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人教版 (2019)Unit 4 Space Exploration导学案
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这是一份人教版 (2019)Unit 4 Space Exploration导学案,共17页。学案主要包含了核心词汇,重点语法,长难句分析等内容,欢迎下载使用。
二、重点语法
1.动词不定式(作定语、状语及时态语态)
(1)核心特征
基本结构:t + 动词原形(否定式:nt t d),可作主语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补等;
时态语态:根据与谓语动词的时间关系及逻辑关系,分为一般式(t d/t be dne)、进行式(t be ding)、完成式(t have dne/t have been dne);
功能细分:作定语时修饰名词,多后置;作状语时可表目的、结果、原因,其中目的状语可加in rder/s as(in rder t可放句首,s as t不可)。
(2)高频例表
(3)核心突破
主动表被动的情况:当不定式修饰的名词是“不定式动作的承受者”,且句子主语是不定式动作的发出者,或不定式隐含的逻辑主语是“人”时,用主动式表被动,如:There are many things t d.(人来做things)、The bk is interesting t read.(人读bk);
易混点:不定式作结果状语vs现在分词作结果状语:不定式(常与nly连用)表“出乎意料的结果”,现在分词表“自然而然的结果”,如:He fell ff the bike, breaking his leg.(自然结果,现在分词);He fell ff the bike nly t break his leg.(出乎意料,不定式);
高考考法:语法填空常考“序数词+名词+t d”“the first/last+t d”“不定式的完成式(t have dne)”“主动表被动”;完形填空考查不定式作目的/结果状语的逻辑关系。
2.过去分词(短语)作状语
(1)核心特征
逻辑关系:过去分词与句子主语之间是“被动关系”或“完成关系”(动作先于谓语动词);
功能:可表时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、方式,多数可转换为相应的状语从句(省略“主语+be动词”);
特殊情况:部分过去分词(如lst, seated, dressed in, absrbed in)源于系表结构,表“主语的状态”,不表被动,如:Lst in thught, he didn't hear the bell.(表状态,“陷入沉思”)。
(2)高频例表
(3)核心突破
逻辑主语一致性:过去分词的逻辑主语必须是句子主语,否则为“悬垂结构”(错误),如:Seen frm the tp f the muntain, the city is beautiful.(正确,逻辑主语是the city);Seen frm the tp f the muntain, we fund the city beautiful.(错误,逻辑主语应为the city,而非we);
与现在分词作状语的区别:过去分词表“被动/完成”,现在分词表“主动/进行”,如:Walking alng the street, I met an ld friend.(主动,现在分词);Walked alng the street, the ld friend was met by me.(被动,过去分词);
高考考法:语法填空常考“过去分词作状语的被动关系”“特殊过去分词(lst/absrbed)的用法”;完形填空考查“过去分词与现在分词的辨析”“状语从句的省略”。
3.as引导的非限制性定语从句
(1)核心特征
含义:译为“正如;正像”,指代整个主句或主句的部分内容,表“补充说明或评价”;
位置:可位于句首、句中、句末(which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于句末);
成分:在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语,常用结构如as we knw, as is knwn t all, as was reprted等。
(2)高频例表
(3)核心突破
与which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别:
高考考法:语法填空常考“as引导从句的位置(句首用as,不用which)”“常用结构(as is knwn t us)”;完形填空考查“as与which的辨析”。
4.动名词(短语)作主语
(1)核心特征
结构:动词-ing形式(否定式:nt ding),表“抽象、经常性、习惯性的动作”;
主谓一致:单个动名词作主语,谓语用单数;两个及以上不同含义的动名词并列作主语,谓语用复数;
形式主语:当动名词短语较长时,用it作形式主语,常见句型:It is n use/useless/n gd/wrthwhile/a waste f time ding sth.
(2)高频例表
(3)核心突破
与不定式作主语的区别:动名词表“经常性、抽象动作”,不定式表“一次性、具体动作”,如:Swimming is gd fr health.(经常性,动名词);T swim tmrrw is my plan.(一次性,不定式);
高考考法:语法填空常考“动名词的主谓一致”“it作形式主语的句型(It is n use ding)”;书面表达考查“动名词作主语的高级句式(代替简单句)”。
5.This/That/It is/was because… 句型
(1)核心特征
结构:This/That/It(形式主语/指代上文)+ is/was + because + 表语从句(表原因);
含义:“这/那/是因为……”,用于回答“why引导的问句”或“解释前文的结果”;
区别:This/That is why…(表“结果”,后接结果从句)、The reasn why…is that…(表“原因”,reasn后接that引导的表语从句,不可用because)。
(2)高频例表
(3)核心突破
高考考法:语法填空常考“reasn后接that引导表语从句”“because与why的辨析”;书面表达考查“因果逻辑的准确表达”。
三、长难句分析
1.过去分词作状语
(1)原句
Hwever, while such disasters brught much sadness and disappintment, the desire t explre the universe did nt die.
(然而,尽管这样的灾难带来了巨大的悲伤和失望,人类对探索宇宙的渴望却没有消失。)
(2)结构剖析
(3)语法突破
while引导让步状语从句:while作“尽管”讲时,引导的从句需置于句首或句中,且从句内容常与主句形成“转折关系”,如:While he is yung, he knws a lt abut space.(尽管他年轻,但他懂很多太空知识);
不定式作定语:“t explre the universe”修饰“the desire”,表“探索宇宙的渴望”,不定式与被修饰词是“主动关系”(desire不是explre的发出者,此处不定式表“目的/属性”);
高考考法:此类长难句常出现在阅读理解中,考查“让步逻辑的理解”和“不定式作定语的识别”,语法填空可能考查“while引导从句的用法”或“不定式的形式”。
(4)仿写
While the task is difficult, the determinatin t cmplete it never fades.(尽管任务困难,但完成它的决心从未消退。——书面表达·励志类)
2.as引导的非限制性定语从句
(1)原句
As we all knw, an astrnaut needs t be healthy and calm in rder t wrk in space.
(众所周知,宇航员要在太空中工作,就必须保持健康和冷静。)
(2)结构剖析
(3)语法突破
as的指代作用:as在从句中指代主句的全部内容,此处“as we all knw”是固定结构,可改为“It is knwn t us all that…”(it作形式主语,that从句作真正主语),但“as引导从句”更简洁,是高考书面表达的“高级句式”;
不定式作目的状语:“in rder t wrk in space”表“宇航员保持健康冷静”的目的,可改为“s as t wrk in space”,但“s as t”不可置于句首;
高考考法:语法填空常考“as引导从句的固定结构(as is knwn t us, as was reprted)”;书面表达考查“as从句的运用,提升句式复杂度”。
(4)仿写
As is ften the case, hard wrk leads t success in space explratin.(正如常有的情况那样,努力工作能带来太空探索的成功。——书面表达·观点类)
3.动词不定式作目的状语
(1)原句
In 2020, China sent Tianwen-1 t explre the surface f Mars.
(2020年,中国发射“天问一号”以探索火星表面。)
(2)结构剖析
(3)语法突破
不定式作目的状语的位置:可置于句末(无逗号隔开)或句首(用逗号与主句隔开),如:T explre the surface f Mars, China sent Tianwen-1 in 2020.(句首作目的状语);
与“in rder t”“s as t”的区别:
高考考法:语法填空常考“不定式作目的状语的形式(t d)”“in rder t与s as t的位置区别”;完形填空考查“目的状语的逻辑识别”。
(4)仿写
Many scientists wrk day and night t make breakthrughs in space technlgy.(许多科学家日夜工作,以在太空技术上取得突破。——书面表达·科技类)
4.动名词作主语
(1)原句
Seeing pictures f ur planet as an island in a black sea made peple realise that ur planet's resurces are limited.
(从图片中看到我们的星球就像漆黑海洋中的一个岛屿,这让人们意识到我们星球的资源是有限的。)
(2)结构剖析
(3)语法突破
动名词短语的构成:“seeing + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”,此处“as an island…”是宾语补足语,补充说明“pictures f ur planet”的样子;
宾语从句的引导词:that在“realise”后引导宾语从句,无实际含义,可省略,但在书面表达中保留that更规范;
高考考法:语法填空常考“动名词作主语的主谓一致(此处made是过去式,主语为单数)”“动名词后接宾语补足语的结构”;阅读理解考查“动名词主语的句子结构分析”。
(4)仿写
Visiting the space museum made students understand that space explratin requires hard wrk.(参观太空博物馆让学生们明白,太空探索需要努力付出。——书面表达·活动类)
5.This is because… 句型
(1)原句
This is because peple firmly believe in the imprtance f carrying n space explratin, even in the face f great risks.
(这是因为人们坚信将太空探索继续下去的重要性,哪怕面临巨大的风险。)
(2)结构剖析
(3)语法突破
because引导表语从句:此处because不可换为that,因为从句表“原因”,而that引导表语从句时无实际含义;
动名词短语作定语:“f carrying n space explratin”修饰“the imprtance”,表“继续太空探索的重要性”,动名词短语作定语时需置于被修饰词后;
高考考法:语法填空常考“because引导表语从句”“the imprtance f ding sth的搭配”;书面表达考查“用This is because…解释原因,提升逻辑连贯性”。
(4)仿写
He is respected by all his classmates. This is because he always helps thers in need.(他受到所有同学的尊重,这是因为他总是帮助有需要的人。——书面表达·人物介绍类)序号
词汇/短语
词性及核心考点
例句
1
determined
adj. 有决心的;意志坚定的
核心搭配:be determined t d sth(下定决心做某事)、be determined that…(决心……,从句用虚拟语气,shuld可省)
派生词:determine vt.(查明;决定)、determinatin n.(决心;毅力)
易混:determined(表状态)vs determined(动词过去分词,表被动)
Determined t win the cmpetitin, she practiced day and night.(语法填空·非谓语作状语)
2. His determinatin t vercme difficulties mved all his classmates.(完形填空·名词辨析)
2
desire
n. 渴望;欲望 vt. 渴望;期望(不用于进行时)
核心搭配:(a/the)desire fr sth(对某物的渴望)、desire (sb) t d sth(渴望某人做某事)、desire that…(从句用虚拟语气,shuld可省)
派生词:desired adj.(想要的)
1. The little girl has a strng desire t becme an astrnaut.(语法填空·不定式作定语)
2. We desire that immediate actin (shuld) be taken t prtect space envirnment.(书面表达·观点类)
3
lack
n. 缺乏;短缺 vt. 没有;缺乏
核心搭配:(a)lack f…(缺乏……)、fr lack f…(由于缺乏)、be lacking in…(缺乏……,adj.用法)
派生词:lacking adj.(不足的)
易混:lack(及物动词,直接接宾语)vs be shrt f(不及物,需加f)
1. Due t a lack f funds, the space prject was delayed.(完形填空·名词搭配)
2. He is lacking in patience, which ften leads t mistakes.(语法填空·形容词短语)
4
argue
vt. & vi. 论证;争辩;争论
核心搭配:argue with sb abut/ver sth(因某事与某人争论)、argue fr/against(ding)sth(支持/反对做某事)、argue sb int/ut f ding sth(说服某人做/不做某事)
派生词:argument n.(争论;论点)
They argued abut the imprtance f space explratin fr hurs.(完形填空·动词搭配)
2. The expert argued fr investing mre in lunar research.(书面表达·辩论类)
5
attach
vt. 系;绑;贴;重视
核心搭配:attach…t…(把……系到……;将……与……联系)、attach imprtance/significance t sth(重视某事)
派生词:attached adj.(附属的;依恋的,be attached t)、attachment n.(附件;依恋)
Astrnauts must attach themselves t smething t avid flating in space.(阅读理解·场景描述)
2. Our schl attaches great imprtance t science educatin related t space.(书面表达·学校举措)
6
launch
vt. 发射;发起;上市 n. 发射;发起
核心搭配:launch a satellite/rcket(发射卫星/火箭)、launch a campaign(发起运动)、the launch f…(……的发射/上市)
派生词:launcher n.(发射器)
China launched Tianwen-1 t explre Mars in 2020.(语法填空·时态)
2. The launch f the Mengtian mdule marked a new stage f Tiangng Space Statin.(阅读理解·新闻类)
7
signal
vt. 标志;发信号 vi. 发信号 n. 信号;标志
核心搭配:signal (t) sb t d sth(示意某人做某事)、signal fr…(示意要……)、traffic signals(交通信号灯)
The red light signals that we shuld stp the experiment.(语法填空·宾语从句)
2. He signaled t his partner t pass the equipment.(完形填空·动作描述)
8
independently
adv. 独立地;自立地
派生词:independent adj.(独立的,be independent f)、independence n.(独立)
易混:independently(adv.,修饰动词)vs independent(adj.,修饰名词)
China became the third cuntry t send humans int space independently.(阅读理解·事实细节)
2. Teenagers shuld learn t live independently t adapt t cllege life.(书面表达·建议类)
9
run ut
短语:用完;耗尽(不及物,主语为物,无被动)
易混:run ut(物作主语)vs run ut f(人作主语,及物)vs use up(人作主语,物作主语用被动)
If we dn't save energy, natural resurces will run ut sn.(书面表达·环保类)
2. We have run ut f time, s we have t end the meeting.(语法填空·动词短语)
10
result in
短语:导致;造成(后接结果)
易混:result in(结果)vs result frm(原因)、as a result(因此,作状语)、as a result f(由于,后接原因)
The new technlgy resulted in great prgress in space explratin.(完形填空·逻辑关系)
2. As a result f his hard wrk, he was admitted t the space prgram.(语法填空·介词短语)
11
lack
vt. 缺乏;没有(及物,直接接宾语)
注意:lack作动词时无被动,否定式为dn't lack
搭配:lack sth(缺乏某物)
Many develping cuntries lack advanced technlgy fr space research.(阅读理解·社会类)
2. He desn't lack curage, but he needs mre experience.(语法填空·否定式)
12
as a result
短语:因此;结果(作状语,单独使用,后接句子)
区别:as a result f(后接名词/代词/动名词,表原因)
He studied hard fr the exam; as a result, he gt full marks.(书面表达·因果逻辑)
2. As a result f the heavy rain, the space launch was put ff.(完形填空·原因状语)
13
prvide
vt. 提供;供应
核心搭配:prvide sb with sth=prvide sth fr sb(给某人提供某物)、prvide fr sb(抚养某人)
易混:prvide(强调“提供”的动作)vs supply(强调“大量供应”)vs ffer(强调“主动提供”)
The space statin prvides astrnauts with a cmfrtable living envirnment.(阅读理解·科技类)
2. Parents shuld prvide fr their children until they becme adults.(语法填空·固定搭配)
14
signal
n. 信号;标志
搭配:a signal t d sth(做某事的信号)、send a signal(发信号)
1. The smke frm the fire was a signal fr help.(完形填空·名词辨析)
2. The teacher sent a signal t the students t be quiet.(语法填空·名词搭配)
15
launch
n. 发射;发起
搭配:the launch f sth(……的发射/发起)
1. The successful launch f Shenzhu 16 made all Chinese peple prud.(书面表达·热点话题)
2. The launch f the new plicy will prmte space cperatin.(阅读理解·时政类)
不定式功能
时态语态
例句
语法解析
作定语(主动关系)
一般式(t d)
He is the first astrnaut t walk in space in ur cuntry.
被修饰词有序数词the first,不定式作后置定语,表主动(astrnaut是walk的发出者)
作定语(被动关系)
一般式被动(t be dne)
The meeting t be held tmrrw is abut space plicy.
不定式表被动(meeting是hld的承受者),且动作未发生
作目的状语
一般式(t d)
We study hard t cntribute t space explratin.
不定式表“目的”,可改为in rder t study…
作结果状语(出乎意料)
nly t d
He rushed t the launch site nly t find the rcket had left.
“nly t d”表出乎意料的结果,区别于现在分词表自然结果
作原因状语
一般式(t d)
She was sad t hear the bad news abut the space missin.
不定式接在表情感的形容词(sad)后,表原因
表动作先于谓语
完成式(t have dne)
He is said t have participated in three space missins.
“t have dne”表participate发生在is said之前
状语类型
例句
完整从句
语法解析
时间状语
Seen frm the mn, Earth lks like a blue ball.
When it is seen frm the mn…
过去分词Seen与主语Earth是被动关系,表“被从月球看”
原因状语
Mved by the astrnaut's stry, she decided t study science.
Because she was mved by…
过去分词Mved与主语she是被动关系,表“被感动”
条件状语
Given mre time, we can finish the space reprt.
If we are given mre time…
过去分词Given与主语we是被动关系,表“被给予时间”
让步状语
Thugh defeated many times, he never gave up his dream.
Thugh he was defeated many times…
过去分词defeated与主语he是被动关系,表“被打败”
伴随状语
He std there, surrunded by many reprters.
He std there and was surrunded by…
过去分词surrunded表“伴随状态”,与主语he是被动关系
从句位置
例句
语法解析
句首
As is knwn t all, China has made great prgress in space explratin.
as指代整个主句“China has made…explratin”,在从句中作主语,“正如众所周知”
句中
The space missin, as we expected, was a great success.
as指代主句“the space missin was a great success”,在从句中作宾语,“正如我们预期的”
句末
He wn the space award, as made his family prud.
as指代主句“He wn the space award”,在从句中作主语,“这一点让他的家人自豪”
特征
as
which
含义
正如;正像(表“预期内的情况”)
这一点;这件事(表“客观事实”)
位置
句首、句中、句末
仅句末
常用结构
as we knw, as is reprted, as ften the case
无固定结构
例句
As was predicted, the rcket landed successfully.
The rcket landed successfully, which made everyne excited.
用法
例句
语法解析
单个动名词作主语
Explring space is a great challenge fr humans.
动名词短语“Explring space”作主语,谓语用单数is
多个动名词并列作主语
Reading and writing are imprtant skills fr students.
“Reading”和“Writing”是两个不同动作,谓语用复数are
it作形式主语
It is n use arguing with him abut space plicy.
it代指“arguing with him…plicy”,避免“头重脚轻”
句型
例句
语法解析
This is because…
He didn't attend the meeting. This is because he was ill.
“This”指代“他没参会”,because从句表原因“生病”
That was because…
The space launch was put ff. That was because f the bad weather.
“That”指代“发射推迟”,because从句表原因“天气差”
The reasn why…is that…
The reasn why he failed is that he didn't practice enugh.
reasn后接why引导的定语从句,表语从句用that引导,不用because
句型
表“原因/结果”
从句引导词
例句
This is because…
原因
because
He is late. This is because he missed the bus.
This is why…
结果
why
He missed the bus. This is why he is late.
The reasn why…is that…
原因
that
The reasn why he is late is that he missed the bus.
成分
内容
说明
让步状语从句
while such disasters brught much sadness and disappintment
while译为“尽管”,引导让步状语从句,主语“such disasters”,谓语“brught”,宾语“much sadness and disappintment”
主句
the desire t explre the universe did nt die
主语“the desire”,后置定语“t explre the universe”(不定式作定语,修饰desire),谓语“did nt die”
成分
内容
说明
非限制性定语从句
As we all knw
as指代整个主句“an astrnaut needs t be…in space”,在从句中作宾语,“正如我们都知道的”,常用结构“as we all knw”
主句
an astrnaut needs t be healthy and calm in rder t wrk in space
主语“an astrnaut”,谓语“needs”,表语“t be healthy and calm”,目的状语“in rder t wrk in space”(不定式作目的状语)
成分
内容
说明
时间状语
In 2020
表动作发生的时间
主句
China sent Tianwen-1
主语“China”,谓语“sent”,宾语“Tianwen-1”
目的状语
t explre the surface f Mars
不定式短语作目的状语,表“发射天问一号”的目的,可加“in rder”改为“in rder t explre…”
短语
位置
是否可置于句首
例句
t d
句末、句首
是
T learn English well, he reads English every day.
in rder t d
句末、句首
是
He reads English every day in rder t learn it well.
s as t d
仅句末
否
He reads English every day s as t learn it well.
成分
内容
说明
主语
Seeing pictures f ur planet as an island in a black sea
动名词短语作主语,“seeing”是动名词,宾语“pictures f ur planet”,宾语补足语“as an island in a black sea”(as译为“像……一样”)
谓语
made
主句谓语,过去式
宾语
peple
主句宾语
宾语补足语
realise that ur planet's resurces are limited
“realise”是宾补,后接that引导的宾语从句(从句主语“ur planet's resurces”,谓语“are”,表语“limited”)
成分
内容
说明
主句
This is because…
This指代上文“人类未放弃太空探索”,is是系动词,because引导表语从句
表语从句
peple firmly believe in the imprtance f carrying n space explratin, even in the face f great risks
从句主语“peple”,谓语“believe in”,宾语“the imprtance”,后置定语“f carrying n space explratin”(动名词短语作定语),让步状语“even in the face f great risks”(介词短语作状语)
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