体案例展示参赛公司的创新方案。从而推知两段焦点是展示解决方案。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The future f space fd culd be simple and strange. Fr decades, astrnauts have relied mstly n prepackaged fd r the ccasinal grwn vegetables during their visits t uter space. With missins beynd Earth’s rbit in sight, a NASA led cmpetitin is hping t change all that and start a new era f sustainable space fd.(太空食品的未来可能是简单而奇怪的。几十年来，宇航员在外太空访问期间主要依靠预包装食品或偶尔种植的蔬菜。随着地球轨道以外任务的临近，美国国家航空航天局领导的一项竞赛希望改变这一切，开启可持续太空食品的新时代。)”和最后一段“While the winning ideas frm the Deep Space Fd Challenge wn’t immediately be used by astrnauts, they shw what might be pssible n future missins. (虽然深太空食品挑战赛的获奖想法不会立即被宇航员使用，但它们展示了未来任务的可能性。)”可知，全文围绕NASA挑战开发新型可持续太空食物展开，强调创新方法正在推进。C项“新型太空食品即将问世”概括这一核心主题，适合用作标题。故选C。
2.（2025·安徽省合肥市第七中学高三第四次质检）
A glbal study cmparing 2,062 birds finds that, in highly variable envirnments, birds tend t have either larger r smaller brains relative t their bdy size. Birds with smaller brains tend t use eclgical strategies that are nt available t big-brained nes. “The fact is that there are a great many species that d quite well with small brains,” said Trevr Friste, first authr f the study frm Washingtn University.
Previus studies had fund general trends tward larger relative brain sizes at higher latitudes (纬度), where cnditins are mre variable. This new study is different because it lks at the full distributin f brain sizes acrss envirnments, allwing the researchers t test whether different sizes are ver-r under-represented. They fund that at higher latitudes, bird brains are significantly mre likely t be either relatively large r relatively small cmpared t bdy size.
What was ging n here? Friste, brn in Alaska, had a few ideas. He suggests that the Alaska state bird, the ptarmigan (雷鸟), might be a typical example f the small-brained species. Lvable thugh it is, it’s nt exactly knwn fr its smarts. The ptarmigan can, hwever, feed n branches and willw leaves.
“We find that small-brained species in these envirnments emply strategies that are unachievable with a large brain. These species are able t live n readily available but difficult t digest resurces such as needles f cnifers (针叶树), r even branches. These fds can be fund even during extreme winter cnditins, but they are fibrus and require a large gut (肠道) t digest,” Friste said. “Gut tissue, like brain tissue, is energetically demanding, and limited budgets mean that it is challenging t maintain a lt f bth.”
“Brains are nt evlving separately — they are part f a brader suite f adaptatins that help creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carls Bter, assistant prfessr f bilgy and c-authr f the study. “Bilgists, urselves included, have histrically believed that envirnmental variability drives the expansin f brain size. But when we take a brader view, we realize that ther strategies als wrk — and remarkably, the alternative here invlves making a brain actually smaller!”
1．Hw des Friste’ s research differ frm previus studies?
A．It arrives at a cnflicting cnclusin.B．It fcuses n birds with smaller brains.
C．It cvers a wider range f brain sizes.D．It reveals birds’ evlving prcesses.
2．What d we knw abut the ptarmigan?
A．It is cnsidered fairly intelligent.B．It has a pwerful digesting system.
C．It has a relatively large bdy size.D．It has a selective feeding habit.
3．What can be inferred abut smaller brains frm Bter’s wrds?
A．They are typical f independent evlutin.B．They are a result f limited budgets.
C．They are nt fr variable envirnments.D．They are an effective survival strategy.
4．what can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．The Smaller the Brain, the SmarterB．Big Brains: Adapt t Higher Latitudes
C．Big Brains r Big Guts: Chse OneD．Evlutins f Brain Size in Birds
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。
1． 细节理解题。根据第三段“This new study is different because it lks at the full distributin f brain sizes acrss envirnments, allwing the researchers t test whether different sizes are ver-r under-represented.(这项新研究的不同之处在于，它观察了不同环境下大脑大小的完整分布，使研究人员能够测试不同大小的大脑是被过度代表还是被低估了)”可知，弗里斯托的研究涵盖了更大范围的大脑大小。故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段“The ptarmigan can, hwever, feed n branches and willw leaves.(然而，雷鸟可以以树枝和柳叶为食)”以及第五段“These species are able t live n readily available but difficult t digest resurces such as needles f cnifers (针叶树), r even branches. These fds can be fund even during extreme winter cnditins, but they are fibrus and require a large gut (肠道) t digest,(这些物种能够生活在容易获得但难以消化的资源上，如针叶树的针叶，甚至树枝。即使在极端的冬季条件下也可以找到这些食物，但它们是纤维质的，需要大的肠道来消化)”可推知，雷鸟有强大的消化系统。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段““Brains are nt evlving separately — they are part f a brader suite f adaptatins that help creatures succeed in their lives,” said Carls Bter, assistant prfessr f bilgy and c-authr f the study. “Bilgists, urselves included, have histrically believed that envirnmental variability drives the expansin f brain size. But when we take a brader view, we realize that ther strategies als wrk — and remarkably, the alternative here invlves making a brain actually smaller!”(生物学助理教授、该研究的合著者卡洛斯·波特罗说：“大脑并不是单独进化的——它们是帮助生物在生活中取得成功的更广泛适应的一部分。”“生物学家，包括我们自己，一直认为环境的变化会导致大脑体积的扩大。但当我们从更广泛的角度来看时，我们意识到其他策略也起作用——值得注意的是，这里的替代方案涉及让大脑变得更小！”)”可知，Bter认为更小的大脑是一种有效的生存策略。故选D项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A glbal study cmparing 2,062 birds finds that, in highly variable envirnments, birds tend t have either larger r smaller brains relative t their bdy size. Birds with smaller brains tend t use eclgical strategies that are nt available t big-brained nes.(一项比较2062只鸟类的全球研究发现，在高度可变的环境中，鸟类的大脑相对于其体型往往更大或更小。大脑较小的鸟类倾向于使用大脑较大的鸟类无法使用的生态策略)”以及下文可知，文章主要介绍了关于鸟类大脑大小和智慧之间关系的研究，列举了研究人员对研究结果的看法。由此可知，C选项Big Brains r Big Guts: Chse One(脑大还是智慧大：选择一个)适合作文章标题。故选C项。
3.（2025·河北省石家庄市普通高中毕业年级教学质量检测（三））
Scientists have been lking at DNA t stre all types f data, nt just bilgical, but als digital. Yet while DNA is a great strage material, it’s als quite delicate. Water r heat can damage it easily unless it’s given an amber-like (似琥珀) cating. That new idea was brrwed frm the 1993mvie Jurassic Park, in which scientists clned dinsaurs frm DNA trapped in amber.
DNA is the wrld’s ldest data strage device. The mst amazing thing abut DNA is that it can ptentially be used t stre any type f data. Putting infrmatin int DNA uses a prcess called encding. “Yur cmputer stres infrmatin in a binary frmat (二进制), zeres and nes,” ntes Karishma Matange, a cmputatinal bilgist. “Encding wrks t change these zeres and nes int A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can stre infrmatin.” The rder f the bases in DNA is called sequence (序列), which spells ut the infrmatin it hlds. T pull infrmatin back ut frm the DNA, yu rewind the prcess.
Scientists can stre DNA fr lng perids. But it requires freezing temperatures, special equipment and dangerus chemicals, which makes the prcess cstly. James Banal, a scientist in San Carls, Califrnia, and his team came up with a new methd T-REX. His team uses this methd t trap DNA in a material similar t plastic. “Plastics are durable.” Banal pints ut. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative t enclse DNA．
T test it, the team encded the Jurassic Park theme music and a persn’s genme int DNA．Then they put the DNA in the glassy plastic. Damp and heat are DNA’s biggest threats. But the T-REX material keeps damp ut. The researchers heated it up t 75° Celsius. Later, they gt the DNA by breaking the cating dwn. The best part, Banal says, is that the brken-dwn material can be reused t stre DNA again.
Banal and his clleagues want t use the T-REX methd t preserve genetic data r even safely stre bilgical samples that will be launched int space. And we might ne day use it t stre the massive amunts f data peple generate every day.
1．Hw is digital infrmatin stred int DNA?
A．By turning binary cde int DNA bases.
B．By freezing the DNA at lw temperatures.
C．By cating the DNA with amber material.
D．By sequencing DNA frm ancient samples.
2．What is the main advantage f the T-REX methd fr DNA strage?
A．Breaking DNA dwn with chemicals.
B．Offering cst-effective strage f DNA．
C．Helping DNA survive extreme wetness.
D．Withdrawing whle DNA frm dinsaurs.
3．What will the DNA strage technlgy be used fr in the future?
A．Clning extinct dinsaurs.B．Reducing glbal plastic pllutin.
C．Preserving diverse samples.D．Speeding future space explratin.
4．What’s the main idea f the text?
A．A breakthrugh in DNA data strage technlgy.
B．Hw digital technlgy advances DNA analysis.
C．The bilgical applicatins f DNA repairing system.
D．Hw Jurassic Park inspired DNA preservatin research.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。 文章主要介绍了DNA存储数据的原理，传统存储的缺陷及T-REX新方法，其成本低、耐用，未来或用于多领域存储。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Putting infrmatin int DNA uses a prcess called encding. ‘Yur cmputer stres infrmatin in a binary frmat (二进制), zeres and nes,’ ntes Karishma Matange, a cmputatinal bilgist. ‘Encding wrks t change these zeres and nes int A, C, G and T, the DNA bases that can stre infrmatin.’ (将信息输入DNA需要一个称为编码的过程。计算生物学家Karishma Matange指出：‘你的计算机以二进制格式（0和1）存储信息。编码的作用是将这些0和1转换为A、C、G和T，即可以存储信息的DNA碱基。’)”可知，数字信息是通过将二进制数据转换为DNA的四种碱基（A、C、G、T）进行存储的。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative t enclse DNA. (此外，T-REX是包裹DNA的廉价替代品。)”和第四段“But the T-REX material keeps damp ut. The researchers heated it up t 75° Celsius. Later, they gt the DNA by breaking the cating dwn. The best part, Banal says, is that the brken-dwn material can be reused t stre DNA again. (但T-REX材料可以防潮。研究人员将其加热至75摄氏度。后来，他们通过分解涂层获得了DNA。Banal说，最好的部分是，分解的材料可以再次用于存储DNA。)”可知，T-REX方法既成本低廉，又能防潮，并且可以重复使用材料来存储DNA，因此，T-REX方法的主要优势是提供了一种经济有效的DNA存储方式。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Banal and his clleagues want t use the T-REX methd t preserve genetic data r even safely stre bilgical samples that will be launched int space. And we might ne day use it t stre the massive amunts f data peple generate every day. (Banal和他的同事们希望使用T-REX方法来保存遗传数据，甚至安全地存储将被发射到太空的生物样本。有一天，我们可能会用它来存储人们每天生成的大量数据。)”可知，DNA存储技术未来将用于保存多样化的样本。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Scientists have been lking at DNA t stre all types f data, nt just bilgical, but als digital. Yet while DNA is a great strage material, it’s als quite delicate. (科学家们一直在研究DNA来存储所有类型的数据，不仅是生物数据，还有数字数据。然而，尽管DNA是一种很好的存储材料，但它也很脆弱。)”和文章第三段“James Banal, a scientist in San Carls, Califrnia, and his team came up with a new methd T-REX. His team uses this methd t trap DNA in a material similar t plastic. ‘Plastics are durable.’ Banal pints ut. Besides, T-REX is a cheap alternative t enclse DNA.(加利福尼亚州圣卡洛斯的科学家James Banal和他的团队提出了一种新的方法T-REX。他的团队使用这种方法将DNA捕获在类似塑料的材料中。巴纳尔指出：‘塑料很耐用。’此外，T-REX是包裹DNA的廉价替代品。)”可知，文章主要讲述了科学家们一直在研究使用DNA来存储各种类型的数据，并介绍了DNA作为存储材料的优缺点，以及一种新的DNA存储方法T-REX的研发和应用。因此，文章的主旨大意是DNA数据存储技术的突破。故选A。
4.（2025·广东省深圳市罗湖外语学校期中）
Research led by the University f Leeds has fund that children d better at primary schl if their fathers regularly spend time with them n interactive engagement (互动式参与) activities like reading, playing, telling stries, drawing and singing.
Analyzing primary schl test scres fr five-and seven-year-lds, the researchers used a representative sample f nearly 5,000 mther-father husehlds in England. Accrding t the research, dads wh regularly drew, played and read with their three-year-lds helped their children d better at schl by age five. Dads being invlved at age five als helped imprve scres in seven-year-lds’ Key Stage Assessments.
Dr Helen Nrman, wh led the research, said, “Mthers still tend t assume the primary carer rle and therefre tend t d the mst childcare, but if fathers actively engage in childcare t, it significantly increases the likelihd f children getting better grades in primary schl. This is why encuraging and supprting fathers in sharing childcare with the mther, frm an early stage in the child's life, is critical. ”
Dads’ invlvement impacted psitively n their children’s schl achievement regardless f the child's gender, ethnicity, age in the schl year and husehld incme, accrding t the research. There were different effects when mms and dads tk part in the same activities - the data shwed that mms had mre f an impact n yung children's emtinal and scial behavirs than educatinal achievement.
The researchers recmmend that dads spare as much time as they can t engage in interactive activities with their children each week. Fr busy, wrking dads, even just ten minutes a day culd ptentially have educatinal benefits. They als recmmend that schls and early years educatin prviders rutinely take bth parents' cntact details and develp strategies t engage fathers and keep a recrd f father-engagement.
Dr Jeremy Davies, wh c-authred the reprt, said, “Our analysis has shwn that fathers have an imprtant, direct impact n their children’s learning. We shuld be recgnizing this and actively finding ways t supprt dads in playing their part, rather than engaging nly with mthers, r taking a gender-neutral apprach. ”
1．Hw did the researchers cnduct the study?
A．By assessing parent-child relatinships.B．By bserving educatinal parent-child activities.
C．By classifying children's individual interests.D．By examining children’s academic perfrmance.
2．What des Helen Nrman try t tell us in Paragraph 3?
A．Shared childcare is highly beneficial.B．Educatin starts frm the family.
C．Children need a sense f belnging.D．Father excels in educating children.
3．Which f the fllwing d the researchers recmmend?
A．Fathers reduce wrking hurs.B．Schls invlve fathers in children’s learning.
C．Mthers keep track f children's studies.D．Educatrs find ways t supprt mthers.
4．What is a suitable title fr the text?
A．The Shift in Parents’ Rles in Childcare.B．The Impact f Fathers n Children’s Educatin.
C．Mm vs. Dad: Wh Influences Kids Mre?D．Interactive Activities: Hw D They Affect Kids’ Grades?
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍利兹大学的研究发现，如果父亲经常花时间陪孩子参加互动活动，孩子在小学的表现会更好。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Analyzing primary schl test scres fr five-and seven-year-lds, the researchers used a representative sample f nearly 5,000 mther-father husehlds in England. Accrding t the research, dads wh regularly drew, played and read with their three-year-lds helped their children d better at schl by age five. (研究人员分析了5岁和7岁孩子的小学考试成绩，使用了英国近5000个父母家庭的代表性样本。根据这项研究，经常和三岁的孩子一起画画、玩耍和阅读的父亲，可以帮助他们的孩子在五岁时在学校表现得更好。)”可知研究人员通过检查孩子们的学习成绩来进行研究的，故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Dr Helen Nrman, wh led the research, said, “Mthers still tend t assume the primary carer rle and therefre tend t d the mst childcare, but if fathers actively engage in childcare t, it significantly increases the likelihd f children getting better grades in primary schl. This is why encuraging and supprting fathers in sharing childcare with the mther, frm an early stage in the child's life, is critical. ” (领导这项研究的海伦·诺曼博士说：“母亲仍然倾向于承担主要的照顾者角色，因此往往承担最多的照顾孩子的工作，但如果父亲也积极参与照顾孩子，那么孩子在小学取得更好成绩的可能性就会大大增加。”这就是为什么鼓励和支持父亲在孩子的早期阶段与母亲共同照顾孩子是至关重要的。”)”可推知海伦·诺曼博士想要告诉我们的是父母共同照顾孩子是非常有益的，故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“They als recmmend that schls and early years educatin prviders rutinely take bth parents’ cntact details and develp strategies t engage fathers and keep a recrd f father-engagement. (他们还建议学校和早期教育机构定期收集父母双方的联系方式，制定策略让父亲参与进来，并记录父亲参与的情况。)”可知研究人员建议学校制定策略让父亲参与孩子的学校活动，故选B。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其第一段“Research led by the University f Leeds has fund that children d better at primary schl if their fathers regularly spend time with them n interactive engagement activities like reading, playing, telling stries, drawing and singing. (利兹大学领导的一项研究发现，如果父亲经常花时间和孩子一起进行阅读、玩耍、讲故事、画画和唱歌等互动活动，孩子在小学的表现会更好。)”可知文章主要讲述利兹大学的研究发现，如果父亲经常花时间陪孩子参加互动活动，孩子在小学的表现会更好，也就是父亲对孩子的教育影响，B选项“父亲对孩子教育的影响。”适合做标题，符合文章大意，故选B。
5.（2025·江西省南昌市青山湖区江西师范大学附属中月考）
Teenagers wh have clse, secure relatinships with their families are mre likely t extend empathy (同理心) t their peers, accrding t a new study.
The study, cnducted at the University f Virginia’s Adlescent Research Grup, fllwed 174 adlescents frm the ages f 14 t 18 t track their prgress annually. At age 14, researchers interviewed the teens regarding their family relatinships using a mdified versin f the Adult Attachment Interview, which is cnsidered the “gld standard” f assessing ne’s attachment state f mind. Jessica Stern, lead authr f the study, said this mtivated the teens t share descriptins and stries abut their families. Researchers paid attentin t nt nly what the teens said but als hw they expressed it.
After these initial interviews, researchers went back t the participants at ages 16, 17 and 18 and bserved their interactins with a clse friend. The researchers nted hw the participants respnded when their friend presented a prblem and revealed it t them, assessing the participants’ extensin f empathy. Teens wh had mre secure family relatinships shwed higher empathy tward their friends at ages 16 and 17 than less secure teens. It’s nt all bad news, thugh, because the less secure teens “caught up” in their empathic behavir by age 18. This is cause fr hpe, Stern said, because it may indicate that thse empathic skills can develp ver time fr adlescents wh dn’t have great relatinships at hme. Having strng friendships r a trusted teacher might make an impact n insecure teens’ empathy.
Mre research is being cnducted n this particular grup f participants, wh are nw in their mid-30s. The researchers are interested in seeing hw the empathic abilities they examined in the teens nw shape their rmantic relatinships and parenting behavir as adults. Being able t pick up n ther peple’s emtins and see frm their pint f view is imprtant “fr a variety f ther things that we cnsider success in the wrld,” Stern said.
Fr parents and even teachers, Stern advises understanding the necessity f empathy and really investing in relatinships with teens. Prviding mdels f empathic behavir, including treating thers with kindness, respect and supprt, can help adlescents internalize that behavir.
1．What d we knw abut the research?
A．It was a lng-term study.
B．It revealed gender differences.
C．It invlved big data analysis.
D．It explred prblem-slving strategies.
2．What can be inferred abut the less secure teens during the study?
A．They shwed a decline in empathy.
B．They became mre eager fr empathy.
C．They maintained cnsistent levels f empathy.
D．They initially struggled but imprved in empathy.
3．What wuld help adlescents develp empathy accrding t the last paragraph?
A．Demnstrating empathy in actin.
B．Rewarding their prgress in empathy.
C．Engaging them in classrm discussins.
D．Mnitring their interpersnal relatinships.
4．What is the passage mainly abut?
A．The pwer f empathy fr future success.
B．Teenagers’ empathy linked t family bnds.
C．The impact f friendship n adlescent empathy.
D．Attachment thery and teens’ empathy develpment.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究表明家庭关系紧密稳固的青少年更具同理心，且部分青少年同理心可随时间发展，还强调了培养青少年同理心的方法。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“The study, cnducted at the University f Virginia’s Adlescent Research Grup, fllwed 174 adlescents frm the ages f 14 t 18 t track their prgress annually.(这项由弗吉尼亚大学青少年研究小组进行的研究，跟踪了 174 名年龄在 14 岁至 18 岁之间的青少年，并每年追踪他们的进展情况。)”以及第四段第一句“Mre research is being cnducted n this particular grup f participants, wh are nw in their mid-30s.(目前正在对这一特定的参与者群体进行更多的研究，他们现在都已步入30多岁。)”可知，这项研究从青少年时期一直持续到他们30多岁，是一项长期的研究。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段第三句“Teens wh had mre secure family relatinships shwed higher empathy tward their friends at ages 16 and 17 than less secure teens.(与家庭关系不太稳固的青少年相比，在16岁和17岁时，家庭关系更稳固的青少年对朋友表现出更高的同理心。)”以及第四句“It’s nt all bad news, thugh, because the less secure teens ‘caught up’ in their empathic behavir by age 18.(不过，这也不全是坏消息，因为到18岁时，家庭关系不太稳固的青少年在同理心行为方面‘赶上了’。)”可知，家庭关系不太稳固的青少年一开始在同理心方面表现不如家庭关系稳固的青少年，但到18岁时有所改善。故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Prviding mdels f empathic behavir, including treating thers with kindness, respect and supprt, can help adlescents internalize that behavir.(提供同理心行为的榜样，包括以友善、尊重和支持的态度对待他人，可以帮助青少年将这种行为内化。)”可知，通过实际行动展示同理心有助于青少年发展同理心。故选A项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Teenagers wh have clse, secure relatinships with their families are mre likely t extend empathy (同理心) t their peers, accrding t a new study.(一项新的研究表明，与家人关系亲密、稳固的青少年更有可能对同龄人表现出同理心。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了青少年的同理心与家庭关系之间的联系。所以B选项Teenagers’ empathy linked t family bnds(青少年的同理心与家庭纽带相关) 符合文意。故选B项。
6.（2025届北京市精华学校高三三模）
Rising glbal carbn dixide levels tied t glbal warming may nt be as crucial in determining the cmpsitin f plant cmmunities as ther lcalized climate changes.
“Nbdy really knws what the increases in carbn dixide are ging t entail in terms f future changes in vegetatin types,” said Mark Brenner, a University f Flrida assistant prfessr f palelimnlgy, the study f ancient lakes. “It lks like climate changes in different areas may be mre imprtant than carbn dixide, at least carbn dixide by itself,” he said.
Brenner’s research team based their cnclusins n an analysis f sediment (沉积物) frm tw lake bttms, ne in nrthern Mexic and ne in nrthern Guatemala. The researchers used new techniques that allwed them t analyze nly the remains f land plants, specifically their leaf waxes. By measuring the istpe cmpsitin f the leaf waxes, the researchers were able t distinguish tw brad categries f plants living in these areas — s-called C3 and C4 plants, which have different phtsynthetic (光合作用的) prcesses, the prcess by which green plants turn carbn dixide and water int fd using energy frm sunlight. Many C4 plants are trpical grasses, while mst trpical trees are C3 plants. The researchers analyzed sediments depsited ver the last 27,000 years, frm the last ice age t the current gelgical perid. Over this perid, there was a wrldwide, relatively unifrm increase in atmspheric carbn dixide cncentratins.
Brenner said that if carbn dixide played the majr rle in determining plant cmpsitin, ne wuld assume that analysis f the sediments wuld reveal very similar changes in relative abundance f C3 and C4 plants in the tw places ver the study perid. But, in fact, the researchers fund that trends in the tw types f plants were different at the tw lcatins. The changes were related nt with carbn dixide levels, but with shifts in rainfall. “The result appears t be that climate factrs, especially misture availability, determine whether C4 r C3 plants dminate in an area, nt carbn dixide,” Brenner said.
Many scientists believe glbal warming will cause majr variatin in lcal climates wrldwide, with sme wet areas becming dry and dry areas becming wet. If that happens, it culd have mre impact n relative C3 versus C4 plant distributin than the rising carbn dixide levels.
1．What can be inferred in the first paragraph?
A．Climate change affects plant cmmunity cmpsitin mre than rising CO2 levels.
B．Lcalized climate shifts may nt be as crucial as carbn dixide.
C．Nbdy knws which ne is imprtant.
D．Carbn dixide levels is crucial t the glbal warming.
2．Accrding t the third paragraph, which ne is NOT true?
A．Trpical grasses are usually C4 plants.
B．C3 and C4 plants used t live in nrthern Mexic and Guatemala.
C．C3 and C4 plants dn’t have the same prcesses.
D．Trpical trees are all C3 plants.
3．Why were trends in C3 and C4 plants different at the tw lcatins?
A．The assumptin that carbn dixide played the majr rle is wrng.
B．The carbn dixide played an imprtant rle.
C．The misture availability was different.
D．The carbn dixide level was different.
4．What’s the main idea f the passage?
A．Climates factrs determine the plant distributin and cmpsitin f plant cmmunities.
B．Glbal warming will cause majr variatin.
C．Hw has Brenner’s research team prved a truth.
D．C3 and C4 plants are imprtant plants in determining the cmpsitin f plant cmmunities.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过对墨西哥北部和危地马拉北部湖泊沉积物的研究，指出气候因素尤其是水分供应决定植物分布和群落组成，而非二氧化碳水平。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Rising glbal carbn dixide levels tied t glbal warming may nt be as crucial in determining the cmpsitin f plant cmmunities as ther lcalized climate changes.(与全球变暖相关的全球二氧化碳水平上升，在决定植物群落组成方面，可能不如其他局部气候变化那么关键)”可知，气候变化对植物群落组成的影响比二氧化碳水平上升更大。由此可推断出，气候变化比二氧化碳水平上升对植物群落组成的影响更大。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Many C4 plants are trpical grasses, while mst trpical trees are C3 plants.(许多C4植物是热带草类，而大多数热带树木是C3植物)”可知，只是说大多数热带树木是C3植物，并非所有热带树木都是C3植物，D选项“Trpical trees are all C3 plants.(热带树木都是C3植物)”表述过于绝对，与原文不符。故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The result appears t be that climate factrs, especially misture availability, determine whether C4 r C3 plants dminate in an area, nt carbn dixide.(结果似乎是，气候因素，尤其是水分供应，决定了一个地区是C4植物还是C3植物占主导地位，而不是二氧化碳)”可知，两个地方C3和C4植物的趋势不同是因为水分供应不同。故选C项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“Rising glbal carbn dixide levels tied t glbal warming may nt be as crucial in determining the cmpsitin f plant cmmunities as ther lcalized climate changes.(与全球变暖相关的全球二氧化碳水平上升，在决定植物群落组成方面，可能不如其他局部气候变化那么关键)”以及第四段中“The result appears t be that climate factrs, especially misture availability, determine whether C4 r C3 plants dminate in an area, nt carbn dixide.(结果似乎是，气候因素，尤其是水分供应，决定了一个地区是C4植物还是C3植物占主导地位，而不是二氧化碳)”可知，文章主要论述了气候因素尤其是水分供应决定植物分布和群落组成，而非二氧化碳水平。A选项“Climates factrs determine the plant distributin and cmpsitin f plant cmmunities.(气候因素决定植物分布和植物群落组成)”能概括文章主旨。故选A项。
7.（2025届重庆市高三下5月全真模拟）
The bm f artificial intelligence has sparked a wave f new pssibilities, but it’s als causing fears amng many Americans abut their jbs. Recent surveys indicate grwing public anxiety, with 51% f Americans expressing cncern that AI might replace human jbs, which reflects the grundbreaking pwer f AI acrss varius industries.
Research highlights ntable differences in perceptin between experts and the general public. While 73% f respndents believe cashier psitins will decline due t AI, and 67% anticipate reductins in factry jbs, pinins vary sharply regarding truck drivers. Only 33% f the public fresees jb lsses in this sectr, cmpared t 62% f Al experts wh predict substantial impacts. This gap suggests that the public may underestimate Al's ptential t disrupt certain prfessins.
A crucial distinctin exists between traditinal autmatin and mdern Al capabilities. As Mlly Kinder frm the Brkings Institutin says, sme f these pinins are cnfusing ld autmatin with what generative AI can d. “Generative AI is nt yur grandparents’ autmatin. It’s mving up the skill chain... in ways I dn’t think the public is fully aware f.” Unlike earlier technlgies that primarily affected manufacturing, cntemprary AI can perfrm cmplex cgnitive tasks such as dcument analysis, legal research, and financial frecasting — functins traditinally assciated with white-cllar prfessinals.
Studies identify several vulnerable sectrs, including ffice administratin, legal services, and financial peratins. Hwever, researchers cautin against simplistic predictins f jb eliminatin (淘汰). Mark Mur, c-authr f a Brkings reprt, ntes, “AI is mre likely t transfrm jbs than replace them entirely.” This perspective suggests that while certain tasks may be autmated, new pprtunities fr human-AI cllabratin may emerge.
The adptin f AI has been slwer than expected in regulated fields like healthcare and law, where human judgment remains crucial. Nevertheless, as MIT prfessr Eric S bserves, “AI’s capabilities are evlving at an unprecedented pace.” Frm basic chatbts t sphisticated decisin-making systems, AI cntinues t reshape the wrkplace, creating bth challenges and pssibilities that sciety must carefully navigate.
1．Which prfessin shws the largest difference in perceptin?
A．Cashiers.B．Truck drivers.
C．Factry wrkers.D．Legal prfessinals.
2．What des Mlly Kinder emphasize abut generative AI?
A．It is limited t simple repetitive tasks.B．It primarily affects manufacturing jbs.
C．It can perfrm cmplex cgnitive tasks.D．It has been widely adpted in healthcare.
3．What is Mark Mur’s view n AI's impact n jbs?
A．AI will create mre jbs than it eliminates.
B．AI is likely t shift rather than replace jbs.
C．AI will cmpletely replace human wrkers.
D．AI will have n significant impact n emplyment.
4．What is the authr’s attitude twards the develpment f AI?
A．Objective.B．Supprtive.
C．Dismissive.D．Dubtful.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人工智能的兴起引发新可能的同时也让美国人担忧工作，介绍了公众和专家对不同职业受影响的看法差异，还分析了人工智能对工作的影响。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“While 73% f respndents believe cashier psitins will decline due t AI, and 67% anticipate reductins in factry jbs, pinins vary sharply regarding truck drivers. Only 33% f the public fresees jb lsses in this sectr, cmpared t 62% f AI experts wh predict substantial impacts.(虽然73%的受访者认为收银员职位会因人工智能而减少，67%的人预计工厂职位会减少，但在卡车司机方面，人们的看法差异很大。只有33%的公众预计该行业会出现失业，而62%的人工智能专家预测会有重大影响)”可知，在收银员、工厂工人、卡车司机这几个职业中，公众和专家对卡车司机岗位的看法差异最大。文中未提及法律专业人员在这方面的看法差异情况。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Unlike earlier technlgies that primarily affected manufacturing, cntemprary AI can perfrm cmplex cgnitive tasks such as dcument analysis, legal research, and financial frecasting — functins traditinally assciated with white-cllar prfessinals.(与主要影响制造业的早期技术不同，当代人工智能可以执行复杂的认知任务，如文档分析、法律研究和财务预测——这些功能传统上与白领专业人员相关联)”可知，Mlly Kinder强调生成式人工智能可以执行复杂的认知任务。 故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Mark Mur, c-authr f a Brkings reprt, ntes, “AI is mre likely t transfrm jbs than replace them entirely.” (布鲁金斯学会报告的合著者Mark Mur指出：“人工智能更有可能改变工作，而不是完全取代它们。”)”可知，Mark Mur认为人工智能更有可能改变工作，而不是完全取代它们，即人工智能可能会转移而不取代工作。故选B。
4．推理判断题。文章在第一段中“The bm f artificial intelligence has sparked a wave f new pssibilities, but it’s als causing fears amng many Americans abut their jbs. (人工智能的蓬勃发展引发了一系列新的可能性，但也在许多美国人中引发了对工作的担忧)”提到人工智能带来新机遇的同时也带来了担忧；在第四段中“Mark Mur, c-authr f a Brkings reprt, ntes, “AI is mre likely t transfrm jbs than replace them entirely.” (布鲁金斯学会报告的合著者Mark Mur指出：“人工智能更有可能改变工作，而不是完全取代它们。”)”和最后一段中“Frm basic chatbts t sphisticated decisin-making systems, AI cntinues t reshape the wrkplace, creating bth challenges and pssibilities that sciety must carefully navigate. (从基本的聊天机器人到复杂的决策系统，人工智能继续重塑工作场所，创造了社会必须谨慎应对的挑战和可能性)”提到人工智能的发展带来挑战和机遇。作者在文中既提及人工智能的积极影响，也提到其带来的问题，客观地呈现了人工智能发展带来的挑战和机遇。由此可推断作者对人工智能发展的态度是客观的。故选A。
\l "_Tc30632" 考向03 考查研究报告Phenmenn--analysis--cnclusin类
1.（2025·安徽省阜阳市第三中学期中）
It’s cmmn t hear that being “emtinal” is ppsite frm being “ratinal (理性的)”. Fr many peple, there is n place fr emtin in ratinal thinking. Hwever, sme recent wrk frm ur lab suggests smething ppsite.
We fund that individuals wh scre higher n tests f intelligence and ratinality dn’t ignre (忽略) emtins. Instead, they pay mre attentin t emtins and are better at recgnizing and understanding emtins. This is because mst intelligent decisin-making requires emtinal infrmatin. Emtins tell us what we want, and we can’t make smart decisins withut first knwing what ur gals are.
Fr example, as a mther, if I want t make my children happy, and I knw they like vide games, it wuld make sense fr me t buy them a vide game. But, if I instead want them t stay fcused n hmewrk, then it wuldn’t make sense fr me t buy them the vide game. Yu can see frm this example that a ratinal decisin can’t be made unless I knw varius pieces f emtinal infrmatin.
Anticipating thers’ emtins may help us be mre effective leaders — allwing us t predict the way peple will respnd t what we say r d. Anticipating ur wn emtins can als make fr much mre effective lng-term decisins. Fr example, if I predict I will feel anxius befre giving a public speech, I might be inspired t practice a few mre times. If I instead simply ignred my anxiety, chances are that I’d be mre disturbed n stage, and my speech wuldn’t g smthly.
Of curse, it’s imprtant t find ut situatins where emtinal influences may nt be helpful as well. Here, individuals wh scre higher n ratinality tests may be better at reflecting n whether an emtin will be helpful r nt in a given situatin. They can then make their decisin after giving it deeper cnsideratin. Fr example, expressing t much anger r sadness t yur bss when yu dn’t get an prmtin (晋升) may nt be in yur best interest.
In general, if we want t be ratinal and make the best decisins, we shuld desire as much infrmatin as we can get and infrmatin abut emtins can ften be especially useful.
1．What is a widespread pinin abut emtins and ratinality?
A．Ratinality can develp emtinal intelligence.
B．Emtins help t make ratinal decisins.
C．They play ppsite rles in thinking prcesses.
D．Ratinality is mre imprtant than emtins in decisin-making.
2．Why des the authr mentin the example in Paragraph 3?
A．T shw the prcess f decisin-making.B．T tell us the harm f ignring emtins.
C．T draw the line between ratinality and emtins.D．T shw the imprtance f emtinal infrmatin.
3．What shuld be dne t make the best f emtins accrding t Paragraph 5?
A．Recgnizing their usefulness.B．Reflecting n the pssible effect.
C．Cmpleting the ratinality tests.D．Thinking abut varius situatins.
4．What des the authr suggest fr making wise decisins?
A．gaining enugh infrmatin.B．Putting ratinality at the first place.
C．Trusting direct feelings.D．Seeking expert advice.
【文章结构分析】
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了情绪和理性在决策过程中的作用。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“It’s cmmn t hear that being ‘emtinal’ is ppsite frm being ‘ratinal (理性的)’.(人们常听说“情绪化”与“理性”是相对立的。)”可知，关于情绪和理性，一个普遍的观点是它们在思维过程中扮演相反的角色。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Fr example, as a mther, if I want t make my children happy, and I knw they like vide games, it wuld make sense fr me t buy them a vide game.(例如，作为一个母亲，如果我想让我的孩子们开心，而且我知道他们喜欢电子游戏，那么我给他们买一款电子游戏是有道理的。)”和“Yu can see frm this example that a ratinal decisin can’t be made unless I knw varius pieces f emtinal infrmatin.(从这个例子中你可以看出，除非我知道各种情绪信息，否则无法做出理性的决定。)”可知，作者提到这个例子是为了展示情绪信息在做出理性决策中的重要性。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Here, individuals wh scre higher n ratinality tests may be better at reflecting n whether an emtin will be helpful r nt in a given situatin.(在这里，那些在理性测试中得分较高的人可能更善于思考在某种情况下，某种情绪是否有帮助。)”可知，为了充分利用情绪，应该思考可能的影响。故选B。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“In general, if we want t be ratinal and make the best decisins, we shuld desire as much infrmatin as we can get and infrmatin abut emtins can ften be especially useful.(总的来说，如果我们想要理性并做出最好的决定，我们应该渴望获得尽可能多的信息，而关于情绪的信息往往特别有用。)”可知，作者建议为了做出明智的决定，应该获取足够的信息。故选A。
2.（2025·安徽省蚌埠市A层高中第一次联考）
Lndn-based startup Brilliant Planet has rented 6,100 hectares f land in suthern Mrcc, situated between the Atlantc Ocean and the Sahara. And it’s using it t grw algae (藻类), which absrbs atmspheric carbn dixide and sends ut xygen.
Brilliant Planet’s CEO Adam Taylr says the cmpany has develped a way t grw algae at extreme rates starting in a glass cup in a lab and ending in 12,000-square-meter pls f lcally-surced seawater. The algae is btained frm the water then pumped up a 10-stry twer and sprayed int the desert air. In the 30 secnds r s it takes t reach the grund, ht air dries the bimass (生物质) ut, leaving hypersaline (超盐的) algae pieces which can be cllected and shallw buried, sequestering (使隔绝) their carbn fr thusands f years.
“Nature-based slutins are a great way f remving carbn,” Taylr said. “Deserts are an underused envirnment. It des nt cst a lt f mney t rent the desert. What’s mre, yu’re nt cmpeting with farms r frests. Yu’re ut f the way, nt bthering peple.”
Taylr claims that Brilliant Planet’s slutin can permanently remve 30 times mre carbn dixide frm the atmsphere per hectare per year than a typical Eurpean frest. Brilliant Planet’s gal is t remve ne millin metric tns f carbn dixide per year by the end f the decade.“Glbally, we’ve identified abut half a millin square kilmeters f flat desert-cean land where it wrks,” Taylr said, adding that the cmpany hpes t set up in Namibia next.
Fatna Ikrame El Fanne, an envirnmental engineer, described the use f algae as “a new and prmising strategy” that “is a typical example f innvative use f natural prcess t address an urgent glbal issue.” Nevertheless, she expressed cautin. “Micralgae prductin n a large scale might damage lcal ecsystems, lead t veruse f water resurces, and change habitats,” she said.
There’s an acknwledgement that ne cmpany can’t d it all — and can’t g it alne. “We are part f a grup f prbably 40 t 50 wnderful ideas f hw peple can remve carbn frm the atmsphere,” Taylr said, calling fr “a Manhattan Prject-type attitude” t tackling carbn capture. Whether algae is the slutin the wrld needs remains t be seen. But the idea’s grwing n peple.
1．What des Paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut Brilliant Planet?
A．Its establishment f an algae plant.
B．Its methd f grwing algae.
C．Its prcess f carbn capture.
D．Its daily rutine in the desert.
2．What advantage did Taylr highlight abut using deserts fr carbn remval?
A．Huge prfits.
B．High temperature.
C．N ccupatin f rich land.
D．N bidiversity cncerns.
3．What can be inferred abut the use f algae frm El Fanne’s wrds?
A．It needs imprving.
B．It is highly efficient.
C．It is nt wrth prmting.
D．It is cmmercially develped.
4．Why is “a Manhattan Prject- type attitude” mentined in the last paragraph?
A．T highlight the challenges f carbn remval.
B．T recgnize the cntributins f Brilliant Planet.
C．T prve the effectiveness f nature-based slutins.
D．T emphasize the necessity f jint effrts.
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了总部位于伦敦的创业公司Brilliant Planet在摩洛哥南部租用了6100公顷的土地，用它来种植藻类，藻类吸收大气中的二氧化碳并释放氧气。
1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The algae is btained frm the water then pumped up a 10-stry twer and sprayed int the desert air. In the 30 secnds r s it takes t reach the grund, ht air dries the bimass (生物质) ut, leaving hypersaline (超盐的) algae pieces which can be cllected and shallw buried, sequestering (使隔绝) their carbn fr thusands f years.(从水中提取藻类，然后泵入一座10层楼高的塔，喷洒到沙漠的空气中。在到达地面的30秒左右的时间里，热空气将生物质干燥，留下高盐分的藻类碎片，这些藻类可以被收集并浅埋，将它们的碳封存数千年)”可知，本段在介绍利用海藻吸收二氧化碳的过程。故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Deserts are an underused envirnment. It des nt cst a lt f mney t rent the desert. What’s mre, yu’re nt cmpeting with farms r frests. Yu’re ut f the way, nt bthering peple.(沙漠是一个未被充分利用的环境。租用沙漠并不需要花很多钱。更重要的是，你不会与农场或森林竞争。你不碍事，不打扰别人)”可知，泰勒强调了利用沙漠去除碳的优势是不占用肥沃的土地。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Nevertheless, she expressed cautin. “Micralgae prductin n a large scale might damage lcal ecsystems, lead t veruse f water resurces, and change habitats,” she said.”(然而，她表示谨慎。她说：“微藻的大规模生产可能会破坏当地的生态系统，导致水资源的过度使用，并改变栖息地”)”可知，使用海藻的方法仍需要改进。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“There’s an acknwledgement that ne cmpany can’t d it all — and can’t g it alne.“We are part f a grup f prbably 40 t 50 wnderful ideas f hw peple can remve carbn frm the atmsphere,” Taylr said, calling fr “a Manhattan Prject-type attitude” t tackling carbn capture.(人们承认，一家公司不可能包揽一切，也不可能单打独斗。泰勒说：“我们是一群关于人们如何从大气中去除碳的40到50个奇妙想法的一部分。”他呼吁以“曼哈顿计划式的态度”来解决碳捕获问题。)”可知，最后一段提到了“曼哈顿计划式的态度”是为了强调共同努力的必要性。故选D项。
3.（2025届广西南宁市第四十二中学高三下学期高考热身）
Eating a plant-based diet has been shwn t be very gd fr yur heart and yur verall health. In fact, a previus study fund a yung persn culd live an additinal 13 years by eating mre vegetables and legumes (豆类), as well as whle grains, fruit and nuts.
The findings f a new analysis f the diets f nearly 400,000 UK adults published Mnday in the jurnal Frntiers in Nutritin are rather shcking: Eating veggies, especially cked nes, desn’t reduce yur risk f heart disease ver time.
“Our large study did nt find evidence fr a prtective effect f vegetable intake n the ccurrence f CVD (心血管疾病),” said Qi Feng, an epidemilgist at the University f Oxfrd, in a statement.
While the study fund eating raw veggies culd prtect against heart disease, cked vegetables did nt. Any benefit went away when researchers factred in lifestyle factrs such as physical activity, educatinal level, smking, drinking, fruit intake, red and prcessed meat cnsumptin, and use f mineral and vitamin supplements.
“Instead, ur analyses shw that the seemingly prtective effect f vegetable intake against CVD risk is very likely t be accunted fr by bias (偏差)… related t differences in sciecnmic situatin and lifestyle,” Feng said.
Dn’t start celebrating yet, veggie haters. Experts in the UK and United States quickly tk exceptin t the study’s cnclusin.
“Althugh this study fund that eating mre vegetables wasn’t assciated with a lwer risk f heart and circulatry diseases nce ther lifestyle and ther factrs were taken int accunt, that desn’t mean we shuld stp eating vegetables,” said Victria Taylr, a senir dietitian at the British Heart Fundatin, in a statement.
“The results are nt surprising. Picking ut ne single cmpnent and assuming just adding it t the diet, e.g., vegetables, is nt likely t result in the desired effect,” Alice Lichtenstein, directr and senir scientist at Tufts University’s Cardivascular Nutritin Labratry, tld CNN in an email.
“One thing that has becme clear ver the past decade is that we shuld nt be lking at single fds r nutrients, rather the whle dietary pattern,” said Lichtenstein.
1．What can we learn frm the new study led by Feng?
A．It fllwed a yung UK persn fr 13 years.
B．Its findings came as n surprise t ther peple.
C．It verturned the cnclusin f previus studies.
D．Its purpse was t find the right vegetables fr peple.
2．What did Feng imply abut vegetables’ prtective effect?
A．It was ttally made up by sme researchers.
B．It still held true despite sme different findings.
C．It culd nly be achieved by living a healthy lifestyle.
D．It was a miscnceptin caused by differences in peple.
3．What des the underlined phrase “take exceptin t” in Paragraph 6 mean?
A．Vice bjectins t.B．Add details t.
C．Shw respect fr.D．Take ntice f.
4．What did Lichtenstein think f the study?
A．It was grundbreaking.B．It was ne-sided.
C．It was demanding.D．It was authritative.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新研究推翻传统认知，指出蔬菜摄入对心脏病的保护作用可能源于社会经济因素等混杂变量，但营养学家强调应关注整体饮食模式而非单一食物成分。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Eating a plant-based diet has been shwn t be very gd fr yur heart and yur verall health. (研究表明，植物性饮食对心脏和整体健康非常有益)”和第二段“The findings f a new analysis f the diets f nearly 400,000 UK adults published Mnday in the jurnal Frntiers in Nutritin are rather shcking: Eating veggies, especially cked nes, desn’t reduce yur risk f heart disease ver time. (周一发表在《营养学前沿》期刊上的一项针对近40万英国成年人饮食的新研究得出了令人震惊的结论：长期食用蔬菜，尤其是熟制蔬菜，并不能降低患心脏病的风险)”可知，以往研究认为植物性饮食有益健康，但新研究发现蔬菜摄入与心血管疾病风险降低无显著关联，这推翻了先前研究的结论。故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据第五段中Feng所说的话“Instead, ur analyses shw that the seemingly prtective effect f vegetable intake against CVD risk is very likely t be accunted fr by bias (偏差)… related t differences in sciecnmic situatin and lifestyle (相反，我们的分析表明，蔬菜摄入对心血管疾病风险看似存在的保护作用，很可能是由社会经济地位和生活方式差异造成的偏差所致)”可知，他认为保护作用可能并不源自蔬菜摄入，而是社会经济地位和生活方式差异。因此，他是在暗示，这是由于人群差异导致的误解。故选D项。
3．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Dn’t start celebrating yet, veggie haters. (先别急着庆祝，讨厌蔬菜的朋友们)”和下文“Althugh this study fund that eating mre vegetables wasn’t assciated with a lwer risk f heart and circulatry diseases nce ther lifestyle and ther factrs were taken int accunt, that desn’t mean we shuld stp eating vegetables (尽管这项研究发现，在综合考虑其他生活方式和其他因素后，多吃蔬菜与降低心脏和循环系统疾病风险并无关联，但这并不意味着我们就应该停止食用蔬菜)”可知，这一新研究的结论并非完全可信，专家对其进行了反驳。因此，画线短语意思应该是“反对，提出异议”，与Vice bjectins t“提出反对意见”意思一致。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Lichtenstein所说的话“One thing that has becme clear ver the past decade is that we shuld nt be lking at single fds r nutrients, rather the whle dietary pattern (过去十年的研究已经明确表明：我们不应只关注单一食物或营养成分，而应该着眼于整体饮食模式)”可推知，Lichtenstein认为这一新研究仅关注单一食物或营养成分，有其局限性，是片面的。故选B项。
4.（2025届湖北省襄阳市第五中学高三下学期适应性考试（五））
A psychlgical cncept called “false cnsensus effect” helps explain why kind peple smetimes harm the envirnment. In psychlgy, the false cnsensus effect is a cgnitive bias (偏见) where a persn tends t verestimate hw much ther peple agree with him r her. There is a tendency fr peple t assume that their wn imprper habits r acts are “nrmal”. And mst imprtantly, they believe thers think the same way that they d. Put simply, if yu’re ding smething (even if yu secretly knw yu prbably shuldn’t), yu’re mre likely t think plenty f ther peple d it t.
This bias allws peple t justify scially unacceptable r illegal behavirs. Researchers have bserved the false cnsensus effect in drug use and illegal hunting. Mre recently, cnservatinists are beginning t reveal hw this effect cntributes t envirnmental damage. In Australia, peple wh admitted paching, a way f fishing in n-take znes, thught it was much mre cmmn in sciety than it really was. They als believed thers viewed it as scially acceptable. Hwever, in reality, mre than 90% f fishers held the ppsite view.
Just as cncepts frm psychlgy can help explain sme frms f envirnmental damage, s can they help address it. Fr example, research shws peple are mre likely t litter in areas where there’s already a lt f trash scattered arund, s making sure the grund arund a bin is clean may help.
Factual infrmatin n hw ther peple think and behave can be very pwerful. Electricity cmpanies have substantially reduced husehld energy use simply by shwing peple hw their electricity use cmpares t that f their neighbrs. Encuragingly, stimulating peple’s natural desire fr status has als been successful in getting peple t publicly buy ec-friendly prducts.
1．Which example best illustrates “false cnsensus effect”?
A．A driver thinks illegal parking is cmmn.
B．A blgger assumes many peple dislike his psts.
C．A student figures mst peple spend lng hurs nline.
D．A smker believes peple generally apprve f smking.
2．What was mst Australian fishers’ attitude t paching?
A．Unacceptable.B．Widespread.C．Cntrversial.D．Cmplex.
3．Hw have electricity cmpanies reduced energy cnsumptin?
A．By cmparing pwer cnsumptin. C． By ffering financial rewards.
B．By ding rund-the-clck mnitring. D．By prmting renewable energy.
4．What is the primary purpse f this article?
A．T encurage peple t reduce energy cnsumptin.
B．T link a psychlgical cncept t envirnmental issues.
C．T emphasize the imprtance f envirnmental prtectin.
D．T describe different types f envirnmentally harmful behavirs.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．B
【解析】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了什么是“虚假共识效应”，并说明可以通过这一效应背后的心理学原理来实施社会规范，从而鼓励和推广环境友好行为。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段 “A psychlgical cncept called “false cnsensus effect” helps explain why kind peple smetimes harm the envirnment. In psychlgy, the false cnsensus effect is a cgnitive bias(偏见) where a persn tends t verestimate hw much ther peple agree with him r her. There is a tendency fr peple t assume that their wn imprper habits r acts are “nrmal”. And mst imprtantly, they think thers think the same way that they d. Put simply, if yu’re ding smething (even if yu secretly knw yu prbably shuldn’t), yu’re mre likely t think plenty f ther peple d it t. (心理学中有一个概念，可以解释为什么好人会做出伤害环境的事情：虚假共识效应。在心理学中，虚假共识效应是一种认知偏见，一个人往往会高估其他人对他的认同程度。人们倾向于认为自己不正确的习惯或者行为是“正常的”，并且最重要的是，其他人也会以同样的方式思考。简单来说，如果你在做某件事（即使你内心知道你可能不应该做），你更有可能认为很多人也会这么做)”可知，虚假共识效应包括主体人的错误行为，并且高估自己的行为在社会上的可接受性和普遍性。A、B、C选项只包括了主体人的看法，没有描述他们自身的错误的行为，D选项“吸烟者认为人们普遍赞成吸烟”中吸烟是错误行为，并且这个吸烟者还高估了社会对吸烟的看法，这就是虚假共识效应的一个典型例子。故选D。
2．推理判断题。据文章第二段“In Australia, peple wh admitted paching, a way f fishing in n-take znes, thught it was much mre cmmn in sciety than it really was. They als believed thers viewed it as scially acceptable. Hwever, in reality, mre than 90% f fishers held the ppsite view. (在澳大利亚，那些承认在禁渔区捕鱼的人认为这种行为在社会上比实际情况要普遍得多。他们还认为其他人也觉得这种行为是可以接受的。然而，实际上，超过90%的渔民持相反观点)”可知，大多数澳大利亚渔民认为偷猎是不可接受的。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Electricity cmpanies have substantially reduced husehld energy use simply by shwing peple hw their electricity use cmpares t their neighbrs. (电力公司仅仅通过向人们展示他们的用电量与邻居相比情况如何，就大幅降低了家庭用电量)” 可知，电力公司是通过比较社区内家庭的用电量来有效降低能源消耗的，故选A。
4．推理判断题。文章开篇介绍了 “虚假共识效应” 这一心理学概念，接着阐述了这一概念如何导致环境破坏，随后举例说明心理学概念不仅能解释环境破坏，还能帮助解决环境问题，最后强调社会规范在鼓励和普及环保行为方面的强大作用。由此可知，文章的主要目的是将心理学概念与环境问题及解决方案联系起来，B 选项 “将一个心理学概念与环境问题联系起来” 为短文的写作目的。故选B。
研究报告说明文创新练
1.（2025·广西名校高三联合调研测）
The grwing presence f space debris (碎片) in lw Earth rbit (LEO)pses a significant threat t satellites and ther rbiting assets. Cnsequently, the cncern abut destructive cllisins (碰撞) and the ptential fr debris reentry t Earth’s atmsphere has intensified. Researchers are turning t artificial intelligence (AI) techniques t address these challenges t enhance debris remval, cllisin predictin, and rbit management strategies.
One apprach described in a paper presented at the 2nd near-Earth bject (NEO) and Debris Detectin Cnference earlier this year, invlves using a “genetic” algrithm (算法) t mnitr the mtin f space debris. Researchers aim t imprve the capture and remval prcesses by fcusing n slwer-mving bjects. Additinally, neural netwrks are being develped t predict and reduce cllisins in LEO. These netwrks are trained n histrical data t identify space debris Mtin patterns and predict future paths, enabling effective cllisin-avidance mvements fr active space missins and rbiting satellites.
Histrical statistics and predictive mdeling have shwn that the risk f such cllisins is significantly higher in LEO cmpared t medium Earth rbit (MEO). Hwever, it is crucial t acknwledge the limitatins f AI-based appraches, as they assume that future cnditins are similar t present nes, ptentially ignring critical variables such as atmspheric density.
T address these limitatins, cnstantly adding real-time infrmatin and updating is essential fr imprving the adaptability f AI mdels. By incrprating new debris detectins and rbital changes, algrithms can better adapt t the ever-changing spatial envirnment. Balancing the use f AI with a cmprehensive understanding f the uncertainties and challenges in space debris management will be vital fr ensuring the lng-term sustainability f LEO.
Overall, integrating AI int space debris mnitring, remval, and cllisin avidance strategies hlds prmise fr safeguarding satellite peratins and maintaining the charming beauty f phts frm LEO. Hwever, it is essential t remain cautius f these technlgies’ limitatins and unknwns and cntinually imprve and update them with real-wrld data t enhance their effectiveness.
1．What is ne f the cncerns regarding space debris in LEO?
A．The cst f debris remval.B．The effect n space explratin.
C．The risk f disastrus cllisins.D．The damage t the space envirnment.
2．Hw can neural netwrks help with space debris management?
A．By creating predictive mdels.B．By emplying genetic algrithms.
C．By mnitring fast-mving bjects.D．By speeding up the capture prcess.
3．What is crucial fr dealing with the limitatins f AI-based appraches?
A．Regularly testing its adaptability.
B．Cntinuusly integrating live data.
C．Studying past and present space cnditins.
D．Reducing uncertainties in debris management.
4．What is the authr’s general attitude tward Al-based appraches?
A．Resistant.B．Skeptical.C．Dismissive.D．Favrable.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。近地轨道空间碎片日益增多，对卫星和其他轨道资产构成重大威胁。因此，对破坏性碰撞和碎片重返地球大气层的可能性的担忧加剧了。研究人员正在转向人工智能技术来应对这些挑战，以增强碎片清除、碰撞预测和轨道管理策略。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Cnsequently, the cncern abut destructive cllisins(碰撞)and the ptential fr debris reentry t Earth’s atmsphere has intensified.”（因此，对破坏性碰撞和碎片重返地球大气层的可能性的担忧加剧了。）可知，低地球轨道（LEO）上的太空碎片引发的一个担忧是灾难性碰撞的风险。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Additinally, neural netwrks are being develped t predict and reduce cllisins in LEO. These netwrks are trained n histrical data t identify space debris Mtin patterns and predict future paths, enabling effective cllisin-avidance mvements fr active space missins and rbiting satellites.”（此外，正在开发神经网络来预测和减少LEO中的碰撞。这些网络在历史数据上进行训练，以识别空间碎片的运动模式并预测未来的路径，从而为正在进行的空间任务和轨道卫星提供有效的避碰运动。）可知，神经网络通过创建预测模型来帮助管理太空碎片。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段“T address these limitatins, cnstantly adding real-time infrmatin and updating is essential fr imprving the adaptability f AI mdels.”（为了解决这些限制，不断添加实时信息和更新对于提高人工智能模型的适应性至关重要。）可知，处理基于AI的方法的局限性，关键在于不断整合实时数据。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Overall, integrating AI int space debris mnitring, remval, and cllisin avidance strategies hlds prmise fr safeguarding satellite peratins and maintaining the charming beauty f phts frm LEO.”（总体而言，将人工智能集成到空间碎片监测、清除和避碰策略中，有望保障卫星运行，并保持近地轨道照片的迷人之美。）可知，作者对基于AI的方法持支持态度。故选D。
2.（2025·四川省南充市高级中学月考）
Fd is key t ur daily functins by fueling ur activity and supprting ur bdies and minds. In space, where astrnauts face extreme envirnmental and physical changes, the need fr safe, nutritius and energy- laden fd is particularly vital t verall health.
Space fd must prvide enugh energy t fuel astrnauts n their demanding missins, accrding t NASA．In micrgravity (lw gravity state that makes astrnauts appear t be weightless) envirnments, prper nutritin can fight against the resulting degradatin f bnes and muscles. Fr example, vitamins D, K and C aid in synthesizing (合成) calcium int bne. Meanwhile, dietary supplements like irn, mega-3 fatty acids and B12 can make up fr dietary insufficiency.
After decades f nutritinal studies and fd technlgy advancements, NASA has mved fcus away frm supplements and dietary frmulas (配方) tward prviding as many nutrients frm fruits and vegetables as pssible. Hwever, it can be difficult t rely heavily n fruits and vegetables as a space fd surce because they dn’t cntain many calries. This pses an issue fr spaceflight, where carg (货物) rm is precius.
NASA can’t merely cnsider health when designing space fd, thugh. The nutritinal value f a meal nly ges s far if it desn’t appeal t astrnauts. Rather, Grace Duglas, the lead scientist fr NASA’s Advanced Fd Technlgy research grup, and her clleagues aim t ffer astrnauts several meal. ptins t avid menu fatigue (疲劳). Such variety als prvides psychlgical health benefits.“ Fd becmes mre imprtant with missin duratin because it’s ne f the nly familiar things that they have, ” Duglas says.
As space rganizatins lk ahead t. lng- duratin missins, it will be key t craft a sustainable fd surce that desn’t require resupply missins. T achieve this, NASA scientists are studying the best ways t grw crps in micrgravity. On the Internatinal Space Statin, astrnauts have successfully grw n a variety f leafy greens and flwers in the Vegetable Prductin System, knwn as Veggie. Eating a fresh leafy green culd help astrnauts feel cnnected with the distant green planet they call hme.
1．What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A．The imprtance f space fd design.B．The challenges fr astrnauts in space.
C．The general requirements fr space fd.D．The impact f micrgravity n astrnauts.
2．Hw d Duglas’s team enhance astrnauts’ dining experience?
A．They make fd lk appealing.B．They rearrange the menu schedule.
C．They prvide multiple fd chices.D．They cnduct taste tests n astrnauts.
3．What can astrnauts expect frm Veggie?
A．A supplement t the xygen supply.
B．Supply f psychlgical cmfrt
C．Enhancement f the nutritinal quality.
D．An imprvement in cmmunicatin with Earth.
4．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Hw d astrnauts eat in space?
B．What makes space fd s special?
C．What space fd will we have in the future?
D．Hw d scientists build the best diet fr astrnauts?
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了太空食品对于宇航员的重要性，包括在微重力环境下需要为宇航员提供足够能量、对抗骨骼和肌肉退化等，同时，提到了美国宇航局科学家们为宇航员打造最佳饮食所做的努力，如提供多种食物选择、研究在微重力下种植作物等，以实现为长期太空任务提供可持续食物来源的目标。
1．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Space fd must prvide enugh energy t fuel astrnauts n their demanding missins, accrding t NASA. In micrgravity (lw gravity state that makes astrnauts appear t be weightless) envirnments, prper nutritin can fight against the resulting degradatin f bnes and muscles. Fr example, vitamins D, K and C ai d in synthesizing(合成) calcium int bne. Meanwhile, dietary supplements like irn, mega-3 fatty acids and B12 can make up fr dietary insufficiency. (美国国家航空航天局表示，太空食品必须为宇航员执行艰巨任务提供足够的能量。在微重力环境中，适当的营养可以对抗由此导致的骨骼和肌肉退化。例如，维生素D、K和C有助于将钙合成到骨骼中。同时，铁、欧米伽-3脂肪酸和B12等膳食补充剂可以弥补饮食不足。)”可知，第二段主要讲述了太空食品必须为宇航员执行艰巨任务提供足够能量，在微重力环境下，适当的营养可以对抗骨骼和肌肉的退化，还列举了一些有助于合成钙以及补充营养的物质。这些内容体现了太空食品的一般要求，即提供足够能量、对抗微重力环境带来的不良影响等。故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Rather, Grace Duglas, the lead scientist fr NASA’s Advanced Fd Technlgy research grup, and her clleagues aim t ffer astrnauts several meal. ptins t avid menu fatigue(疲劳). (相反，美国国家航空航天局高级食品技术研究小组的首席科学家格蕾丝·道格拉斯和她的同事们旨在为宇航员提供多种膳食选择，以避免菜单疲劳。)”可知，Grace Duglas团队通过提供多种食物选择来增强宇航员的用餐体验。故选C项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Eating a fresh leafy green culd help astrnauts feel cnnected with the distant green planet they call hme. (吃一片新鲜的绿叶蔬菜可以帮助宇航员感觉与他们称之为家的遥远的绿色星球联系在一起。)”可知，Veggie能为宇航员提供心理上的安慰。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Rather, Grace Duglas, the lead scientist fr NASA’s Advanced Fd Technlgy research grup, and her clleagues aim t ffer astrnauts several meal. ptins t avid menu fatigue(疲劳). Such variety als prvides psychlgical health benefits. (相反，美国国家航空航天局高级食品技术研究小组的首席科学家格蕾丝·道格拉斯和她的同事们旨在为宇航员提供多种膳食选择，以避免菜单疲劳。这种多样性也提供了心理健康益处。)”及最后一段中“As space rganizatins lk ahead t lng-duratin missins, it will be key t craft a sustainable fd surce that desn’t require resupply missins. T achieve this, NASA scientists are studying the best ways t grw crps in micrgravity. (随着太空组织展望长期任务，打造一种不需要补给任务的可持续食物来源将是关键。为了实现这一目标，美国宇航局的科学家们正在研究在微重力下种植作物的最佳方法。)”可知，科学家在努力为宇航员构建可持续的最佳饮食，D项“Hw d scientists build the best diet fr astrnauts? (科学家如何为宇航员建立最佳饮食？)”最能概括全文，故选D项。
1.【2024全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音) that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. But cats are special creatures wh pssess amazing vcalizatin skills. They are able t have entire cnversatins with humans using mews and yu're able t interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep mewing t attract attentin and find fd. Hwever, when a cat is lking fr affectin, they tend t prduce stretched and sft mews. Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther's attentin and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. They will sniff ut specific areas befre they chse a place t relax. Hwever, anther way the cats are able t distinguish between situatins is by lking fr familiar smells. Yur cat will likely smell yur face and stre the smell in its memry and use it t recgnize yu in the future. That's why mst pet cats are able t tell immediately if their wners were arund any ther cats, which they dn't usually like.
Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavir up a ntch. Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. This is a very ld habit that's been present in all kinds f predatrs (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts fr their wners t shw they lve yu. These adrable little hunters are just ding smething that it's been in their nature since the beginning f time. S just g alng with it!
4. What can be learned abut cats' mewing frm the first paragraph?
A. It's a survival skill.B. It's taught by mther cats.
C. It's hard t interpret.D. It's getting luder with age.
5. Hw des a pet cat assess different situatins?
A. By listening fr sunds.B. By tuching familiar bjects.
C. By checking n smells.D. By cmmunicating with ther cats.
6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up ntch" in paragraph 3?
A. Perfrm apprpriately.B. Mve faster.C. Act strangely.D. D better.
7. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. Tips n Finding a Smart CatB. Understanding Yur Cat's Behavir
C. Have Fun with Yur CatD. Hw t Keep Yur Cat Healthy
【答案】4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。
4.细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways. Fr instance, almst all animals have distinct vcals (声音) that they rely n t either ask fr help, scare away any dangerus animals r lk fr shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Mewing starts as sn as a baby cat is brught t life and uses it t get the mther’s attentin and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。
5.细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense f smell is quite impressive. They use their nses t assess their envirnment and lk ut fr any signs f danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。
6.词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dgs are knwn fr their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find randm bjects utside and bring them t their wners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a ntch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。
7.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lt f ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Yur Cat’s Behavir(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标题最为合适。故选B。
2.【2023年北京卷】In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties. The inability t engage with lnger-term causes and cnsequences leads t sme f the wrld’s mst serius prblems: climate change, bidiversity cllapse, and mre. The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.
It has been prved that peple have a bias (偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices (牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s prfit, r satisfying sme ther near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannt be blamed n ne single cause. It is fair t say, thugh, that ur psychlgical biases play a majr rle. Peple’s hesitancy t delay satisfactin is the mst bvius example, but there are thers.One f them is abut hw the mst accessible infrmatin in the present affects decisins abut the future. Fr instance, yu might hear smene say: “It’s cld this winter, s I needn’t wrry abut glbal warming.”Anther is that lud and urgent matters are given t much imprtance, making peple ignre lnger-term trends that arguably matter mre. This is when a pp star draws far mre attentin than, say, gradual bidiversity decline.
As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary. Older peple tday, fr example, can remember a time with insect-cvered car windscreens after lng drives. Children, n the ther hand, have n idea that insect ppulatin has drpped dramatically.
28. The authr qutes Francis Cle mainly t ________.
A. draw a cmparisn
B. intrduce a tpic
C. evaluate a statement
D. highlight a prblem
29. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Climate change has been frgtten.
B. Lessns f histry are highly valued.
C. The human mind is bad at nting slw change.
D. Humans are unwilling t admit their shrtcmings.
30. What des the authr intend t tell us?
A. Far-sighted thinking matters t humans.
B. Humans tend t make lng-term sacrifices.
C. Current plicies facilitate future decisin-making.
D. Bias twards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
【答案】28. D 29. C 30. A
【解析】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cle）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家Francis Cle的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Cl的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been prved that peple have a bias(偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices(牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。
3.【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was t make a nice green salad, runding ut a rast chicken dinner. But I ended up wrking late. Then friends called with a dinner invitatin. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; I culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.
In a wrld where nearly 800 millin peple a year g hungry, “fd waste ges against the mral grain,” as Elizabeth Ryte writes in this mnth’s cver stry. It’s jaw-drpping hw much perfectly gd fd is thrwn away — frm “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grcers t large amunts f uneaten dishes thrwn int restaurant garbage cans.
Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water, fuel, and ther resurces used t grw it. That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem. In fact, Ryte writes, “if fd waste were a cuntry, it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”
If that’s hard t understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back f my refrigeratr. Mike Curtin sees my arugula stry all the time — but fr him, it's mre like 12 bnes f dnated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn, D.C., which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals. Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished (有瑕疵的) prduce that therwise wuld have rtted in fields. And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash, cut, and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.
Such methds seem bvius， yet s ften we just dn’t think. “Everyne can play a part in reducing waste, whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat,” Curtin says.
4. What des the authr want t shw by telling the arugula stry?
A. We pay little attentin t fd waste.B. We waste fd unintentinally at times.
C. We waste mre vegetables than meat.D. We have gd reasns fr wasting fd.
5. What is a cnsequence f fd waste accrding t the test?
A. Mral decline.B. Envirnmental harm.
C. Energy shrtage.D. Wrldwide starvatin.
6. What des Curtin’s cmpany d?
A. It prduces kitchen equipment.B. It turns rtten arugula int clean fuel.
C. It helps lcal farmers grw fruits.D. It makes meals ut f unwanted fd.
7. What des Curtin suggest peple d?
A. Buy nly what is needed.B. Reduce fd cnsumptin.
C. G shpping nce a week.D. Eat in restaurants less ften.
【答案】4. B 5. B 6. D 7. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water, fuel, and ther, resurces used t grw it. That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem. In fact, Ryte writes, “if fd waste were a cuntry, it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn. D.C., which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals. Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished (有瑕疵的) prduce, that therwise wuld have rtted in fields. And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash, cut, and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。
【7题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyne can play a part in reducing waste, whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A。
4.【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Over the last seven years, mst states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the prblem, by just abut any measure, appears t be getting wrse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using scial netwrks and taking phts. Rad accidents, which had fallen fr years, are nw rising sharply.
That is partly because peple are driving mre, but Mark Rsekind, the chief f the Natinal Highway Traffic Safety Administratin, said distracted（分心）driving was "nly increasing, unfrtunately. "
"Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last mnth, referring bradly t the need t imprve rad safety. S t try t change a distinctly mdern behavir, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back t an ld apprach: They want t treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea frm lawmakers in New Yrk is t give plice fficers a new device called the Textalyzer. It wuld wrk like this: An fficer arriving at the scene f a crash culd ask fr the phnes f the drivers and use the Textalyzer t check in the perating system fr recent activity. The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk's hands-free driving laws.
"We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir,” said Félix W. Ortiz, wh pushed fr the state's 2001 ban n hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, "peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne. "
8. Which f the fllwing best describes the ban n drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.
C. Incnsistent. D. Unfair.
9. What can the Textalyzer help a plice fficer find ut?
A. Where a driver came frm. B. Whether a driver used their phne.
C. Hw fast a driver was ging. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
10. What des the underlined wrd "smething" in the last paragraph refer t?
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
11. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. T Drive r Nt t Drive? Think Befre Yu Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out fr the Textalyzer
C. New Yrk Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generatin Cell Phne: The Textalyzer-
【答案】8. A 9. B 10. D 11. B
【解析】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years, mst states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel. ”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yet the prblem, by just abut any measure, appears t be getting wrse. ”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk's hands-free driving laws. ”（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。
【10题详解】
词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir. ”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，smething是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, "peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne. ”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故smething指代的是法律。故选D。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because peple are driving mre. ”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。故B选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out fr the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。
5.【2022年北京卷】“What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial t achieving targets such as zer hunger and better nutritin because it requires cnsidering the way in which fd is prduced, prcessed, delivered and cnsumed, and lking at hw thse things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the envirnment, ecnmics and sciety. Accrding t systems thinking, changing the fd system—r any ther netwrk—requires three things t happen. First, researchers need t identify all the players in that system; secnd, they must wrk ut hw they relate t each ther; and third, they need t understand and quantify the impact f thse relatinships n each ther and n thse utside the system.
Take nutritin. In the latest UN reprt n glbal fd security, the number f undernurished (营养不良 )peple in the wrld has been rising, despite great advances in nutritin science. Tracking f 150 bichemicals in fd has been imprtant in revealing the relatinships between calries, sugar, fat and the ccurrence f cmmn diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, sme scientists prpse that human diets cnsist f at least 26,000 bichemicals—and that the vast majrity are nt knwn.This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems t hinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.
A systems apprach t creating change is als built n the assumptin that everyne in the system has equal pwer. But as sme researchers find, the fd system is nt an equal ne. A gd way t redress (修正 ) such pwer imbalance is fr mre universities t d what Crystal did and teach students hw t think using a systems apprach.
Mre researchers, plicymakers and representatives frm the fd industry must learn t lk beynd their direct lines f respnsibility and adpt a systems apprach. Crystal knew that visins alne dn’t prduce results, but cncluded that “we’ll never prduce results that we can’t envisin”.
28. The authr uses the questin underlined in Paragraph 1 t ________.
A. illustrate an argumentB. highlight an pinin
C. intrduce the tpicD. predict the ending
29. What can be inferred abut the field f nutritin?
A. The first bjective f systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B. The relatinships amng players have been clarified.
C. Machine learning can slve the nutritin prblem.
D. The impact f nutritin cannt be quantified.
30. As fr systems thinking, which wuld the authr agree with?
A. It may be used t justify pwer imbalance.
B. It can be applied t tackle challenges.
C. It helps t prve why hunger exists.
D. It ges beynd human imaginatin.
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
28.【解析】
推理判断题。由文章第一段““What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。
29.【解析】
细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems t hinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。
30.【解析】
推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。
6.【2022年浙江卷6月】Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.
In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all. High levels f knwledge can make peple t attached t traditinal ways f viewing prblems acrss fields the arts, sciences, and plitics. High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.
Hw lng we stay n the clck and hw we spend that time are under careful examinatin in many wrkplaces. The yung banker wh eats lunch at his desk is prbably seen as a g-getter, while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice. “Peple frm cultures that value relatinships mre than urs des are shcked by the thught f eating alne in frnt f a cmputer”, says Art Markman, a prfessr f psychlgy at the University f Texas, Austin. Scial interactin has been shwn t lift md(情绪) and get peple thinking in new directins and in ways that culd help imprve any pst-lunch effrt.
Markman als prmtes ff-task time. “Part f being a gd thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated t what yu are wrking n at the mment but give yu fresh ideas abut yur wrk,” he says. “Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity. S, when peple d things t increase their life satisfactin, they als make themselves mre effective at wrk.”
7. What des Ellen Langer’s study shw?
A. It is wrthwhile t be a perfectinistB. Translatin makes peple knwledgeable.
C. Simpler jbs require greater cautin.D. Mderate effrt prduces the best result.
8. The underlined wrd “g-getter” in paragraph 3 refers t smene Wh_______.
A. is gd at handling pressureB. wrks hard t becme successful
C. a has a natural talent fr his jb.D. gets n well with his c-wrkers
9. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. A gd thinker is able t inspire ther peple.
B. Experience unrelated t yur jb is useless.
C. A cheerful md helps make a creative mind.
D. Fcusing n what yu d raises prductivity.
10. What des the text seem t advcate?
A. Middle-f-the-rad wrk habits.B. Balance between wrk and family.
C. Lng-standing cultural traditins.D. Harmny in the wrk envirnment.
【答案】7. D 8.B9.C 10.A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。
7.D推理判断题。根据第一段“Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all.(在哈佛大学Ellen Langer领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，Ellen Langer的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。
8.词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词g-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
9.C推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。 )”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。
10.A推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。
7.【2022年天津卷第二次】Is it true that ur brain alne is respnsible f human cgnitin(认知)? What abut ur bdy? Is it pssible fr thught and behavir t riginate frm smewhere ther than ur brain? Psychlgists wh study Embdied Cgnitin(EC) ask similar questins. The EC thery suggests ur bdy is als respnsible fr thinking r prblem-slving. Mre precisely, the mind shapes the bdy and the bdy shapes the mind in equal measure.
If yu think abut it fr a mment, it makes ttal sense. When yu smell smething gd r hear amusing sunds, certain emtins are awakened. Think abut hw newbrns use their senses t understand the wrld arund them. They dn’t have emtins s much as needs—they dn’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need fd. Even unbrn babies can feel their mthers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real wrld，they cry when they’re cld and then get hugged. That way, they start t as-sciate being warm with being lved.
Understandably, therists have been arguing fr years and still disagree n whether the brain is the nerve centre that perates the rest f the bdy. Older Western philsphers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC therises that the brain and bdy are wrking tgether as an rganic supercmputer, prcessing everything and frming yur reactins.
Further studies have backed up the mind-bdy interactin. In ne ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked t judge peple after being handed a ht r a cld drink. They all made warm evaluatins when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than clness. And it wrks the ther way t; in anther study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in r “rejected” frm a grup task. Thse wh were included felt physically warmer.
Fr further prf, we can lk at the metaphrs(比喻说法) that we use withut even thinking. A kind and sympathetic persn is frequently referred t as ne with a sft heart and smene wh is very strng and calm in difficult situatins is ften described as slid as a rck. And this kind f metaphrical use is cmmn acrss languages.
Nw that yu have the knwledge f mind-bdy interactin, why nt use it? If yu’re having a bad day,a warm cup f tea will give yu a flash f pleasure. If yu knw yu’re physically cld, warm up befre making any interpersnal decisins.
46. Accrding t the authr, the significance f the EC thery lies in ________.
A. facilitating ur understanding f the rigin f psychlgy
B. revealing the majr rle f the mind in human cgnitin
C. ffering a clearer picture f the shape f human brain
D. bringing us clser t the truth in human cgnitin
47. Where des the new brns’ understanding f their surrundings start frm?
A. Their persnal lks.
B. Their mental needs.
C. Their inner emtins.
D. Their physical feelings.
48. The experiments mentined in Paragraph 4 further prve________.
A. envirnment impacts hw we judge thers
B. hw bdy temperature is related t health
C. the mind and the bdy influence each ther
D. hw humans interact with their surrundings
49. What des the authr intend t prve by citing the metaphrs in Paragraph 5?
A. Human speech is alive with metaphrs.
B. Human senses have effects n thinking.
C. Human language is shaped by visual images.
D. Human emtins are ften cmpared t natural materials.
50. What is the authr’s purpse in writing the last paragraph?
A. T share with the reader ways t release their emtins.
B. T guide the reader nt the path t career success.
C. T encurage the reader t put EC int practice.
D. T deepen the reader’s understanding f EC.
【答案】46. D 47. D 48. C 49. B 50. C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了心理学家的一项EC理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确的说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The EC thery suggests ur bdy is als respnsible fr thinking r prblem-slving. Mre precisely, the mind shapes the bdy and the bdy shapes the mind in equal measure.(EC 理论表明，我们的身体也负责思考或解决问题。更准确地说，思维塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思维。)”可知，EC理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断EC理论的意义在于让我们更接近人类认知的真理。故选D项。
【47题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“They dn’t have emtins s much as needs—they dn’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need fd. Even unbrn babies can feel their mthers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real wrld，they cry when they’re cld and then get hugged. That way, they start t as-sciate being warm with being lved.(他们没有如同需要那么多的情感——他们不会感到悲伤，他们只是饿，需要食物。即使是未出生的婴儿也能感觉到母亲的心跳，这具有镇静作用。在现实世界中，他们冷了就哭，然后被拥抱。这样，他们开始将温暖与被爱联系起来。)”可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。故选D项。
【48题详解】
推理判断题。文章首句“Further studies have backed up the mind-bdy interactin.(进一步的研究支持了思想与身体的相互作用。)”接下来列举了两个实验“In ne experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked t judge peple after being handed a ht r a cld drink. They all made warm evaluatins when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than clness. (在一项实验中，测试对象被要求在递给热饮或冷饮后判断人。当他们的指尖感知到温暖而不是凉爽时，他们都做出了温暖的评价。)”表明，身体会影响到思想，以及“And it wrks the ther way t;in anther study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in r “rejected” frm a grup task. Thse wh were included felt physically warmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一项研究中，受试者的指尖温度是在被“纳入”或“拒绝”小组任务后测量的。那些被纳入在内的人感到身体温暖。)”表明身体会受到思想的影响，因此推断实验进一步证明了身体与思想间的相互作用。故选C项。
【49题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的主题句“Fr further prf, we can lk at the metaphrs(比喻说法) that we use withut even thinking.(为了进一步证明，我们可以看看我们不假思索就使用的比喻说法）。)”以及下文的陈述“A kind and sympathetic persn is frequently referred t as ne with a sft heart and smene wh is very strng and calm in difficult situatins is ften described as slid as a rck.(一个善良和富有同情心的人经常被称为心软的人，而在困难的情况下非常坚强和冷静的人通常被描述为坚如磐石。)”说明人们使用身体触感比喻人可推断，作者通过陈述比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。故选B项。
【50题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Nw that yu have the knwledge f mind-bdy interactin, why nt use it?(既然您已经掌握了身心互动的知识，为什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列举的两种现实生活中的情况“If yu’re having a bad day, a warm cup f tea will give yu a flash f pleasure. If yu knw yu’re physically cld, warm up befre making any interpersnal decisins.(如果你今天过得很糟糕，一杯温暖的茶会给你带来一瞬间的快乐。如果你知道自己身体很冷，在做出任何人际关系决定之前先热身。)”可知，理论知识已经知道，且在现实生活中有一定的运用价值，所以作者最后一段是在鼓励读者把EC理论运用于现实生活中。故选C项。
8.【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】 Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal (情感的) intellingence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn's makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and “peple skills.” Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
32. What is a cmmn misunderstanding f emtinal intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.B. It helps t exercise a persn’s mind.
C. It includes a set f emtinal skills.D. It refers t a persn’s psitive qualities.
33. Why des the authr mentin “dctr” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. T explain a rule.B. T clarify a cncept.
C. T present a fact.D. T make a predictin.
34. What is the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A. Favrable.B. Intlerant.
C. Dubtful.D. Unclear.
35. What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut cncerning emtinal intelligence?
A. Its appeal t the public.B. Expectatins fr future studies.
C. Its practical applicatin.D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. (医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. …The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。
8.【2021年全国乙卷】During an interview fr ne f my bks, my interviewer said smething I still think abut ften. Annyed by the level f distractin（干扰）in his pen ffice, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the cwrking space acrss the street — s I can fcus”. His cmment struck me as strange. After all, cwrking spaces als typically use an pen ffice layut（布局）. But I recently came acrss a study that shws why his apprach wrks.
The researchers examined varius levels f nise n participants as they cmpleted tests f creative thinking. They were randmly divided int fur grups and expsed t varius nise levels in the backgrund, frm ttal silence t 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between mst f the grups were statistically insignificant; hwever, the participants in the 70 decibels grup — thse expsed t a level f nise similar t backgrund chatter in a cffee shp — significantly utperfrmed the ther grups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that ur creative thinking des nt differ that much in respnse t ttal silence and 85 decibels f backgrund nise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study als suggests that the right level f backgrund nise — nt t lud and nt ttal silence — may actually imprve ne’s creative thinking ability. The right level f backgrund nise may interrupt ur nrmal patterns f thinking just enugh t allw ur imaginatins t wander, withut making it impssible t fcus. This kind f “distracted fcus” appears t be the best state fr wrking n creative tasks.
S why d s many f us hate ur pen ffices? The prblem may be that, in ur ffices, we can’t stp urselves frm getting drawn int thers’ cnversatins while we’re trying t fcus. Indeed, the researchers fund that face-t-face interactins and cnversatins affect the creative prcess, and yet a cwrking space r a cffee shp prvides a certain level f nise while als prviding freedm frm interruptins.
32. Why des the interviewer prefer a cwrking space?
A. It helps him cncentrate.B. It blcks ut backgrund nise.
C. It has a pleasant atmsphere.D. It encurages face-t-face interactins.
33. Which level f backgrund nise may prmte creative thinking ability?
A. Ttal silence.B. 50 decibelsC. 70 decibels.D. 8 5 decibels.
34. What makes an pen ffice unwelcme t many peple?
A. Persnal privacy unprtected.B. Limited wrking space.
C. Restrictins n grup discussin.D. Cnstant interruptins.
35. What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?
A. He’s a news reprter.
B. He’s an ffice manager.
C. He’s a prfessinal designer.
D. He’s a published writer.
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. D 35. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经历讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“That’s why I have a membership at the cwrking space acrss the street - s I can fcus.（这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格——这样我就可以集中精力了。）”可知，采访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他集中精力。故选A项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“The differences between mst f the grups were statistically insignificant; hwever, the participants in the 70 decibels grup - thse expsed t a level f nise similar t backgrund chatter in a cffee shp - significantly utperfrmed the ther grups.（大多数组之间的差异在统计学上是不显著的；然而，音量为70分贝的那组参与者（置身于类似于咖啡店背景噪音的环境中）的表现明显好于其他组。）”和第三段“But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study als suggests that the right level f backgrund nise - nt t lud and nt ttal silence - may actually imprve ne's creative thinking ability.（但由于70分贝的结果很显著，该研究还表明，适当的背景噪音——不要太大声，也不要完全安静——实际上可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力。）”可知，70分贝的那组参与者表现好于其他组，所以70分贝的噪音背景环境更有可能促进创造性思维能力。故选C项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“S why d s many f us hate ur pen ffices? The prblem may be that, in ur ffices, we can't stp urselves frm getting drawn int thers' cnversatins while we're trying t fcus. Indeed, the researchers fund that face-t-face interactins and cnversatins affect the creative prcess, and yet a cwrking space r a cffee shp prvides a certain level f nise while als prviding freedm frm interruptins.（那么，为什么我们中有那么多人讨厌开放式办公室呢？问题可能是，在我们的办公室里，当我们试图集中注意力时，我们无法阻止自己卷入别人的谈话中。的确，研究人员发现，面对面的互动和对话会影响创作过程，然而，共同工作空间或咖啡馆在提供一定程度的噪音的同时，也提供不受干扰的自由。）”可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D 项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“During an interview fr ne f my bks, my interviewer said smething I still think abut ften.（在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还经常想起的话。）”可知，作者提到有人采访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家。故选D项。
10. 【2021年浙江卷1月】 At the start f the 20th century, an American engineer named Jhn Elfreth Watkins made predictins abut life tday. His predictins abut slwing ppulatin grwth, mbile phnes and increasing height were clse t the mark. But he was wrng in ne predictin: that everybdy wuld walk 10 miles a day.
Tday, in Australia, mst children n average fall 2, 000 steps shrt f the physical activity they need t avid being verweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent f children walked t schl, while in 2010, it was as lw as 15 per cent.
The decline is nt because we have all becme lazy. Families are pressed fr time, many with bth parents wrking t pay fr their huse, ften wrking hurs nt f their chsing, living in car-dependent neighbrhds with limited public transprt.
The ther side f the cin is equally a deprivatin: fr health and well-being, as well as lst pprtunities（机会）fr children t get t knw their lcal surrundings. And fr parents there are lst pprtunities t walk and talk with their yung schlar abut their day.
Mst parents will have eagerly asked their child abut their day, nly t meet with a “gd”, quickly fllwed by "I'm hungry". This is als my experience as a mther. But smewhere ver the daily walk mre abut my sn's day cmes ut. I hear him making sense f friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental pprtunity t hear mre.
Many primary schls supprt walking schl-bus rutes（路线）, with days f regular, parent-accmpanied walks. Ding just ne f these a few times a week is better than nthing. It can be tugh t begin and takes a little planning-running shes by the frnt dr, lunches made the night befre, umbrellas n rainy days and hats n ht nes-but it's certainly wrth trying.
4．Why des the authr mentin Watkins' predictins in the first paragraph?
A．T make cmparisns.B．T intrduce the tpic.
C．T supprt her argument.D．T prvide examples.
5．What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity?
A．Plain laziness.B．Health prblems.
C．Lack f time.D．Security cncerns.
6．Why des the authr find walking with her sn wrthwhile?
A．She can get relaxed after wrk.B．She can keep physically fit.
C．She can help with her sn's study.D．She can knw her sn better.
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章通过否定沃特金斯的预言，进而提出现在人们时间的紧缺和陪伴的重要性。
4．B推理判断题。通过文章第二段“Tday: in Australia: mst children n average fall 2: 000 steps shrt f the physical activity they need t avid being verweight. In the early 1970s, 40 percent f children walked t schl while in 2010, it was as lw as15 percent.(今天：在澳大利亚：大多数孩子平均比避免超重所需的体力活动少了2000步。在上世纪70年代初，40%的孩子步行上学，而在2010年，这一比例降至15%)”说明作者根据沃特金斯的预言做了相关调查，并且写下了这篇文章。通读全文得知作者在第一段提到沃特金斯的预言，是为了介绍文章主题。故选B项。
5．C细节理解题。通过文章第三段中“Families are pressed fr time: many with bth parents wrking t pay fr their huse, ften wrking hurs nt f their chsing, living in car-dependent neighbrhds with limited public transprt.(家庭时间紧迫：许多家庭的父母都在为房子买单而工作，工作时间往往不是他们自己选择的，他们住在公共交通有限的依赖汽车的社区)”可知，导致澳大利亚儿童体育活动的减少的原因是时间不够。故选C项。
6．D细节理解题。通过文章倒数第二段中“But smewhere ver the daily walk mre abut my sn’s day cmes ut. I hear him making sense f friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental pprtunity t hear mre.(但是，在每天散步的某个地方，更多关于我儿子日常的事情出现了。我听到他在理解友谊及其局限性。这是一个意想不到的难得的机会，家长听到更多)”说明作者觉得和儿子一起散步能让她更了解她的儿子。故选D项。
Intrductin para 1
there is a place fr emtin in ratinal thinking
Findings para2-3
individuals wh scre higher n tests f intelligence and ratinality dn’t ignre (忽略) emtins.
mst intelligent decisin-making requires emtinal infrmatin
a mther’s ratinal decisin requires knwing varius pieces f emtinal infrmatin
Further analysis para 4-5
Anticipating ur wn and thers’ emtins can help us make a mre effective decisin.
it’s imprtant t find ut situatins where emtinal influences may nt be helpful as well
Cnclusin para6
infrmatin abut emtins can ften be especially useful