高考英语二轮专题-主旨大意题（知识清单）（学生版）

这是一份高考英语二轮专题-主旨大意题（知识清单）（学生版），共35页。学案主要包含了知能解读01，知能解读02，知能解读03，知能解读04，知能解读05，重难点突破01，重难点突破02，重难点突破03等内容，欢迎下载使用。

01主旨大意题五年高考考情统计
02主旨大意题五年高考考情解读
1.题型概述
主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。题型主要包括标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中找出一些关键词、信息句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。
2.题型特点
主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容深层次的理解、概括能力，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。标题归纳类要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意题和段落大意题考查文章或段落的主旨大意。
3.选材特点
题材更加丰富多样，涵盖记叙文、说明文、议论文等各种文体，主题涉及社会热点、科技发展、文化交流、环境保护、人文历史、健康生活等多个领域，要求考生具备广泛的知识背景。
4.命题特点
特殊疑问句形式:以when、where、what、which、wh、why、hw等疑问词开头引出的问题;通常涉及推断作者态度、文章出处、文章类型、写作意图、下段话题等。
主旨大意题旨在考查考生归纳概括以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力，是阅读理解中的高难度题。概括全文大意最简单的方法就是把每段的大意串起来考虑。该类题主要考查标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。常见的设问方式有：
1．What is the best title f the passage?
2．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
3．What is the passage mainly abut?
4．What is the main idea f the secnd paragraph?
5．What is the mainly abut?
03主旨大意题五年高考考点分类
04主旨大意题五年高考选项特点
1.正确选项特征
2.干扰选项特征
05阅读理解满分突破思维导图
01 段落大意题
1.题型解读
段落大意题主要考查考生用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来的能力。考生在做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。
2.思维导图
02 段落大意题跟踪训练
跟踪训练1 (2025全国二卷第34题) 主题句在段中
[1] Des yur sul die a little every time yu thrw away unused fd? Mine des. …
[2] Fd waste is a grwing cncern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries….
[3] Fr tw weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailr-made t raise awareness regarding fd waste.
[4] A study by the Fd Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 punds f fd waste fr every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and f that waste nly 15.7% is dnated r recycled. ..
[5]It shuld be nted that nne f the items n wastED’s menu was technically made frm garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples f meat cuts and prduce that mst restaurants wuld never cnsider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish cllars, rejected sweet ptates, and cucumber butts were all re-apprpriated and, with the help f a number f gd chefs, turned int excellent cuisine.
[6]Thugh wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed frm the start as a shrt-lived experiment…
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Why the ingredients were used.B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made f.D. Where the ingredients were bught.
跟踪训练2 (2024新课标I卷第26题) 没有出现主题句
[1] “I am nt crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shrtly after perfrming acupuncture (针灸) n a rabbit. “I am ahead f my time.” …
[2]Farber, a graduate f Clrad State University, started ut as a mre cnventinal veterinarian. …
[3]Leigh Tindale’s dg Charlie had a serius heart cnditin. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared t put him t sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dg’s suffering s much that she was able t keep him alive fr an additinal five mnths. And Priscilla Dewing reprts that her hrse, Nappy, “mves mre easily and rides mre cmfrtably” after a chirpractic adjustment.
[4]Farber is certain that the hlistic apprach will grw mre ppular with time, and if the past is any indicatin, he may be right…
26. What des paragraph 3 mainly talk abut?
A. Steps f a chirpractic treatment.
B. The cmplexity f veterinarians’ wrk.
C. Examples f rare animal diseases.
D. The effectiveness f hlistic medicine.
跟踪训练3 (2023全国乙卷第32题) 主题句在段首
[1] If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
[2] Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. …
[3] In additin t the prblem f miscmprehensin frm bth sides, there are victries accidentally r deliberately twisted, especially when nly the victrs knw hw t write. …
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Hw past events shuld be presented. B. What humanity is cncerned abut.
C. Whether facts speak luder than wrds. D. Why written language is reliable.
03 文章大意题
1.命题特点
文章中的每一段都是围绕某一主题展开的，把每个段落的主题句综合起来就可以概括出全文的中心思想。该题型主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
2.设问方式
1.What is the main theme/tpic/idea f this/the passage/text?
2.What des the text/passage mainly fcus n?
3.What is the passage/text mainly abut?
4. What des the passage mainly fcus n?
3.思维导图
4.答题策略
题型一：利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。
题型二：利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。
题型三：利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词: in brief/ shrt, all in all, in cnclusin, in a wrd等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。
题型四：利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意
技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。
题型五：利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题
技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。
04文章大意题跟踪训练
跟踪训练1 (2024新课标II卷第31题)
We all knw fresh is best when it cmes t fd. Hwever, mst prduce at the stre went thrugh weeks f travel and cvered hundreds f miles befre reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre.
BMF is an indr garden system. It can be set up fr a family. Additinally, it culd serve a larger audience such as a hspital, restaurant r schl. The innvative design requires little effrt t achieve a reliable weekly supply f fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies n new technlgy. By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pd (容器) t get the next grwth cycle started.
Mrever, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zer emissins (排放) frm transprting plants frm sil t salad. In additin, there’s n need fr pesticides and ther chemicals that pllute traditinal farms and the surrunding envirnment.
BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee.
28. What can be learned abut BMF frm paragraph 1?
A. It guarantees the variety f fd.B. It requires day-t-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-t-table distance.D. It relies n farmer’s markets.
29. What infrmatin des the cnvenient app ffer?
A. Real-time weather changes.B. Current cnditin f the plants.
C. Chemical pllutants in the sil.D. Availability f pre-seeded pds.
30. What can be cncluded abut BMF emplyees?
A. They have a great passin fr sprts.
B. They are devted t cmmunity service.
C. They are fnd f sharing daily experiences.
D They have a strng envirnmental awareness.
31. What des the text mainly talk abut?
A. BMF’s majr strengths.B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s glbal influence.D. BMF’s technical standards.
跟踪训练2 (2022全国甲卷第31题)
As Ginni Bazlintn reached Antarctica, she fund herself greeted by a grup f little Gent penguins(企鹅) lnging t say hell. These gentle, lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.
Ever since her childhd, Ginni, nw 71, has had a deep lve fr travel. Thrughut her career(职业) as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK, but always lnged t explre further When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time t take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began t travel the wrld, eventually getting wrk teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tierra del Fueg, the suthernmst tip f the Suth American mainland. “I just decided wanted t g,” she says. “I had n idea abut what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervus, I just wanted t d it. And I wanted t d it alne as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni barded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met befre, t begin the jurney twards Antarctica. “Frm seeing the wildlife t witnessing sunrises, the whle experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impressin n me that n ther place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rse ut f the water like sme prehistric creature and I thught it was smiling at us. Yu culd still hear the peratic sunds it was making underwater.”
The realizatin that this is a precius land, t be respected by humans, was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni.
28. Which f the fllwing best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things.B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lst memries.D. Stick t a prmise.
29. What made Ginni decide n the trip t Antarctica?
A. Lvely penguins.B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discunt fare.D. A friend’s invitatin.
30. What des Ginni think abut Antarctica after the jurney?
A. It culd be a hme fr her.B. It shuld be easily accessible.
C. It shuld be well preserved.D. It needs t be fully intrduced.
31. What is the text mainly abut?
A. A childhd dream.B. An unfrgettable experience.
C. Sailing arund the wrld.D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
01 标题概括题(记叙文)
1.设题特点
记叙文标题概括题题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给的选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意标题的特点：精准性、概括性和新颖性。 此类标题往往比较含蓄，有时候是文章反复出现的关键词，有时候是文章的线索词。
2.思维导图
3.解题策略
首先，关注文章首尾段，尤其是尾段往往是夹叙夹议主题升华部分，与标题更有千丝万缕关系。
其次，逐一研读四个选项，考虑范围是否太大太小太偏，兼顾文章反复出现的线索词，特别是名词。
02标题概括题跟踪训练
跟踪训练 (2023新课标II卷第27题)
Turning sil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sund like tugh wrk fr middle and high schl kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramill, wh with anther teacher started Urban Spruts, a schl garden prgram at fur lw-incme schls. The prgram aims t help students develp science skills, envirnmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramill’s students live in neighbrhds where fresh fd and green space are nt easy t find and fast fd restaurants utnumber grcery stres. “The kids literally cme t schl with bags f snacks and large bttles f sft drinks,” she says. “They cme t us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Thugh sme are initially scared f the insects and turned ff by the dirt, mst are eager t try smething new.
Urban Spruts’ classes, at tw middle schls and tw high schls, include hands-n experiments such as sil testing, flwer-and-seed dissectin, tastings f fresh r dried prduce, and wrk in the garden. Several times a year, students ck the vegetables they grw, and they ccasinally make salads fr their entire schls.
Prgram evaluatins shw that kids eat mre vegetables as a result f the classes. “We have students wh say they went hme and talked t their parents and nw they’re eating differently,” Jaramill says.
She adds that the prgram’s benefits g beynd nutritin. Sme students get s interested in gardening that they bring hme seeds t start their wn vegetable gardens. Besides, wrking in the garden seems t have a calming effect n Jaramill’s special educatin students, many f whm have emtinal cntrl issues. “They get utside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
24. What d we knw abut Abby Jaramill?
A. She used t be a health wrker.B. She grew up in a lw-incme family.
C. She wns a fast fd restaurant.D. She is an initiatr f Urban Spruts.
25. What was a prblem facing Jaramill at the start f the prgram?
A. The kids’ parents distrusted her.B. Students had little time fr her classes.
C. Sme kids disliked garden wrk.D. There was n space fr schl gardens.
26. Which f the fllwing best describes the impact f the prgram?
A. Far-reaching.B. Predictable.
C. Shrt-lived.D. Unidentifiable.
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Rescuing Schl GardensB. Experiencing Cuntry Life
C. Grwing Vegetable LversD. Changing Lcal Landscape
03标题概括题(说明文)
1.设题特点
思维品质体现英语学科核心素养的心智特征，而标题概括题较好地反映了学生的思维品质。此类题旨在考查考生通过阅读文章正确获取文章主旨，推断文章的主题、标题、段落大意、中心思想的能力，即考查考生归纳概括以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。它既考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力。 说明文在高考阅读理解中占比较高，应引起足够注意。
2.思维导图
3.解题策略
首先，特别关注说明文“倒三角形”结构，重视文章首段主题引领作用。
其次，如果首段较长的话，重视but, nw, hwever往往是文章核心话题。
第三，除了“首段”还应注意每段“段首”可能是本段主题句，分要点。
第四，注意研读标题的话题与首段对照，排除法逐步缩小范围去伪存真。
04标题概括题跟踪训练
跟踪训练1 (2022全国甲卷第27题) 首段首句概括文章主旨
Gffin’s cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld. Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cckats were presented with a bx with a nut inside it. The clear frnt f the bx had a “keyhle” in a gemetric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” t chse frm. Inserting the crrect “key” wuld let ut the nut.
In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age, but it will be anther year befre they are able t d the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability t recgnize that a shape will need t be turned in a specific directin befre it will fit is called an “allcentric frame f reference”. In the experiment, Gffin’s cckats were able t select the right tl fr the jb, in mst cases, by visual recgnitin alne. Where trial-and-errr was used, the cckats did better than mnkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Gffin’s cckats d indeed pssess an allcentric frame f reference when mving bjects in space, similar t tw-year-ld babies.
The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues (线索), r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins.
24. Hw did the cckats get the nut frm the bx in the experiment?
A. By fllwing instructins.B. By using a tl.
C. By turning the bx arund.D. By remving the lid.
25. Which task can human ne-year-lds mst likely cmplete accrding t the text?
A. Using a key t unlck a dr.B. Telling parrts frm ther birds.
C. Putting a ball int a rund hle.D. Gruping tys f different shapes.
26. What des the fllw-up test aim t find ut abut the cckats?
A. Hw far they are able t see.B. Hw they track mving bjects.
C. Whether they are smarter than mnkeys.D. Whether they use a sense f tuch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Cckats: Quick Errr CheckersB. Cckats: Independent Learners
C. Cckats: Clever Signal-ReadersD. Cckats: Skilful Shape-Srters
跟踪训练2 (2022新高考Ⅰ卷第21题) 首段引出话题，尾段概括主旨
When Snja Detrinidad pened her nline shp selling huseplants, she didn’t have high hpes fr it. But the ppsite happened: She was flded, shipping ut 1,200 rders in June f 2020 alne. In the past year, Detrinidad sent ut mre than 70,000 plants. Her success is just ne example f increased time at hme leading t an explsin in the huseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashin right nw,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher frm the University f Flrida. “Peple wh live in plant-rich envirnments reprt a higher life satisfactin rating, ” she says. “Adding mre nature t ur envirnment can change ur md and hw we think.” Plants can imprve ur state f mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing ur level f crtisl, the stress hrmne (激素) in ur bdy.
“Students wh are arund plants perfrm better academically than students wh are in a classrm withut plants,” says Knuth. “This prductivity als translates int the wrkplace fr adults. Our study shwed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave fr peple wh were in plant-rich wrkplaces.”
If yu’re amng the grups f peple wh are enjying the mental and physical health benefits f surrunding yurself with plants, dn’t beat yurself up if ne (r a few!) desn’t make it. “Dctrs practice medicine and lawyers practice law and yu shuld allw yurself the practice it takes t sustain a plant. Tending t plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care f it, but if it dies, g get anther ne,” Detrinidad says.
28. Hw was Detrinidad’s business when it started?
A. It faced tugh cmpetitin.B. It suffered a great lss.
C. It gt lts f financial supprt.D. It went surprisingly well.
29. What is ne f Knuth’s findings abut plants?
A. They appeal mre t students.B. They purify the envirnment.
C. They raise the crtisl level.D. They enhance prductivity.
30. What des Detrinidad try t explain by mentining dctrs and lawyers?
A. The necessity f scial skills.B. The meaning f sustainability.
C. The imprtance f repeated effrts.D. The value f prfessinal pinins.
31. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Time t Replace HuseplantsB. Plants Bst Yur Md
C. Tips n Chsing HuseplantsD. Plants Brighten Yur Hme
05标题概括题(议论文)
1.题型解读
议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。
2.思维导图
3.解题步骤
①抓住论点找主旨。议论文的核心是论点，通常在首段或结尾段明确提出。标题应直接反映文章的核心观点，避免偏离或过于宽泛。例如，若文章讨论“数字阅读与纸质阅读的差异”，标题可能为“纸质阅读与数字阅读：效果之辩”。
②关注文章结构。议论文常采用“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”的结构。标题需体现这一逻辑关系，如“如何提升阅读效率：从理论到实践”。
③结合选项特点。议论文标题多以问句或陈述句呈现，语言简洁且针对性强。例如，“人工智能：机遇还是挑战？”或“论创新思维的重要性”。
④排除干扰选项。选项若仅涵盖部分内容，而非全文主旨，可排除以偏概全错误。注意选项中主语、宾语等细节是否与原文一致，避免被偷换概念误导。
06标题概括题跟踪训练
跟踪训练1 (2025全国一卷第31题)
While safety imprvements might have been made t ur streets in recent years, transprt studies als shw declines in pedestrian (行人) mbility, especially amng yung children. Many parents say there’s t much traffic n the rads fr their children t walk safely t schl, s they pack them int the car instead.
Dutch authrs Thalia Verkade and Marc te Brömmelstret are bthered by facts like these. In their new bk Mvement: Hw t Take Back Our Streets and Transfrm Our Lives, they call fr a rethink f ur streets and the rle they play in ur lives.
Life n city streets started t change decades ag. Whle neighburhds were destryed t make way fr new rad netwrks and kids had t play elsewhere. Sme cmmunities fught back. Mst famusly, a Canadian jurnalist wh had mved her family t Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign t stp the destructin f her lcal park. Describing her alarm at its prpsed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacbs called n her mayr (市长) t champin “New Yrk as a decent place t live, and nt just rush thrugh.” Similar campaigns ccurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Althugh these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majrity f the western cities were cmpletely redesigned arund the needs f the mtr car. The number f cars n rads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we nw have ver twenty millin cars fr just ver twenty-six millin peple, amng the highest rate f car wnership in the wrld.
We invest a lt in rads that help us rush thrugh, but we fail t accunt fr the true csts. D we really recgnise what it csts us as a sciety when children can’t mve safely arund ur cmmunities? The authrs f Mvement have it right: it’s time t think differently abut that street utside yur frnt dr.
28. What phenmenn des the authr pint ut in paragraph 1?
A. Cars ften get stuck n the rad.B. Traffic accidents ccur frequently.
C. Peple walk less and drive mre.D. Pedestrians fail t fllw the rules.
29. What were the Canadian jurnalist and ther campaigners trying t d?
A. Keep their cities livable.B. Prmte cultural diversity.
C. Help the needy families.D. Make expressways accessible.
30. What can be inferred abut the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s?
A. They bsted the sales f cars.B. They turned ut largely ineffective.
C. They wn gvernment supprt.D. They advcated building new parks.
31. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Why the Rush?B. What’s Next?
C. Where t Stay?D. Wh t Blame?
01 阅读主旨大意题答题误区
1. 以偏概全：误把细节当主旨
误区表现：考生易将文中具体事例或局部信息当作全文核心，忽略整体脉络。
例如：2023年全国卷I卷D篇：文章围绕“人类语言中某些发音（如 /f/ 和 /v/）因饮食变化而普及”展开，干扰项设计为“古代人类牙齿结构的具体变化”，考生若仅关注牙齿结构的描述，会误选该细节选项，而正确答案应为“饮食演变对语言发音的影响”。
2. 过度推断：主观延伸未提及的内容
误区表现：脱离文本事实，根据个人经验或常识进行无依据推断。
例如：2024年全国乙卷阅读C篇：文章介绍 “电商平台通过大数据分析优化物流配送”，干扰项设置为 “未来电商将完全取代实体店”，考生若受“电商发展趋势”常识影响，易误选此选项，而原文仅客观描述物流优化，未涉及对实体店的替代关系。
3. 忽略首尾段及转折词：错失主题句定位
误区表现：未重点关注文章首尾段及 but、hwever 等转折词后的内容，导致主题句定位错误。
例如：2024年新高考卷I阅读A篇：文章首段点明“智能穿戴设备通过实时健康数据监测，改变人们的运动习惯”，尾段呼应“技术与健康管理的深度融合”，但部分考生因未通读首尾段，误选 “设备硬件设计的创新细节”。
4. 混淆文体特征：未针对性解题
误区表现：未区分议论文、说明文、记叙文的文体差异，采用统一解题思路。
例如：2023 年全国甲卷阅读 D 篇（议论文）：文章通过对比 “传统教育模式与线上教育的优劣”，论证 “混合式学习的必要性”，考生需重点关注首段论点句 “教育模式需适应数字化时代需求”。
02 阅读主旨大意题误区应对
1.强化主题句定位训练
每日选取三篇不同体裁（议论文、说明文、记叙文等）的高考真题阅读文章，按照文体特点定位主题句。如议论文重点关注首段论点句和尾段总结句，快速找出主题句并划出关键词，总结文章主旨。训练一周后，对比分析不同体裁主题句位置的规律，形成快速定位的直觉。​
2.高频词筛选练习
利用真题阅读材料，制作 “高频词筛选卡片”。阅读文章时，将重复出现 3 次及以上的名词、名词短语标注出来，思考其与文章主旨的关联。每周整理一次高频词，分析同一主题（如科技类、环保类）文章中高频词的共性与差异，提高通过高频词把握主旨的能力。​
3.干扰项分析笔记
建立 “主旨大意题错题本”，将每次练习中的错误选项分类整理（以偏概全、过度推断等）。针对每个错误选项，详细分析其与原文的偏差，如 “选项 A 只涉及文章第二段的一个细节，未涵盖全文关于人工智能应用的多个方面，属于以偏概全”。每周回顾错题本，强化对干扰项特征的识别。​
4.错题反思总结
每次模拟考试或练习后，针对主旨大意题的错题，进行深度反思。不仅要明确错误原因，还要思考如何在下次答题时避免类似错误。例如，若因忽略转折词导致主旨判断失误，在下次阅读时，提前圈出 but、hwever 等转折词，提醒自己重点关注其后内容。
03 阅读主旨大意题满分策略
1.阅读理解议论文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。
2.重视议论文“总分(总)”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。
3.推理判断题注意源于文章又高于文章，防止偏离主旨或推理过度。
4.标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。
5.议论文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。
6.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。
主旨大意题综合能力提升
真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分做题技巧和应试思维
01（2023新课标I卷）
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
32. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if ________.
A. the crwds were relatively smallB. there were ccasinal underestimates
C. individuals did nt cmmunicateD. estimates were nt fully independent
34. What did the fllw-up study fcus n?
A. The size f the grups.B. The dminant members.
C. The discussin prcess.D. The individual estimates.
35. What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Dubtful.D. Apprving.
02（2025浙江1月卷）
A nvel design apprach t gardening has been gaining in ppularity wrldwide. Referred t as matrix planting, this apprach aims fr nature t d a lt mre f the heavy lifting in the garden, and even sme f the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and pwer tls, it’s based n an elegantly simple principle: t garden mre like nature des.
The cncept was brn when German city planners sught t plant large areas f parkland after Wrld War II in a reprducible way that wuld need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that culd be used mdularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are gruped s that they will grw tgether abve and belw grund, frming a cperative ecsystem that cnserves water and discurages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudlf’s gardens ppularized this style, adding artistic flavrs t the planting mixes while playing with clr and frm, including fur-seasn interest and serving the needs f wildlife. Beautiful year-rund, they invite yu t enjy the smallest detail, frm the sund f grasses in the gentle wind t the sculpture f dd-lking seed heads.
It takes a lt f thught t lk this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first cnsideratin. Led by the cncept f “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjy the same sil, sun and weather cnditins, and arrange them accrding t their patterns f grwth.
The benefits are substantial fr bth gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s eclgy can develp well. Established matrix gardens shuld nt need the life supprt we give mst gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Cmpared t traditinal garden plts, they increase carbn absrptin, reduce strm water runff and bst habitat and bidiversity significantly.
28. What des the underlined wrd “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean?
A. Running ut f.B. Keeping away frm.
C. Putting up with.D. Taking advantage f.
29. Why was the idea f matrix planting intrduced?
A. T cntrl weeds in large gardens.B. T bring in freign species f plants.
C. T cnserve sil and water resurces.D. T develp lw-maintenance parkland.
30. Which f the fllwing best describes Piet Oudlf’s gardens?
A. Traditinal.B. Odd-lking.C. Tasteful.D. Well-prtected.
31. Which f the fllwing can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. The future f gardening is WILDB. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS
C. Matrix gardens need mre CARED. Old garden plts wrk WONDERS
03（2024浙江1月卷）
The Stanfrd marshmallw (棉花糖) test was riginally cnducted by psychlgist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged fur t six at a nursery schl were placed in a rm. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed n a table. Each child was tld if they waited fr 15 minutes befre eating the treat, they wuld be given a secnd treat. Then they were left alne in the rm. Fllw-up studies with the children later in life shwed a cnnect in between an ability t wait lng enugh t btain a secnd treat and varius frms f success.
As adults we face a versin f the marshmallw test every day. We’ re nt tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by ur cmputers, phnes, and tablets — all the devices that cnnect us t the glbal delivery system fr varius types f infrmatin that d t us what marshmallws d t preschlers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because ur ancestrs lived in a calrie-pr wrld, and ur brains develped a respnse mechanism t these treats that reflected their value — a feeling f reward and satisfactin. But as we’ve reshaped the wrld arund us, dramatically reducing the cst and effrt invlved in btaining calries, we still have the same brains we had thusands f years ag, and this mismatch is at the heart f why s many f us struggle t resist tempting fds that we knw we shuldn’t eat.
A similar prcess is at wrk in ur respnse t infrmatin. Our frmative envirnment as a species was infrmatin-pr, s ur brains develped a mechanism that prized new infrmatin. But glbal cnnectivity has greatly changed ur infrmatin envirnment. We are nw ceaselessly bmbarded (轰炸) with new infrmatin. Therefre, just as we need t be mre thughtful abut ur calric cnsumptin, we als need t be mre thughtful abut ur infrmatin cnsumptin, resisting the temptatin f the mental “junk fd” in rder t manage ur time mst effectively.
32. What did the children need t d t get a secnd treat in Mischel’s test?
A. Take an examinatin alne.B. Shw respect fr the researchers.
C. Share their treats with thers.D. Delay eating fr fifteen minutes.
33. Accrding t paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A. the calrie-pr wrld and ur gd appetites
B. the shrtage f sugar and ur nutritinal needs
C. the rich fd supply and ur unchanged brains
D. the tempting fds and ur effrts t keep fit
34. What des the authr suggest readers d?
A. Absrb new infrmatin readily.B. Be selective infrmatin cnsumers.
C. Use diverse infrmatin surces.D. Prtect the infrmatin envirnment.
35. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Eat Less, Read MreB. The Bitter Truth abut Early Humans
C. The Later, the BetterD. The Marshmallw Test fr Grwnups
模拟专区：精选名校真题好题，帮你锤炼做题技巧，助力冲刺备考圆梦高考
04（2025·广西南宁·一模）
As pressure grws t get artificial clrs ut f the U.S. fd supply, the shift may well start at Abby Tampw’s labratry desk. Tampw is part f the team at Sensient Technlgies Crp., a tp dye-maker (色素生产商), helping thusands f U. S. businesses change clrs fr prducts like cereals and sprts drinks.
Last week, U. S. health fficials annunced plans t persuade fd cmpanies t vluntarily remve petrleum-based (石油基的) artificial dyes by the end f 2026. Health Secretary Rbert F. Kennedy Jr. called them “pisnus cmpunds” that endanger children’s health and develpment, citing limited evidence f ptential health risks.
But making the change frm the petrleum-based dyes t clrs taken frm vegetables, fruits, flwers and even insects wn’t be easy, fast, r cheap, said Mnica Giusti, an Ohi State University fd clr expert. “If all cmpanies were t remve artificial clrs frm their prducts, the supply f the natural alternatives wuld nt be enugh,” Giusti said.
“It’s nt like there’s 150 millin punds f beet juice sitting arund waiting n the ff chance the whle market may switch,” said Paul Manning, the cmpany’s chief executive. Natural dyes are harder t make and use than artificial clrs. They are less cnsistent in clr, less stable and subject t changes related t acidity, heat, and light. Als, a natural clr csts abut 10 times mre t make than the artificial versin.
In 2016, fd giant General Mills remved artificial dyes frm Trix cereal, switching t natural surces. But the cereal lst its nen clrs and became less vibrant, resulting in cnsumers’ negative reactin. Trix fans said they missed the bright clrs and familiar taste f the cereal. In 2017, the cmpany switched back.
Kennedy, the health secretary, said U. S. fficials have an “understanding” with fd cmpanies t phase ut artificial clrs. Industry fficials tld The Assciated Press that there is n frmal agreement. Hwever, several cmpanies have said they plan t accelerate a shift t natural clrs in sme f their prducts.
1．What can be inferred abut Abby Tampw’s wrk?
A．She wrks t replace artificial clrs.B．She develps a new artificial clr.
C．She markets cereals and sprts drinks.D．She researches health risks f clrs.
2．Why are health fficials urging the remval f petrleum-based dyes?
A．T lwer the prductin csts.B．T prevent pssible health risks.
C．T prmte natural alternatives.D．T push fd cmpanies’ refrm.
3．What is paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．Why natural dyes are hard t make.B．Which dyes are mre ppular.
C．What limitatins natural dyes have.D．Hw natural dyes are prduced.
4．What can be learned abut General Mills’ attempt?
A．Health is a tp cncern in fd cmpanies.B．Clr is a pwerful driver f cnsumer behavir.
C．Taste is the decisive factr in the fd sales.D．Surce is the pririty in fd clr research.
05（25-26高三上·广西·开学考试）
Why did the cw g t Hllywd? Because it wanted t be in the m-vies! Get it? Because “m” is the sund a cw makes!
This is an example f a dad jke. Anyne can make a dad jke — yu dn’t have t be a parent. Mst f the time it’s just a jke that uses a very bvius and predictable pun (双关语). Dad jkes are usually thught t be pretty harmless, and maybe even cause feelings f lve.
And researchers have fund that humr may actually be an imprtant tl fr parents. A team frm the US wanted t find ut mre abut the effect humr can have when it is used by parents when raising their children. Mre than 300 peple aged between 18 and 45 tk part in a survey. They were asked t say whether they agreed r disagreed with a number f statements abut humr in parenting. These included their memries f whether humr was used by their wn parents, and if they might use it with their wn children.
Mre than 70% f the participants said they believed humr can be a useful tl in parenting. And 55% said that they had been raised by parents wh used humr in their parenting. The study als fund that peple whse parents used humr were mre likely t say they had a gd relatinship with their parents. Many participants even said they’d like t take a curse t learn abut hw they culd use humr in parenting.
S why des it wrk? The researchers said family life can be stressful, and humr can be a gd way t reduce stress levels in the hme. But that desn’t just mean telling mre dad jkes—humr culd be used instead f anger t relieve a stressful situatin, fr example.
1．Hw did the authr intrduce the phrase “dad jke”?
A．By giving an example.B．By making a definitin.
C．By explaining where t use it.D．By shwing its hidden meaning.
2．In which aspect d researchers plan t figure ut the functin f humr?
A．Family harmny.B．Scial gatherings.
C．Parenting skills.D．Parenting stress.
3．What is paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．The benefits f using humr in educatin.
B．Different types f humr used by parents.
C．The disadvantages f humr in family relatinships.
D．Participants’ views n the use f humr in parenting.
4．What might be talked abut in the fllwing paragraph?
A．Hw humr deals with pressure.B．What effect humr has n hme.
C．Which humr shuld be stressed.D．Why humr makes peple happy.
06（2025·浙江宁波·模拟预测）
CPR and basic first aid care are skills that millins acquire. Nw this same type f training is available fr mental health. Sigma Theta Alpha (STA), a prfessinal health rganizatin at UCnn (University f Cnnecticut), has taken the lead t bring the prgram t campus, ensuring each student can benefit frm it.
Mental Health First Aid training is a natinal initiative that is perfrmed lcally by Mental Health Cnnecticut, a statewide nn-prfit rganizatin. The grup has cme t UCnn three times fr training. “We intrduce infrmatin n mental illness with the basic facts. We dn’t teach hw t diagnse — we d the ppsite. Labeling and jumping t cnclusins based n symptms and behavirs are harmful and dangerus, because that is fr prfessinals,” says Valerie Cper, a cmmunity educatr fr the rganizatin.
Like CPR, Mental Health First Aid is a universal experience taught the same way everywhere. The prgram is split int classrm-style wrk, watching vides, and simulatin f real-life issues. The actin plan taught wrks under the acrnym f ALGEE — Assess fr risk f harm, Listen nn-judgmentally, Give reassurance and infrmatin, Encurage apprpriate prfessinal help, and Encurage self-help and ther supprt strategies. “Being a mental health first aider is t listen nn-judgmentally and create a space f trust,” says Cper. “We teach peple that listening will be mre imprtant than anything they say.”
UCnn nursing majr Lisa Iwanicki, 18, is a member f Sigma Theta Alpha. Iwanicki says she gt a lt ut f the simulatin activities. “It was cl t be in a rm with peple wh wanted t help make a change. It was nt just abut learning the signs f mental illness, but what smene can d in the cmmunity t help,” says Iwanicki. “Recvery is pssible. The mst imprtant thing is t keep peple hpeful. Yu have t try and try.”
1．What is the aim f Sigma Theta Alpha?
A．T evaluate students’ behavirs.B．T teach students basic first aid skills.
C．T treat students’ health issues.D．T enhance students’ mental well-being.
2．What shuld be stressed in cmmunicatin accrding t Valerie Cper?
A．Giving persnal suggestins.B．Aviding rush judgement.
C．Creating a private space.D．Reducing interactin.
3．What did Lisa Iwanicki learn accrding t the last paragraph?
A．The best way t treat mental illness.B．The key t prviding assistance.
C．The benefits f helping the cmmunity.D．The different signs f bdy recvery.
4．What is the passage mainly abut?
A．A student care prject at UCnn.B．Develpment f CPR skills.
C．A prfessinal health rganizatin.D．Campus activities f UCnn.
07（24-25高二下·湖南长沙·期末）
A few years ag, yu went n a vacatin with friends, creating lasting memries — walking alng the beach, swimming in the sea, and enjying breathtaking sunsets. Hwever, the trip wasn't all smth sailing; lng drives, fd issues, and unpredictable weather. Yet, ver time, yu tend t remember the beautiful mments while the incnveniences fade . This is knwn as rsy retrspectin, a cgnitive , bias (认知偏见) where peple recall past experiences mre psitively than they felt during the actual event.
The phenmenn can be understd as the cmplex interactin f cgnitive mechanisms that shape ur memry prcesses When recalling memries, ur brains tend t fcus n psitive details and dwnplay negative aspects, which helps maintain emtinal well-being. Nstalgia (怀旧) als plays a significant rle, as it aruses feelings f warmth and belnging, leading us t view the past mre psitively. Additinally, ur current emtinal state and self-enhancement bias can influence hw we remember past events, making them seem mre favrable.
While sme individuals wh fcus mre n negative experiences may be at a higher risk f md disrders such as depressin, rsy retrspectin can elevate ur mds, increase life satisfactin, and even help us cpe with difficult present circumstances by prviding a sense f cntinuity and psitive self-identity.
Hwever, rsy retrspectin ccasinally creates an unrealistic view f the past, which can head peple t make decisins that are nt based n reality but rather n their idealized memries. It's ne f the reasns why we might repeatedly return t unhealthy relatinships. The lnger the time that has passed since the event, the mre likely we are t let the, gd memries utweigh the bad memries and perhaps even frgive unfrgivable behavir. Understanding and acknwledging this cgnitive bias can be crucial fr making accurate and beneficial decisins.
1．Hw d peple with rsy retrspectin generally recall past experiences?
A．They frget negative mments easily.
B．They recall breathtaking details repeatedly.
C．They remember adventurus trips mre clearly.
D．They view frmer experiences mre psitively.
2．What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．The meaning f rsy retrspectin.
B．The reasns fr rsy retrspectin.
C．The rle f nstalgia in shaping memries.
D．The ways f keeping emtinal well-being.
3．What des the underlined wrd “evaluate” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Bst.B．Expse.C．Assess.D．Ignre.
4．What negative cnsequence may rsy retrspectin cause?
A．It may give rise t incrrect judgments.
B．It may lead t a cnstant state f depressin.
C．It may make peple miss ut n pprtunities.
D．It may raise peple's unwillingness t face reality.
08（2025·湖北·模拟预测）
I was in a meeting, and my phne lit up with endless ntificatins (消息提示). “Is it urgent news? A friend’s engagement? A crisis?” The fear f missing ut r therwise appearing irrespnsible in wrk tre me apart... Yu must have been there t.
A Stylist research reveals 50% f British adults struggle t keep up with rapid grup chats, with the average persn invlved in 83 f them. It’s a clear sign that ur lives are mre cnnected than ever, yet ften feel emtinally empty. But why exactly d they have the ptential t fuel such negative emtins?
Fr mst, even if they chse t g against the pressure t stay nline all the time, skipping chats means facing a great number f unread messages later, which nly pses greater stress t catch up.
Besides, there’s a lack f real cnnectin. “Grup chats can make us feel like we’re surrunded by peple, yet still smehw n the utside,” says psychlgist Abby Rawlinsn. If everyne’s chatting and yu’re nt part f the flw — r yur message gets n replies — it can stir up that quiet ache f invisibility. Scientists have fund that scial rejectin, even in digital frm, activates the same brain regins as physical pain des, thus causing stress and despair.
“The emtinal aspect f grup interactins is subtle and ften unspken, which shapes hw we feel we are seen, included and valued,” says Rawlinsn. Over time, these patterns start t mirrr real-life scial hierarchy (等级制度) — even if n ne’s ding it cnsciusly.
This all rings true. But instead f falling int a rabbit hle where my message ges unanswered in a grup chat and I wnder if I’m the prblem, blaming myself fr it, I mentally put myself in thers’ shes and think: If I dn’t respnd fr a while, will they be mad? Prbably nt. I remind myself that grup chats are just a tl that helps us stay in tuch.
1．Why des the authr mentin her meeting experience?
A．T present a cmmn dilemma.B．T highlight her ppularity.
C．T warn against imprper use f phnes.D．T indicate her respnsibility fr wrk.
2．What is a negative effect f unanswered messages?
A．They mean mre unread messages.B．They lead t a feeling f being ignred.
C．They result in unfair scial ranks.D．They remind peple f physical pain.
3．What des the underlined phrase “a rabbit hle” in the last paragraph refer t?
A．The tendency fr self-criticism.B．The pressure t stay cnstantly nline.
C．The fear f missing ut in grup chats.D．The urge t endlessly check ntificatins.
4．What is the text mainly abut?
A．The ppularity f grup chats.B．Ways t imprve grup chats.
C．The emtinal cst f grup chats.D．Scial inequality revealed in grup chats.
09（2025·广西南宁·一模）
With their stiff leaves and large flwers, brmeliads can add drama t a plant stand r windw sill. Thugh they are nt the flashiest f huseplants, sme pllutin scientists are ready t give them credit. Their new data shw these plants are experts at cleaning the air.
Paints, furniture, phtcpiers and printers, cleaning supplies and dry-cleaned clthes can all release vlatile rganic chemicals, r VOCs. Chrnic VOC expsure pses serius health risks, frm dizziness and asthma t ptential rgan damage and cancer. But certain types f greenery can suck the pllutants up, which keeps them safely away frm us. Chemist Vadud Niri’s fund that a single brmeliad can remve at least 80 percent f six different VOCs frm the air inside a 76-liter cntainer. His team tested five huseplants against eight VOCs, finding brmeliads utperfrmed thers. Only tw VOCs, dichlrmethane and trichlrmethane were ignred by all plants.
Plants absrb VOCs frm the air, explains medicinal chemist Webe Kadima. Thse gases enter thrugh tiny penings in plant leaves and stems. Once inside, the plant’s enzymes (酶) break dwn the VOCs int smaller, harmless chemicals.
Of curse, a huse, r even a bedrm, is much bigger than the cntainer Niri and his team used. But their wrk suggests peple might breathe easier if they can figure ut what type and hw many plants it takes t clean the air in a rm. This is imprtant because indr air usually has three t five times greater cncentratins f VOCs than utdr air.
Niri says he plans t test hw many huseplants it takes t clean the air in an average-size rm. After that, he will repeat the experiment in a nail saln. With bttles f nail plish and remver, the air in thse salns tends t have high levels f VOCs, he ntes.
While special air filtering machines might d the same jb as green plants, they cst a lt mre, Niri says. And they are nwhere near as pretty as a brmeliad, especially ne in blm.
1．What is ne f Niri’s findings abut brmeliads?
A．They beat machines in air cleaning.B．They lead in VOCs remval during tests.
C．They absrb mst pllutants in a rm.D．They break dwn VOCs thrugh enzymes.
2．What des Webe Kadima try t explain in paragraph 3?
A．The necessity t slve air pllutin.B．The pllutant remval prcess f plants.
C．The medical value f plants’ enzymes.D．The absrptin capability f different plants.
3．What will be the fcus f Niri’s research?
A．Designing cheap air-filtering device.B．Researching blming brmeliads.
C．Repeating the tests in varius salns.D．Testing plant perfrmance in larger space.
4．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Plants: Efficient VOCs RemverB．Enzyme: Air Pllutin Slutin
C．Brmeliads: Nature’s Air PurifierD．Nail Salns: Indr VOCs Prducer
10（24-25高三下·河北秦皇岛·阶段练习）
Bering Sea snw crabs (蟹) are well suited fr Arctic (北极的) cnditins. But the sutheastern Bering Sea is changing t mre subarctic cnditins thrugh a prcess called brealizatin (北方化), accrding t a reprt released by the Natinal Oceanic and Atmspheric Administratin. It’s a prcess that’s als happening in ecsystems n land in Alaska. As a result, cld-water species like snw crabs mve away r struggle t survive, while species typically fund in warmer regins may spread int brealized areas.
“Like an Arctic ecsystem n land arund Ktzebue is traditinally tundra and frzen, yu dn’t have plants. But as yu brealize, yu get mre plants, even trees. S yu can imagine what a huge transfrmatin it is t g frm treeless areas t frests. And it’s the same type f thing ging frm ice-assciated t ice-free all year,” Mike Litzv, the lead authr f the reprt, said.
This brealizatin, brught n by human-caused climate change, has mre negative effects n snw crabs in the sutheastern Bering Sea. That includes shifts in fd availability fr snw crabs, which means the species may face starvatin, and an increased incidence f bitter crab disease. These were all evident in 2018–2019 when the special barrier — a cld pl f water in the Bering Sea — disappeared, bringing n extreme ecsystem changes that allwed different species f grundfish t mve further nrth. Litzv and his team had previusly cnfirmed that a cmbinatin f these factrs caused the crash f snw crab ppulatins between the years 2018 and 2019, when the species decreased by mre than 90%. The ppulatin still hasn’t recvered.
After the last tw back-t-back years withut a cmmercial fishery, fishermen have als nt fully recvered. The new reprt indicates the fishery may be entirely displaced in the cming decades. “The recent changes are nt part f a ne-ff event and ecsystem-wide changes are expected t cntinue t affect snw crab ppulatins in the future,” Litzv said.
1．What can be learned abut brealizatin?
A．It is unique t the Bering Sea.
B．It is usually a natural prcess.
C．It can cause bidiversity changes.
D．It has a negative wrldwide effect.
2．Why des Litzv mentin Ktzebue’s ecsystem?
A．T shw the pace f Arctic warming.
B．T explain the impact f brealizatin.
C．T illustrate the value f the ecsystem.
D．T discuss features f Arctic cnditins.
3．What challenge d snw crabs face?
A．The fd shrtage.
B．The fishery develpment.
C．The threat frm fish.
D．The delay f cld pls.
4．What’s the best title f the text?
A．Climate Change Hits Arctic Wildlife
B．Brealizatin Is Becming a New Trend
C．Bering Sea Will Lse Snw Crabs Sn
D．Eclgical Shifts Drive Snw Crab Decline
11（24-25高二下·山西大同·期末）
Blumberg, a senir lecturer in the math department at University f Hustn Dwntwn, sld her mther’s place in favr f smething smaller. While packing up, she fund her late mther’s three knit sweaters in varius stages f cnstructin. She knew exactly wh they were intended fr: the first, a blue and white garment, was fr her mther; the secnd, all purple, was fr Blumberg; and the third was fr Blumberg’s daughter.
She brught them t a lcal knitting stre t be finished. The emplyees there, in turn, put her in cntact with anther shp, where a wrker asked her, “Have yu ever heard f Lse Ends?” Blumberg hadn’t. She wuld learn Lse Ends is a nnprfit rganizatin that matches peple wh have unfinished wrk frm lved nes, wh have either passed away r becme disabled, with crafters in their area wh can finish quilting, knitting and ther prjects, all at n charge. It has 30,000 vlunteer “finishers” wh have taken ver abut 3,500 prjects since its launch.
Blumberg cntacted Lse Ends, and they linked her up with a nearby finisher, Anna, t take ver her mther’s wrk. “All I culd d when I met Anna was give her a big hug,” Blumberg said, tearing up. “It’s unbelievable hw special this prject is. Otherwise, I wuld have spent a frtune t get this dne.”
Anna spent mnths n the sweaters, and said she’s happy t have a part in what she saw as a beautiful stry that culd bind generatins. The prject reminded her f her wn family: her grandmther was a knitter as well, until arthritis made it hard t cmplete thse delicate knitting mvements. “It’s making sure peple have these physical bjects that yu can hug when yu’re missing a persn. That’s a big deal,” said she.
1．Hw were her mther’s knit sweaters when Blumberg fund them?
A．Uncleaned.B．Unfinished.C．Undecrated.D．Unclured.
2．What d we knw abut Lse Ends?
A．It cmfrts thse wh lst lved nes.B．It repairs valued persnal pssessins.
C．It matches crafters with thse in need.D．It makes individually tailred sweaters.
3．What can be inferred frm what Blumberg said?
A．She regretted asking vlunteers fr help.B．She expected t learn mre frm Anna.
C．She disliked the rganizatin’s prject.D．She’s grateful fr Anna’s generus help.
4．Which ne can be the best title fr the text?
A．A Tight-Knit CmmunityB．The Knitting Skills
C．An Enthusiastic VlunteerD．The Knit Sweaters
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