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      译林版(2024)八年级上册英语各单元语法知识点清单 学案

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      这是一份译林版(2024)八年级上册英语各单元语法知识点清单 学案,共22页。
      译林版(2024)八年级上册英语各单元语法知识点清单Unit 1 Friendship重点短语关于友谊描述be good friends 成为好朋友true friendship 真挚的友谊care about each other 互相关心help each other out 互相帮助摆脱困境share joys and sorrows 同甘共苦stay friends forever 永远做朋友日常交往相关get to know sb 逐渐认识某人make friends with sb 和某人交朋友have a lot in common 有很多共同点argue with sb about sth 因某事和某人争吵apologize to sb 向某人道歉forgive sb for sth 原谅某人做某事trust each other 互相信任其他核心短语in need 在困境中(常用搭配:a friend in need is a friend indeed 患难见真情)smile at sb 对某人微笑rely on sb 依赖某人be honest with sb 对某人诚实经典句型描述友谊重要性A true friend will always stand by you when you are in trouble.(当你遇到困难时,真正的朋友总会支持你。)Friendship is one of the most valuable things in life.(友谊是人生中最珍贵的东西之一。)表达相处状态We have been friends since primary school and share everything with each other.(我们从小学就是朋友,彼此分享一切。)Even if we argue sometimes, we always make up soon.(即使我们有时争吵,也总会很快和好。)建议与感受You should be honest with your friends if you want to keep the friendship.(如果你想维持友谊,就应该对朋友诚实。)It’s important to forgive others’ mistakes in a friendship.(在友谊中,原谅别人的错误很重要。)语法考点形容词的比较级和最高级(复习与拓展)重点:多音节形容词(如 friendly, important, valuable)的比较级和最高级需用 more 和 most例:She is more outgoing than her sister.(她比她姐姐更外向。)Honesty is the most important thing in friendship.(诚实是友谊中最重要的东西。)现在完成时与 since/for 连用用法:表示从过去某一时间开始并持续到现在的动作或状态,常与 “since + 时间点” 或 “for + 时间段” 连用例:We have been friends since 2018.(我们从 2018 年就是朋友了。)They have known each other for five years.(他们认识五年了。)连词 though/although(尽管)用法:引导让步状语从句,不能与 but 连用,但可与 yet 连用例:Though we are different, we get along well.(尽管我们不同,但相处得很好。)Unit 2 School life重点短语do homework 做作业take an exam 参加考试join a club 加入社团participate in activities 参加活动prepare for a test 准备考试hand in homework 交作业get good grades 取得好成绩be late for school 上学迟到on time 准时after - school activities 课外活动school rules 校规have a go 尝试,试图(做某事)be curious about 对…… 好奇run into problems 遇到问题express oneself 表达自己pay attention to 注意be aware of 意识到in Year 8 读八年级Reading week 阅读周British English 英式英语American English 美式英语plans for the weekend 周末计划用法discuss:作及物动词,意为 “讨论,议论”,后可接名词、代词或疑问词+不定式作宾语,名词形式为 discussion。例如:They are discussing what to give away to the school in the village.(他们在讨论捐献给村里学校什么。)seem:连系动词,意为 “似乎;好像”。常用结构有 seem+(to be)+表语(形容词或名词或介词);seem+to do sth.;it seems+that 从句。例如:It seems that he is happy.(他似乎很开心。)offer:及物动词,意为 “主动提出,自愿给予”。例如:He offered to help me.(他主动提出帮助我。)spend:常用结构为 spend time(in)doing sth.,表示 “花时间做某事”;spend time/money on sth. 表示 “在某事物上花费时间 / 金钱”。例如:I spend two hours (in) doing my homework every day.(我每天花两小时做作业。)keep:常见用法有 keep(on)doing sth.,意为 “不断或重复做某事”;keep sb. doing sth. 意为 “让某人一直做某事”;keep...from doing sth. 意为 “阻止…… 做某事”,相当于 stop...(from) doing sth. 和 prevent...(from) doing sth.;keep+sb./sth.+形容词意为 “使某人 / 某物保持某种状态”;keep+形容词意为 “保持某种状态”。例如:We should keep the classroom clean.(我们应该保持教室干净。)look through:意为 “浏览”。例如:She is looking through her notes for her English exam.(她正在浏览英语考试笔记。)经典句型谈论学校生活:We have six classes every day.(我们每天上六节课。)Our school has a big library and a modern lab.(我们学校有一个大图书馆和一个现代化实验室。)表达喜好与厌恶:I like PE because it’s fun.(我喜欢体育,因为它很有趣。)I don’t like math because it’s difficult.(我不喜欢数学,因为它很难。)询问课程安排:What’s your favorite subject?(你最喜欢的科目是什么?)When do you have physics?(你们什么时候上物理课?)谈论学校活动:We often play basketball in the gym after school.(我们放学后经常在体育馆打篮球。)There will be a singing competition next week.(下周将有一场歌唱比赛。)比较结构:Nancy’s school is not as big as Tomoya’s.(南希的学校没有友也的学校大。)Nancy’s school has more weeks off for the summer holiday than Tomoya’s school.(南希的学校暑假放假周数比友也的学校多。)其他:We go to different classrooms for different lessons.(我们去不同的教室上不同的课。)There are many interesting subjects to choose from.(有许多有趣的科目可供选择。)语法考点一般现在时 vs. 现在进行时:一般现在时用于描述习惯或事实,如 We have English every day.(我们每天都有英语课。)现在进行时用于描述正在进行的动作,如 They are playing football on the playground now.(他们现在正在操场上踢足球。)频度副词:常见的频度副词有 always(总是)、usually(通常)、often(经常)、sometimes(有时)、never(从不)。例如:She always arrives at school on time.(她总是准时到校。)情态动词 must /have to:must 表示主观义务,如 You must wear the school uniform.(你必须穿校服。)have to 表示客观要求,如 We have to finish the homework by Friday.(我们必须在周五前完成作业。)形容词比较级和最高级:比较级用于两者之间的比较,常用结构为 “比较级 + than”;最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较,前面通常加 the,常用结构为 “the + 最高级 + in/of”。“as + 形容词原级 + as” 表示 “和…… 一样……”,“not as/so + 形容词原级 + as” 表示 “不如……”。例如:This is the best library in our city.(这是我们城市最好的图书馆。)Unit 3 To be a good learner重点短语take notes 做笔记ask for help 寻求帮助review lessons 复习功课preview new units 预习新单元learn by heart 熟记,背诵make mistakes 犯错误correct mistakes 改正错误depend on oneself 依靠自己work in groups 小组合作develop good habits 养成好习惯think independently 独立思考pay attention in class 课堂上集中注意力look up new words 查阅生词connect...with... 把…… 和…… 联系起来learn from each other 互相学习set a goal 设定目标stick to a plan 坚持计划overcome difficulties 克服困难keep a diary 写日记practice speaking 练习口语用法improve及物 / 不及物动词,意为 “提高;改善”,后接名词或代词作宾语,常见搭配:improve oneself(提升自己)、improve skills(提高技能)。例:She practices English every day to improve her pronunciation.(她每天练习英语以提高发音。)memorize及物动词,意为 “记住;熟记”,强调通过记忆储存信息,反义词为 forget。例:It’s important to memorize new words in context, not just alone.(结合语境记生词很重要,而不只是孤立记忆。)manage及物动词,意为 “设法做到;管理”,常用结构 manage to do sth.(设法做成某事),区别于 try to do sth.(尝试做某事,不一定成功)。例:He managed to finish the task on time despite the difficulties.(尽管有困难,他还是设法按时完成了任务。)avoid及物动词,意为 “避免;避开”,后接名词、代词或动名词(doing),不接不定式。例:To improve writing, you should avoid making careless mistakes.(要提高写作,你应该避免犯粗心的错误。)doubt既可作动词也可作名词,意为 “怀疑”。作动词时,肯定句后接 if/whether 引导的从句,否定句 / 疑问句后接 that 从句;作名词时常用搭配 have doubt about(对…… 有怀疑)。例:I doubt if he can pass the exam.(我怀疑他能否通过考试。)There’s no doubt that practice is important.(毫无疑问,练习很重要。)经典句型谈论学习方法The best way to learn English is to use it as much as possible.(学英语最好的方法是尽可能多地使用它。)I find it helpful to take notes while listening to the teacher.(我发现听老师讲课时做笔记很有帮助。)表达学习中的问题I often struggle with grammar rules.(我经常在语法规则上遇到困难。)It’s hard for me to remember long passages.(我很难记住长段落。)给出学习建议You should review what you’ve learned every day.(你应该每天复习学过的内容。)Why not join a study group to discuss difficult problems?(为什么不加入学习小组讨论难题呢?)强调练习的重要性Practice makes perfect, so never give up practicing.(熟能生巧,所以永远不要放弃练习。)The more you speak English, the better you’ll become.(你说英语越多,就会变得越好。)语法考点不定式的用法本单元重点涉及不定式作主语、宾语、表语和目的状语:作主语:To learn a foreign language well takes time.(学好一门外语需要时间。)作宾语:He wants to improve his listening skills.(他想提高听力技能。)作表语:My goal is to pass the final exam.(我的目标是通过期末考试。)作目的状语:She reads English novels to expand her vocabulary.(她读英文小说是为了扩大词汇量。)比较级的特殊结构 “the + 比较级,the + 比较级”表示 “越……,就越……”,前后都用形容词或副词的比较级。例:The more you practice, the easier it becomes.(你练习得越多,它就变得越容易。)情态动词 should /shouldn’t用于提出建议或劝告,意为 “应该 / 不应该”。例:You should ask the teacher for help when you’re stuck.(当你遇到困难时,应该向老师求助。)You shouldn’t wait until the last minute to study for tests.(你不应该等到最后一刻才为考试学习。)it 作形式宾语当不定式作宾语且其后有宾语补足语时,常用 it 作形式宾语,将真正的宾语(不定式)放在补足语后。例:I find it easy to learn English with a partner.(我发现和同伴一起学英语很容易。)(it 为形式宾语,真正宾语是 to learn English with a partner,easy 为宾语补足语)Unit 4 Hands-on fun重点短语do-it-yourself (DIY) 自己动手做hand-made 手工制作的fix up 修理;修补put together 组装;拼接take apart 拆开cut out 剪出;剪下stick...to... 把…… 粘到…… 上paint...with... 用…… 给…… 涂色try out 尝试;试验make a mistake 犯错(侧重动手过程中的失误)learn from 从…… 中学习follow instructions 按照说明做in the process 在过程中work with tools 使用工具工作decorate...with... 用…… 装饰……have fun doing sth. 做某事很开心a piece of 一块 / 一件(后接不可数名词或单数可数名词)instead of 代替;而不是take pride in 为…… 感到自豪show off 炫耀;展示(自己做的东西)经典句型How to + 动词原形 用于询问动手步骤How to make a paper boat?(怎么折纸船?)Follow these steps: first, fold the paper in half...(按这些步骤:首先,把纸对折……)It’s + adj. + to do sth. 描述动手做某事的感受或特点It’s interesting to make a model plane by yourself.(自己做飞机模型很有趣。)It’s difficult to fix a broken clock without tools.(没有工具修理坏钟很难。)I tried to... but... 表达尝试动手但遇到困难I tried to put the shelf together, but I couldn’t understand the instructions.(我试着组装书架,但看不懂说明书。)Why not + 动词原形? 提出动手做某事的建议Why not make a birthday gift for your friend instead of buying one?(为什么不给朋友做个生日礼物,而不是买一个呢?)The more... the more... 强调动手实践的效果The more you practice DIY, the better you’ll get at it.(你越练习 DIY,就会越擅长。)语法考点祈使句用于给出动手操作的指令,以动词原形开头,否定形式在句首加 don’t。Cut the wood into small pieces.(把木头切成小块。)Don’t touch the hot glue gun.(不要碰热胶枪。)情态动词 can /can’t表示 “能 / 不能” 做某事(侧重动手能力或可能性)。You can use scissors to cut the paper.(你可以用剪刀剪纸。)I can’t fix the bike. It’s too broken.(我修不了这辆自行车,它太破了。)一般过去时(侧重描述过去的动手经历)谓语动词用过去式,常搭配 yesterday, last week 等时间状语。Last weekend, I made a DIY card for my dad.(上周末,我给爸爸做了一张手工卡片。)She tried to paint the wall, but she made a mess.(她试着刷墙,但弄得一团糟。)连词 and /but/so连接动手过程中的动作或结果:Fold the paper in half and then cut along the line.(把纸对折,然后沿着线剪。)(and 表顺承)I wanted to make a cake, but I ran out of flour.(我想做蛋糕,但面粉用完了。)(but 表转折)The instructions were clear, so I finished the task quickly.(说明书很清楚,所以我很快完成了任务。)(so 表结果)介词 by 的用法表示 “通过…… 方式”(后接动名词,强调动手的手段)。You can learn DIY skills by watching tutorial videos.(你可以通过看教程视频学习 DIY 技能。)He improved his handcraft by practicing every day.(他通过每天练习提高了手工技巧。)Unit 5 Wild animals重点短语wild animals 野生动物in danger 处于危险中in the wild 在野外lose one’s home 失去家园cut down 砍伐(树木)take away 夺走;拿走as a result 结果;因此protect...from... 保护…… 免受…… 伤害in order to 为了;以便hunt for 猎取;搜寻on earth 究竟;到底(用于加强语气)live in peace 和平共处a symbol of... …… 的象征die out 灭绝;消失feed on 以…… 为食keep...safe 使…… 安全play an important role in... 在…… 中起重要作用be afraid of 害怕……run after 追赶in the forest 在森林里have no choice but to... 除了…… 别无选择look after 照顾;照料work together 共同努力经典句型Why are... in danger? 询问野生动物濒危的原因Why are tigers in danger?(老虎为什么处于危险中?)Because people hunt them for their bones and fur.(因为人们猎杀它们获取骨头和皮毛。)It’s + adj. + for us to... 强调保护野生动物的必要性It’s important for us to protect wild animals.(保护野生动物对我们来说很重要。)It’s wrong to cut down trees in their living areas.(砍伐它们栖息地的树木是错误的。)If we..., they will... 表达人类行为对野生动物的影响If we stop hunting, more wild animals will survive.(如果我们停止捕猎,更多野生动物会存活下来。)If we destroy their homes, they will have no place to live.(如果我们破坏它们的家园,它们将无处可居。)What can we do to...? 提出保护野生动物的措施What can we do to help pandas?(我们能做些什么来帮助熊猫?)We can plant more bamboo and stop cutting down their forests.(我们可以种更多竹子,停止砍伐它们的森林。)... used to... but now... 描述野生动物生存状况的变化Wolves used to live in many parts of the country, but now they are rare.(狼过去生活在这个国家的许多地方,但现在很稀少了。)语法考点情态动词 should /shouldn’t用于提出保护野生动物的建议或义务,意为 “应该 / 不应该”。We should protect wild animals.(我们应该保护野生动物。)People shouldn’t cut down trees in the forest.(人们不应该砍伐森林里的树。)一般现在时(描述野生动物的习性和现状)表示客观事实、常态或现状,第三人称单数作主语时动词加 - s/-es。Pandas feed on bamboo.(熊猫以竹子为食。)(习性)Many wild animals lose their homes because of deforestation.(许多野生动物因森林砍伐失去家园。)(现状)现在进行时(描述正在发生的危害行为)表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作,强调 “正在发生”。Some people are hunting elephants for their ivory.(一些人正在猎杀大象获取象牙。)The workers are cutting down trees in the forest.(工人们正在森林里砍树。)条件状语从句(if 引导)表示 “如果……,就会……”,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时(主将从现)。If we don’t protect wild animals, they will die out.(如果我们不保护野生动物,它们将会灭绝。)If we plant more trees, wild animals will have more homes.(如果我们种更多树,野生动物会有更多家园。)被动语态(强调野生动物被伤害的情况)结构:be + 过去分词,突出动作的承受者(野生动物)。Many tigers are killed for their fur.(许多老虎因皮毛被杀害。)The forest is being destroyed by humans.(森林正被人类破坏。)Unit 6 Seasons重点词组天气与季节特征类:full of snow(充满积雪),turn brown(变成棕色),temperature drop(气温下降)。自然与活动场景类:quiet streams(宁静的溪流),fly a kite(放风筝),make snowmen(堆雪人),snowball fights(打雪仗)。逻辑与连接表达类:as the days get shorter(随着白昼变短),once again(又一次)。重点句型季节特征描述:Winter days are full of snow.(冬日充满积雪。)The days of spring are windy and bright.(春天的日子多风且晴朗。)Autumn leaves turn brown.(秋天的树叶变成棕色。)时间与状态表达:When trees and flowers forget to grow.(当树木和花朵忘记生长时。)As the days get shorter and the temperature drops.(随着白昼变短、气温下降。)情感与记忆表达:Those sweet memories of summer days are about quiet streams and trees and shade.(那些夏日的甜蜜回忆是关于宁静的溪流、树木和树荫。)条件与建议句型:If you feel hot, eating ice - cream can make you feel cool.(如果你觉得热,吃冰淇淋能让你感到凉爽。)It's the best time to fly a kite in spring.(春天是放风筝的最佳时节。)语法知识动词分类:及物动词需要接宾语才能表达完整意思,如 Farmers harvest crops.(农民收割庄稼。)许多动词既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词,如 They are swimming the river.(swim 作及物动词);The fish swim fast.(swim 作不及物动词)。句子基本结构:包括 S+V(主语 + 动词),如 Winter arrives.(冬天到来。);S+V+O(主语 + 动词 + 宾语),如 I like snowmen.(我喜欢雪人。);S+V+P(主语 + 系动词 + 表语),如 Autumn leaves turn golden brown.(秋叶变成金棕色。)后缀 -y 的用法:在部分名词后加 -y 构成形容词,表示 “具有…… 性质的”,如 cloud - cloudy,wind - windy,rain - rainy。Unit 7 The natural world重点词组生态系统相关:different ecosystems(不同生态系统),protect ecosystems(保护生态系统),the importance of protecting ecosystems(保护生态系统的重要性)。位置与特征描述:lie between deserts and forests(位于沙漠和森林之间),little rainfall(几乎没有降雨),the climate in deserts(沙漠的气候)。功能与作用类:help get rid of pollution(有助于消除污染),help prevent floods(帮助防洪),take in carbon dioxide from the air(从空气中吸收二氧化碳),trap pollution in their leaves(将污染物吸附在树叶上)。其他:be home to(是…… 的家园),support a lot of life(维持大量生命),plenty of salt water(大量的咸水),go on and on(循环往复)。重点句型生态系统介绍:Coral reefs look like rocks, but they support a lot of life in just a small area.(珊瑚礁看起来像岩石,但它们在很小的区域内维持着大量的生命。)The polar ice is home to animals like polar bears and penguins.(极地冰盖是北极熊和企鹅等动物的家园。)气候与环境描述:The climate in deserts is so awful that only a few animals and plants can live there.(沙漠的气候如此恶劣,以至于只有少数动植物能在那里生存。)Forests make up nearly a third of the earth’s land area.(森林占据着地球陆地上将近三分之一的区域。)作用与功能阐述:Plants in wetlands help get rid of pollution, and make the water clean.(湿地的植物帮助清除污染,净化水质。)They also trap pollution in their leaves and help clean the air.(它们也能通过叶片吸收污染,帮助净化空气。)语法知识双宾语结构:一些动词可以接两个宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语,构成 “动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语” 或 “动词 + 直接宾语 + to/for + 间接宾语” 结构,如 The sun gives light and heat to all living things.=The sun gives all living things light and heat.(太阳给所有生物提供光和热。)宾语补足语:部分动词后可接宾语补足语,对宾语进行补充说明,构成 “S+V+O (direct)+C” 结构,如 The mother bird keeps the eggs safe.(母鸟使鸟蛋保持安全。)They call the ocean the "heart" of the earth.(他们把海洋称为地球的 “心脏”。)连词用法:用 and 连接相似的观点,用 but 连接不同的观点,用 or 表示选择关系,用 so 表达结果,如 Rainforests are hot, and they get a lot of rain.(雨林很热,而且降雨很多。)Deserts are dry, but they are not always hot.(沙漠很干燥,但并不总是很热。)Birds can live in the forest or in the wetland.(鸟类可以生活在森林里或湿地里。)Deserts are dry, so some plants keep water in their leaves.(沙漠很干燥,所以一些植物在叶子里储存水分。)Unit 8 Safe and sound重点词组in all directions:四面八方;向各个方向。rain down:大量落下;雨点般落下。go through:经历;经受;通过。calm down:冷静下来;平静下来。put out:扑灭,熄灭。重点句型询问与描述:What happened? 用于询问事情发生情况。例如:What happened at the meeting?(会议上发生了什么事?)结果状语从句:“so...that...” 结构,意为 “如此…… 以至于……”,引导结果状语从句。如 The snow was so heavy that we couldn't go out.(雪太大了,我们出不去。)过去进行时:常用 “was/were + 动词 - ing 形式”,表示过去某个时间点正在进行的动作,常与 when 或 while 引导的时间状语从句连用。如 I was sleeping when the earthquake started.(地震发生时我正在睡觉。)原因状语从句:since 可引导原因状语从句,表示 “因为;既然”。如 Since you are here, you can help me.(既然你在这儿,你可以帮我一下。)语法知识过去进行时:主要用于描述过去某个时刻或时间段正在进行的动作。其肯定句结构为 “主语 + was/were + 动词 - ing 形式 + 其他”;否定句是在 was/were 后加 not;一般疑问句将 was/were 提前到句首。例如:He was reading a book at 8 o'clock last night.(肯定句)They weren't watching TV at that time.(否定句)Was she doing her homework when you called?(一般疑问句)复合词构词法:名词 + 名词可构成新名词,如 thunderstorm(雷暴);名词 + 动词构成 earthquake(地震);动词 + 名词构成 passport(护照);形容词 + 名词构成 whiteboard(白板)等。

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