高考英语一轮复习-句子成分和长难句精析（复习讲义）（北京专用）（教师版）

这是一份高考英语一轮复习-句子成分和长难句精析（复习讲义）（北京专用）（教师版），共32页。
\l "_Tc20639" 01 考情解码·命题预警 PAGEREF _Tc20639 \h 3
\l "_Tc23718" 02 体系构建·思维可视 PAGEREF _Tc23718 \h 4
\l "_Tc14609" 03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 PAGEREF _Tc14609 \h 5
\l "_Tc26141" 考点一 句子主要成分 PAGEREF _Tc26141 \h 5
\l "_Tc2078" 知识点1 主语的构成与位置 PAGEREF _Tc2078 \h 5
\l "_Tc21343" 知识点2谓语的类型与形式 PAGEREF _Tc21343 \h 6
\l "_Tc6076" 知识点3宾语的类型与辨析 PAGEREF _Tc6076 \h 7
\l "_Tc27256" 考向1 考查主谓一致原则 PAGEREF _Tc27256 \h 8
\l "_Tc7226" 考向2 考查宾语形式（名/代/非谓语/从句） PAGEREF _Tc7226 \h 8
\l "_Tc11461" 思维建模 从句子成分分析角度解题 PAGEREF _Tc11461 \h 9
\l "_Tc24227" 考点二 句子次要成分 PAGEREF _Tc24227 \h 10
\l "_Tc24509" 知识点1 定语的类型与位置 PAGEREF _Tc24509 \h 10
\l "_Tc5313" 知识点2 状语的类型与位置 PAGEREF _Tc5313 \h 11
\l "_Tc5996" 知识点3表语的类型与位置 PAGEREF _Tc5996 \h 11
\l "_Tc2614" 知识点4补语的类型与判别 PAGEREF _Tc2614 \h 12
\l "_Tc25001" 知识点5同位语和插入语的位置和类型 PAGEREF _Tc25001 \h 13
\l "_Tc11085" 知识点6 插入语 PAGEREF _Tc11085 \h 13
\l "_Tc18296" 考向1 考查非谓语作定语/状语 PAGEREF _Tc18296 \h 13
\l "_Tc20292" 思维建模 长难句解题基本思路 PAGEREF _Tc20292 \h 14
\l "_Tc20627" 考向2 考查宾补的构成与识别 PAGEREF _Tc20627 \h 15
\l "_Tc11071" 思维建模 长难句解题关键 PAGEREF _Tc11071 \h 15
\l "_Tc17761" 考点三 长难句精析 PAGEREF _Tc17761 \h 16
\l "_Tc26297" 知识点1 长难句三大特征 PAGEREF _Tc26297 \h 16
\l "_Tc10470" 知识点2 长难句解码四步法 PAGEREF _Tc10470 \h 17
\l "_Tc13697" 考向1 语法填空中的长难句拆解 PAGEREF _Tc13697 \h 18
\l "_Tc21349" 考向2 阅读理解中的长难句理解写 PAGEREF _Tc21349 \h 19
\l "_Tc12797" 考向3 写作中的长难句仿写 PAGEREF _Tc12797 \h 23
\l "_Tc13344" 04真题溯源·考向感知 PAGEREF _Tc13344 \h 23
01 考情解码·命题预警
02 体系构建·思维可视
03 核心突破·靶向攻坚

考点一 句子主要成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
\l "_Tc25045" 知识点1 主语的构成与位置
主语：是句子所要说明的人或事物。是说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。
主语通常由名词 (短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式 (短语)、动名词 (短语)或从句等充当。
（1）名词 (短语)：The desire t stand ut cnsumed me. （2025年北京卷完形填空第1题）
Plastic bttles littered the parks. （2025年书面表达第40题）
（2）代词：I grew upset seeing litter. （（2025年北京卷书面表达第40题）
We can take simple steps t reduce waste. （（2025年北京卷语法填空C篇）
（3）数词：Three is enugh.
One-third f glbal gas release came frm fd waste. （（2025年北京卷语法填空C篇）
（4）动名词：Explring the wrld shuldn't cme at the planet's expense. （（2025年北京卷语法填空C篇）
Seeing plastic bttles upset Mark. （（2025年北京卷书面表达第40题）
（5）不定式： T find yur way can be a prblem.
T swim in the river is a great pleasure.
T reduce ur impact requires simple actins. （（2025年北京卷语法填空C篇）
（6）it形式主语：It is pssible t pen that lck with anther key. （（2025年北京卷完形填空第4题）
It shcked us that 1.3 billin tns f fd was wasted. （（2025年北京卷阅读理解D篇引申）
（7）从句：Whether we cmpare urselves affects emtins. （（2025年北京卷阅读理解C篇）
名师提醒：一般情况下句子的主语在句首，谓语动词之前；但是在倒装句或疑问句中时，谓语动词部分或全部位于主语之前。解答动词语法填空时，需要注意主谓一致，找到真正的主语。
The rich shuld help the pr.（名词化的形容词）
【2022年新高考I卷读后续写】 is nthing t d with thers’ thughts.（代词+倒装）
知识点2谓语的类型与形式
谓语：表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当，由简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。
构成：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当，一般位于主语之
后。有时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致等的变化，同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约，如果主语是单数形式，谓语动词要用单数第三人称形式。
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
例.Basically, it means eating nly as much fd as yur bdy needs.【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】
复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
例1.Yu shuld feel satisfied at the end f a meal, but nt t full.【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】
例2. D I have t buy anther ticket?【2024年新高考I卷听力】
（2）由系动词加表语构成。
例1.In cld weather, the structure stays ____ (clse) t prtect the plants.【2024年新高考I卷语法填空】
例2.Fd became easier t chew at this pint. (系动词)【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】
常用的动词时态：
常用被动语态：
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化列表如下：
知识点3宾语的类型与辨析
宾语：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语。位于及物动词或介词之后。
种类：直接宾语、间接宾语。
（1）直接宾语：动作的直接承受者或结果（一般是物sth.）; 间接宾语：动作对谁或者为谁而做的（一般是人sb.）
（2）介词后面的宾语，构成“介宾结构”
I am interested in cmputer studies.
宾语通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当宾语。
例1.I dn’t trust my laptp’s spellchecker.（名词）【2024年新高考I卷阅读理解】
例2. D cntact me when yu're in Sydney.（代词）【2024年新高考I卷听力】
例3 Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasns t ...”（名词）.【2022年新高考I卷阅读理解】
例4.I’d appreciate it if yu take my invitatin int cnsideratin. （代词it作形式宾语）
例5. culd als start prviding higher-value services fr railways, detecting faults in the rail r switches, befre they can cause any safety prblems. （动名词短语）【2022年全国乙卷】
例6. The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. （宾语从句）【2022年新高考I卷】
例7. Hw many dictinaries d yu have? I have five.（数词）
例8. He pretended nt t see me.（非谓语形式。）
例9. They helped the ld with their husewrk yesterday.（名词化形容词）
考向1 考查主谓一致原则
例1 The plan will extend prtectin t a significant number f areas that ______ (be)previusly unprtected, bringing many f the existing prtected areas fr giant pandas under ne authrity t increase effectiveness and reduce incnsistencies in management.
【答案】 were
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。设空处在that引导的限制性定语从句中作谓语，先行词为a significant number f areas，先行词在从句中作主语，根据“previusly (之前地)”可知从句的时态应为一般过去时，根据主谓一致，从句主语复数，从句谓语复数形式。故填were。
【变式训练1·变载体】Over the last tw years, sme supermarkets __________ (start) selling chicken r salad in packs designed with tw halves cntaining separate prtins (份).
【答案】have started
【解析】考查现在完成时。句意：在过去的两年里，一些超市开始销售鸡肉或沙拉包装，设计成两半，拆分成两份。根据“Over the last tw years”可知，此处应用现在完成时。动词start意为“开始”。故填have started。
【变式训练2】
Since 2024, Xinjiang 64 (take) targeted and scientific measures t clse this gap. Alngside the green belt, effrts have been made t prmte the develpment f sand industries t benefit lcal residents.
【答案】has taken
【解析】考查时态。句意：自2024年以来，新疆已采取有针对性的科学措施来填补这一空白。take measures“采取措施”。根据上文Since 2024，take这一动作开始于过去，持续到现在，句子时态应用现在完成时，又因主语Xinjiang是第三人称单数，所以助动词用has。故填has taken。
\l "_Tc16322" 考向2 考查宾语形式（名/代/非谓语/从句）
例2 These plants included mdern Western __________ (favurite) such as rsemary, lavender and fennel. The garden als cntains a winding path that guides visitrs thrugh the twelve regins f the Silk Rad.
【答案】favrites
【解析】考查名词的数。句意：这些植物包括现代西方最受喜爱的迷迭香、薰衣草和茴香。favrite是可数名词，意为“特别受喜爱的东西”，根据空后such as rsemary, lavender and fennel可知，空处应用名词的复数形式。故填favrites。
思维建模 从句子成分分析角度解题
【变式训练1】The trading activity has brught culture exchange, religins spreading and cntrasts t the cnnected (regin) and frmed a remarkable culture tie featured by Asian, Eurpean and the Mediterranean bank.
【答案】regins
【解析】考查名词的数。句意：贸易活动给相连地区带来了文化交流、宗教传播和对比，形成了以亚洲、欧洲和地中海为特色的显著文化纽带。regin为可数名词，此处数量大于一应用复数形式。故填regins。
【变式训练2·变考法】Hw did the natinal park system cme abut? On a cl, starry night in mid-September 1870, fur men relaxed befre a campfire alng the Firehle River in 43 is nw nrthwestern Wyming.
【答案】what
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：1870年9月中旬，在一个凉爽、繁星点点的夜晚，四个男人在火洞河边的营火前放松，这里现在是怀俄明州的西北部。后文为介词in的宾语，is前缺主语，指物，主语用what引导宾语从句，作介词in的宾语，故填what。

考点二 句子次要成分
知识点1 定语的类型与位置
定语：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语。
位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前，但是在修饰any-，sme-，n， every-等构成的单词，如smething 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。
构成：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句充当。
（1）形容词：She is a natural musician.
（2）名词：A baby girl is crying.
Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax.【2022年全国乙卷】
（3）代词：Yur hair needs cutting.（物主代词）
Everybdy’s business is nbdy’s business.（不定代词所有格）
（4）数词：D it nw, yu may nt get a secnd chance. （序数词）
（5）副词：The rm abve is my sister’s. （副词作定语后置）
（6）不定式：Her prmise t write was frgtten.
（7）动名词：Learning methds vary frm persn t persn.
（8）分词： Vlunteers aged 10 and ver are welcme.【2024年新高考I卷】
The girl rse her head and saw the rising sun.(现在分词）
（9）介词短语：This is a map f China.（介词短语作定语后置）
Read ur Yuth Plicy Guidelines fr yuth under the age f 15.【2024年新高考I卷】
（10）从句(定语从句): The car that is parked utside is mine.
Rad accidents, which had fallen fr years, are nw rising sharply.【2022年新高考全国卷II】
知识点2 状语的类型与位置
状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。
位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almst、ften 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后，放于实义动词之前。
构成：通常由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结构和从句等充当。
I will d anything t help an animal. (不定式表目的)【2024年新高考I卷】
One day, we had a family dinner.【2024年全国甲卷】
Additinally frm time t time I will assign grup wrk t be cmpleted.【2022年新高考I卷】
此外，我将不时地分配小组工作来完成。
As I rushed utdrs t empty the wastepaper baskets, the dr swung shut behind me.【2024年浙江卷】
当我冲到户外去清空废纸篓时，门在我身后突然关上了。
知识点3表语的类型与位置
概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。
位置：位于系动词之后。
充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当。
（1）名词：The wedding was that Sunday.
But a dictinary can be a pleasure t read.【2024年新高考I卷】
（2）代词：Seventy-fur?—Yu dn’t lk it.
（3）数词：We are seven.
（4）形容词：Are yu busy?
（5）副词：I am here.
I am dwn there in my wheelchair in the mrning...【2022年新高考I卷】
（6）不定式：All I culd d was t wait.
（7）动名词：Seeing is believing.
His hbby（爱好）is playing ftball.
（8）过去分词：I’m very pleased with what he has dne.
He was inspired by anther veterinarian.【2024年新高考I卷】
Needless t say, they were deeply mved.【2020年新课标I】
（9）介词短语：She is in gd health.
Helping the next generatin t have a healthy and active childhd is f great imprtance.【2022年全国乙卷】
（10）从句：That is why I was angry.
That's why mst pet cats are able t tell immediately if...【2024年全国甲卷】
That's what mattered-landing tricks, being a gd skater.【2021年全国甲卷】
落地技巧对于成为一名优秀的滑板玩家来说是十分重要的。
知识点4补语的类型与判别
补足语: 补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。
主语补足语: 补充说明主语意义的句子成分。
宾语补足语: 补充说明宾语意义的句子成分。
可以用作补足语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。
Yu must keep the rm clean and tidy.
Jhn asked me t help him with his Chinese.
I will have my hair cut tmrrw.
We saw the by playing basketball n the grund
I was left alne ...【2024年全国甲卷】
Ca believes this will make the hiking trip even mre meaningful.【2022年高考全国甲卷】
We sincerely wish yu a quick recvery and an early return t China.【2020年浙江卷】
Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better knwn t British students. 【2019年江苏卷】
知识点5同位语和插入语的位置和类型
同位语：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。
构成：同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
（1）名词：We, the Chinese peple, are determined t build China int a pwerful and prsperus cuntry.
Farber, a graduate f Clrad State University, started ut as a mre cnventinal veterinarian.
【2024年新高考I卷】
（2）代词：They all wanted t see him.
He himself desn’t knw why.
（3）数词：Are yu tw ready?
（4）同位语从句：The news that we are having a hliday tmrrw is nt true.
知识点6 插入语
插入语：对一句话的附加解释、说明或总结用逗号、破折号隔开，与句子的其他部分之间没有语法关系。
T be frank, I dn’t agree with yu.
Strictly speaking, yu are wrng.
This, in my pinin, is nly a simple questin.
Hnestly, I dn’t need it at the mment.
Yu are nt quite fit fr this kind f wrk, if I may say s.
考向1 考查非谓语作定语/状语
例1 When ____17____ (travel), we engage with cultures and experiences.
【答案】17. traveling
【解析】考查非谓语动词之现在分词作状语。句意：旅行时，我们接触不同文化和体验不同经历。句子主语“we”与“travel”之间是主动关系，用现在分词，构成“when+现在分词”的状语从句省略结构。故填traveling。
【变式训练1】___44___ (recall)watching a Chinese pera versin f Shakespeare’s play Richard III in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actrs wh came t Stratfrd a few years ag t perfrm parts f The Peny Pavilin.
【答案】Recalling
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：回忆起几年前在上海观看莎士比亚戏剧《理查三世》的中国版，并遇见前来斯特拉特福德表演《牡丹亭》部分片段的中国演员时，Edmndsn说：“听到中文，看到汤显祖的戏剧是如何被表演的，非常激动人心。”非谓语动词担当状语，主语“Edmndsn”和动词“recall”之间为主动关系，用现在分词形式担当状语；出现在句首，首字母大写。故填Recalling。
思维建模 长难句解题基本思路
【变式训练2】Thse cultural elements have increased Stratfrd’s internatinal visibility, said Edmndsn, adding that visitrs walking thrugh the Birthplace Garden were ften amazed ___43___ (find)the cnnectin between the tw great writers.
【答案】 t find
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：Edmndsn说，这些文化元素提高了斯特拉特福德的国际知名度，并补充说，游客们穿过故居花园时，常常惊讶于这两位伟大作家之间的联系。非谓语动词担当形容词“amazed”后的原因状语，用动词不定式形式。故填t find。
考向2 考查宾补的构成与识别
例1 Preschl children are remarkably bad at hiding. They ften cver nly their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest f their bdies ______(expse).
【答案】expsed
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:学龄前儿童非常不擅长躲藏。他们通常只用手遮住眼睛，而身体的其他部分则暴露在外。"leave+宾语+宾语补足语”为固定结构，therest ftheir bdies和expse为逻辑动宾关系，需用过去分词形式。故填expsed。
思维建模 长难句解题关键
【变式训练1】 Lawyers, teachers, librarians, drivers, and receptinists may find their jbs ______(replace) by AI in the future.
【答案】replaced
【解析】考查过去分词。句意:律师、教师、图书管理员、司机和接待员可能会发现他们的工作在未来被A|取代。此处为"find+宾语+宾补”结构，所以此处为非调语动词作宾补，replace与宾语 their jbs之间构成被动关系，所以此处使用过去分词形式。故填replaced。
【变式训练2】I fund myself ________ (wrk) with a rbtics prfessr n techniques fr cllecting data frm the desert remtely.
【答案】wrking
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:我发现自己和一个机器人教授一起研究从沙漠中远程收集数据的技术。空处作宾语补足语，wrk"工作”和myselfi适辑上是主动关系，目此外描述在某一时刻的行为，因此用w0rK的现在分词形式，find neself ding表示“发现自己正在做某事”。故填wrking.

考点三 长难句精析
知识点1 长难句三大特征
1.结构复杂
1）多层从句嵌套（定语/状语/名词性从句）
（2025年北京卷阅读理解B篇第三段）Determined t fllw my instincts n what I felt success means, I nly
宾语从句
chse tw classes that I knew I wuld enjy.
定语从句
（2025年北京卷阅读理解D篇第二段）Bb Jhnsn created the life stry mdel f identity, in which he prpses
定语从句
that, as we g thrugh life, these cre features are built in with ur memries t create a persnal stry thrugh
状语从句 宾语从句
which we understand ur lives.
定语从句
2）非谓语动词链（分词/不定式作修饰成分）
（2025年北京卷阅读理解D篇第二段）Bb Jhnsn created the life stry mdel f identity, in which he prpses that, as we g thrugh life, these cre features are built in with ur memries t create a persnal stry thrugh which we understand ur lives.
（2025年北京卷七选五选项部分）If these life cycles are delayed, interrupted, r denied, yu feel incapable f
状语从句
accessing yur states f self, cntrlling unpleasant feelings, and manipulating the energy that puts tgether the
动名词作宾语
fabric f yur inner wrld.
定语从句
成分省略
连词后主语/谓语省略（especially in adverbial clauses）
同位语从句中that省略
例：And when (he was) asked abut his new title, he shared the secret: mderatin.（ 2024 年北京卷语法填空 B 篇第 16 题）
解析：该句是时间状语从句的省略。从句主语 “he” 与主句主语一致，且从句中含有 be 动词 “was”，按照语法规则，可省略从句中的 “主语 + be 动词” 结构，完整形式为 “when he was asked abut his new title”。这种省略使句子更加简洁，符合英语表达中避免重复的习惯。
语序反常
1）倒装（否定词/方位副词前置）
Little did I realize that single mment wuld ruin everything."（2025北京卷完形填空）
分析：否定词 “Little” 置于句首，句子采用部分倒装结构（助动词 “did” 提前，主语 “I” 后接动词原形 “realize”），符合 “否定词前置需倒装” 的语法规则，强调 “我完全没意识到” 这一含义。
插入语分隔主谓
Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints.（2024北京卷阅读理解D篇）
分析：插入语 “a cmplexity scientist” 用于补充说明主语 “Alan Smith” 的身份，分隔了主语和谓语 “is tired f”，起到解释说明的作用，不影响句子核心逻辑。
知识点2 长难句解码四步法
1.定位主干：剔除修饰成分（介词短语/非谓语/从句），锁定S+V+O
例：[Despite challenges]{.mark}, [researchers]{.mark} [frm Peking University]{.mark} have develped [a new methd]{.mark} [t recycle plastics]{.mark} [that culd transfrm industries]{.mark}.（主干：Researchers have develped a methd）
2.划分修饰：
括号法标注定语（( )）、状语[ ]、补语{ }
例：The bk [recmmended by my teacher]{.mark}（定语）, [which explres AI ethics]{.mark}*（非限制定语）, challenges [us]{.mark} [t rethink technlgy]{.mark}*（宾补）.
还原省略：
补全状语从句省略的主谓：When (yu are) in dubt, cnsult dictinaries.
3. 重组语序：
将后置定语/状语移回名词/动词前翻译
例：He met a scientist [wrking n lunar explratin]{.mark}
→ 他遇到了一位[从事月球探索的]科学家
考向1 语法填空中的长难句拆解
例1 The museum, ______ (lcate) in the heart f Beijing and ______ receives millins f visitrs yearly, ______ (be) a symbl f cultural heritage.
答案：lcated; which; is
解析：剔除插入语"in the "，主干为"The museum is a symbl"
思维建模
长难句分析 “四步法”
划主干：找谓语动词，确定主语和宾语（或表语）；
辨修饰：标记从句、非谓语动词、介词短语等，明确修饰对象；
理逻辑：分析从句与主句、修饰成分与核心成分的逻辑关系（如限定、因果）；
串句意：整合各部分含义，结合语境还原完整句意。
【变式训练1】The China Cultural Center in Malta launched its 2024-2025 term n Tuesday, intrducing a fresh lineup f classes in Chinese language, traditinal Chinese painting, and calligraphy, ffering _________ (lcal) new ways t immerse (沉浸) themselves in Chinese culture.
【答案】lcals
【解析】考查名词复数。句意：周二，马耳他中国文化中心启动了2024-2025学年，引入了汉语、中国传统绘画和书法等新课程，为当地人提供了沉浸在中国文化中的新方式。lcal意为“本地人”，是可数名词，不止一个，因此用复数。故填lcals。
【变式训练2】
In the Tang Dynasty, t celebrate the festival, the emperr and his ministers ffered sacrifices t heaven and held curt meetings, while the cmmn peple held celebratin________ (ceremny) t welcme the upcming year.
【答案】ceremnies
【解析】考查名词复数。句意：在唐朝，为了庆祝这个节日，皇帝和他的大臣们向天献祭，举行朝会，而老百姓则举行庆祝仪式迎接新的一年。ceremny为可数名词“仪式”，此处需要该名词的复数形式表示泛指。故填ceremnies。
考向2 阅读理解中的长难句理解写
例1 （2025年北京卷D篇）Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
32. What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A. Living cnditins were the drive.B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Scial traditin was the basis.D. Hnesty was the key.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Incnveniences are the cause f telling lies.B. Basic human needs lead t universal nrms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-cntrl.D. Written laws have great influence n virtues.
【答案】32. A 33. B
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的道德规范的形成是由于他们所处的严酷生活环境所驱动的，这种环境促使他们形成了一种务实的道德观念，以应对生活的挑战。文中提到规范是“unwritten and rarely expressed clearly”，但并未说明这是形成道德规范的目标；虽然文中提到传统在一定程度上影响了因纽特人的道德规范，但并未强调这是形成道德规范的基础；文中提到“Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f”，但并未强调诚实是形成道德规范的关键，而是多种行为规范共同构成了道德体系。故选A项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。
【变式训练1】（2025·北京朝阳·六校联考）Give a grup f scientists the same data and the same research questin, and they shuld cme up with similar answers — in thery. But they dn’t, accrding t a paper published last mnth in BMC Bilgy, which finds that 246 eclgists analyzing the same data sets reached widely varying cnclusins, with sme finding effects in ttally ppsite directins.
The paper is the latest in a line f “many analyst” prjects that examine hw results can vary because f scientists’ decisins during data analysis — and the first t study the effects in eclgy. Past wrk has mstly fcused n psychlgy and ther behaviral sciences. “I was really excited t see this study. I have nticed an unfrtunate hubris self-cnfidence in ther dmains that say, well, we have ur huse in better rder.” says University f Bern metascientist Ian Hussey.
Ellit Guld, a Ph.D．student at the University f Melburne, was skeptical that eclgy has its huse in better rder. Eclgists deal with cmplex systems that cntain a huge amunt f natural variability and have t make many decisins abut what kind f statistical analyses t run. T find ut hw much thse decisins affect the results, Guld recruited 246 eclgists, wrking in 174 teams, t answer tw different research questins, each based n a single data set.
The first questin asked hw the grwth f blue tit chicks is influenced by cmpetitin with siblings in the nest. The analysis teams came up with a wide range f answers: Five fund n relatinship between brd size and chick size, five fund mixed results, and 64 fund that chicks grew mre slwly if they had mre siblings, but with different levels f certainty and effect sizes. The secnd questin is whether the amunt f grass cver affected the success and survival f the Eucalyptus seedlings. The teams wh analyzed this data set did nt agree at all: Eighteen cncluded that mre grass cver hampered Eucalyptus survival, six said it imprved survival, and 31 fund the grass had n effect.
The findings match up with the results f previus many-analyst studies and shw the pwerful rle f subjective researcher chices in scientific prjects. In sme cases, there is established best practice t guide analysts — but ther chices are mre arbitrary. Guld says researchers have t decide which variables t cntrl fr and hw t deal with missing data, adding that thse different chices can kind f multiply.
29．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．Researchers’ individual chices in scientific studies matter a lt.
B．Guld thinks the effects f researchers’ different chices are limited.
C．The “many analyst” prjects can help eclgists make gd cnclusins.
D．The grwth f blue tit chicks is slwer when having mre siblings in the nest
【答案】29．A
29．推理判断题。根据第五段“The findings match up with the results f previus many-analyst studies and shw the pwerful rle f subjective researcher chices in scientific prjects. (这些发现与之前许多分析师研究的结果相匹配，表明了研究人员在科学项目中的主观选择起着重要作用)”可知，研究人员在科学研究中的个人选择很重要。故选A项。
【变式训练2】（2025·京市昌平·二模）...
This cntinuing state f affairs is surprising. In August 2020, the cmmittee which standardises gene names renamed thse beginning MARC, MARCH and SEPT t begin MTARC, MARCHF and SEPTIN, and rebranded DEC1 as DELEC1. Other prblematic gene names remained, but this was widely seen as a step in the right directin. Dr Zieman’s latest paper, thugh, suggests that few researchers have taken it.
Such errrs ften seem amusing rather than dangerus. But they reflect a deeper prblem, which is that spreadsheets allw such silent errrs, t well camuflaged fr authrs r their editrs t spt, t g undetected fr years. T stp this, Dr Ziemann recmmends researchers abandn sftware like Excel in favr f scheduled cde written with scientific applicatins in mind. Such prgrams are mre difficult t be autcrrected and easier t examine. Whether his advice will be taken this time remains t be seen.
28．As fr Excel’s aut-crrect issue, which statement might Dr Ziemann agree with?
A．Switching t science-specific cding tls.
B．Relying n Excel’s advanced functin.
C．Adpting the renamed gene terms.
D．Aviding aut-crrect in papers.
【答案】 29．B
29．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句子“But they reflect a deeper prblem, which is that spreadsheets allw such silent errrs, t well camuflaged fr authrs r their editrs t spt, t g undetected fr years.(但它们反映了一个更深层次的问题，那就是电子表格允许这种无声的错误，这些错误camuflaged太好，以至于作者或编辑无法发现，多年来一直未被发现。)”中“silent errrs(无声的错误)”、修饰well camuflaged的“t”以及“fr authrs r their editrs t sptt g undetected fr years”可知，这些错误被伪装得太好，以至于作者或编辑无法发现，多年来一直未被发现，划线词camuflaged的意思是“伪装的”，和Hidden unnticeably意思相近。故选B。
考向3 写作中的长难句仿写
例1状语前置：[Inspired by the dcumentary]{.mark}, I initiated a recycling prject.
非谓语扩展：Students [participating in the debate]{.mark} gain cnfidence, [enhancing their critical thinking]{.mark}.
定语从句链：The app [that tracks carbn ftprints]{.mark}, [which wn a natinal award]{.mark}, is ppular [amng teens]{.mark}.
【变式训练1】原句：We shuld prtect the envirnment.（写作句式升级）
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】[Urged by envirnmental urgency]{.mark}, we must take actins [t prtect ecsystems]{.mark} [that sustain human survival]{.mark}.
【变式训练2】 Our schl ftball club was funded three years ag. It launches matches amng the lcal schls every year.（写作句式升级---整合成一个句子）
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Funded three years ag, ur schl ftball club launches matches amng the lcal schls every year.
Our schl ftball club, funded three years ag, launches matches amng the lcal schls every year.
04真题溯源·考向感知
一、语篇填空
1
（2025年北京卷）When was the last time yu tk n a tugh chice? Maybe this mrning yu debated whether t get up r stay in bed slightly ____14____ (lng). Making chices is part f life. By the time yu brushed yur teeth, yu ____15____ (make) several decisins even withut nticing. Sme chices are quick, while thers take mre thught. Usually, better utcmes ____16____ (achieve) thrugh a thrugh understanding f strategies like risk tlerance.
【答案】14. lnger
15. had made
16. are achieved
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了做选择是生活的一部分及如何做出更好的选择。
【14题详解】
考查比较级。句意：也许今天早上你还在纠结是起床还是多睡一会儿。此处表示“多睡一会儿”，应用比较级lnger，表示“更久”。故填lnger。
【15题详解】
考查时态。句意：当你刷牙的时候，你甚至在不知不觉中已经做了好几个决定。根据时间状语“By the time yu brushed yur teeth”可知，此处表示在过去某一时间点之前已经完成的动作，时态应用过去完成时，谓语用had made。故填had made。
【16题详解】
考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：通常，通过充分了解风险承受能力等策略，可以取得更好的结果。根据时间状语“Usually”可知，此处表示经常性、习惯性的动作，时态应用一般现在时；主语better utcmes和动词achieve“实现”之间是被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态；主语better utcmes是复数，be动词应用are。故填are achieved。
2
When ____17____ (travel), we engage with cultures and experiences. Hwever, accrding t a reprt by the Wrld Wildlife Fund, turists ____18____ (leave) ver 1.3 billin tns f fd waste last year, ____19____ accunted fr abut 8% f the ttal glbal gas release in 2024. T reduce ur impact, we can take simple steps: empty the fridge befre heading ut, and chse sustainable dining ptins. These effrts help us travel mre respnsibly. After all, explring the wrld shuldn’t cme ____20____ the planet’s expense.
【答案】17. traveling
18. left 19. which
20. at
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出旅行时人们会接触不同文化和经历，但据世界野生动物基金会报告，去年游客产生大量食物垃圾，对全球气体排放有影响。为减少影响，人们可采取如出发前清空冰箱、选择可持续餐饮等简单措施，强调探索世界不应以牺牲地球为代价。
【17题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：旅行时，我们接触不同文化和体验不同经历。句子主语“we”与“travel”之间是主动关系，用现在分词，构成“when+现在分词”的状语从句省略结构。故填traveling。
【18题详解】
考查时态。句意：然而，根据世界野生动物基金会的一份报告，去年游客产生了超过13亿吨的食物垃圾，这约占2024年全球气体排放总量的8%。根据“last year”可知，描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，“leave”的过去式是“left”。故填left。
【19题详解】
考查定语从句关系代词。句意：然而，根据世界野生动物基金会的一份报告，去年游客留下了超过13亿吨的食物垃圾，约占2024年全球气体排放总量的8%。此句为非限制性定语从句，先行词是“1.3 billin tns f fd waste”，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，用which引导。故填which。
【20题详解】
考查固定搭配。句意：毕竟，探索世界不应以牺牲地球为代价。at ne’s expense“以…… 为代价”是固定搭配。故填at。
二、阅读理解
Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
32. What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A. Living cnditins were the drive.B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Scial traditin was the basis.D. Hnesty was the key.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Incnveniences are the cause f telling lies.B. Basic human needs lead t universal nrms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-cntrl.D. Written laws have great influence n virtues.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Acrss CulturesB. The Values f Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against ChasD. The Rts f Mrality
【答案】32. A 33. B 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的道德规范的形成是由于他们所处的严酷生活环境所驱动的，这种环境促使他们形成了一种务实的道德观念，以应对生活的挑战。文中提到规范是“unwritten and rarely expressed clearly”，但并未说明这是形成道德规范的目标；虽然文中提到传统在一定程度上影响了因纽特人的道德规范，但并未强调这是形成道德规范的基础；文中提到“Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f”，但并未强调诚实是形成道德规范的关键，而是多种行为规范共同构成了道德体系。故选A项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
考点要求
考察形式
2025年
2024年
2023年
主要成分
选择题
非选择题
T11. 表语
T12. 宾补
T13.主语
T15+16.+18谓语
T12. 宾语
T13. 谓语
T15. 谓语
T20. 谓语
T11. 谓语
T13. 谓语
T16. 谓语
次要成分
选择题
非选择题
T14.状语
T17状语
T19.定语从句
T11. 状语
T14. 宾语
T16. 状语
T17. 定语从句
T19. 状语
T12. 状语
T14. 状语
T15. 宾语
T18. 定语
T19. 状语
T20. 定语
长难句
选择题
非选择题
见附录
见附录
见附录
考情分析：
从高考试题来看，有关句子成分、基本句型和长难句知识和能力无处不在，从阅读理解到写作都离不开解析分析，长难句理解，高级句型表达。分析长难句的能力是解决阅读理解的关键，分析句子成分是语法填空的基础，高级句式的表达是写作成功的保障。
预计在2025年高考中，有关句子成分、基本句型和长难句知识必考。
复习目标：
1.熟练区分8大句子成分（主/谓/宾/定/状/补/表/同位语）
2. 掌握成分核心特征：定语：修饰名词（前置/后置）
状语：修饰动词/全句（位置灵活）
宾补：补充宾语状态（被动关系用过去分词）
识别三大复合谓语结构（情态动词/系动词/助动词+实义动词）
破解"动词+宾语+补语"黄金结构（如 leave/find/make... +宾语+expsed/wrking）
识别并理解长难句。
时间形态
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
一般
ask / asks
asked
will ask
wuld ask
进行
am/is/are asking
was/were asking
will be asking
完成
have/has asked
had asked
will have asked
完成进行
have/has been asking
时间/形态
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
现在
am/is/are dne
am/is/are being dne
has/ have been dne
have/has been being dne
过去
was/were dne
was/were being dne
had been dne
将来
shall/will be dne
shall/will have been dne
过去将来
shuld/wuld be dne
有情态动词
情态动词+ be / have been dne