专题07 阅读理解说明文 -高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（新高考通用）

专题07 阅读理解说明文目录 TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898652" 题型综述  PAGEREF _Toc148898652 \h 1 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898652" 解题攻略 3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898653" 题型01 细节理解题 3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898654" 题型02 词句猜测题 4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898655" 题型03 判断推理题 6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898656" 题型04 主旨大意题 9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc148898657" 高考练场  PAGEREF _Toc148898657 \h 11题型简介说明文是高考英语阅读理解中的一个重要体裁，其目的是解释和阐述事物，通常采用比较、解释说明、引用、下定义、举例子、列数字等方法。说明文结构清晰，语言客观简洁，旨在介绍目标对象，呈现事实和观点，作者立场不明显。说明文的常见语篇模式包括“问题—（分析）—解决措施—（解释）—（呼吁、评价或拓展）”、“引出主题—解释主题—拓展主题”、“新研究发现—解释新研究—（进一步实验论证）—研究结论及其评价、研究启示、未来研究方向”等。命题类型细节理解题：考查学生对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、事件等。推理判断题：考查学生根据文章内容进行逻辑推理和判断的能力，包括推测隐含意思、文章出处、作者态度等。主旨大意题：考查学生对文章主题或中心意思的概括和归纳能力，包括段落大意、文章大意和标题概括。词义猜测题：考查学生根据上下文推断生词或短语的含义，包括代词指代、生僻词以及短语短句的含义。解题思路快速把握文章结构：说明文通常开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点直接陈述出来。因此，通过文章第一段可以迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。关注段落首尾句：说明文的每个段落通常有主旨句、支撑细节和总结句。关注每一段的段首句和段尾句，可以帮助考生在有限的时间内把握段落的主旨大意。理解语篇模式：了解说明文的常见语篇模式，有助于考生从宏观层面理解语篇的框架和脉络，通过“寻读”迅速定位问题所在位置，提高阅读理解的速度。同义转换能力：近几年高考对细节理解题的考查难度有所增加，除了考查原文中直接出现的信息外，还考查学生对原文信息进行同义转换的能力。推理和判断：在解答推理判断题时，考生需要根据文章内容推测隐含意思，推断作者的态度和意图，以及对文章后续内容进行预测。 题型01 细节理解题 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally, not only, but also, then, in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。  做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。Students and teachers, as well as some parents, sit on two wooden benches running the length of the hallway of their school. They take turns reading from the Ohén: ton Karihwatéhkwen, which translates from the Mohawk language to “Words before all else.” These words, which express appreciation for all life forms, mark the day’s start at the Akwesasne Freedom School. But the 60-odd students here wouldn’t understand these lessons if it weren’t for this little schoolhouse at the United States-Canada border. “This makes us who we are, and if we don’t have this, who are we going to be?” asks teacher Kawehnokwiiosthe, whose name in English means “She makes the island beautiful.” Kawehnokwiiosthe turns to her young pupils and states that they are wise, or age 5, Mohawk is the medium of education for students in every class from kindergarten to 8th grade. When a child asks a question in English, Kawehnokwiiosthe responds in Mohawk. Most parents pay for their children with a handmade quilt sold in August. The school is run as a cooperative, where parents do the cleaning along with the students and the maintenance work. Students come from American and Canadian sides of the border, but the school has never accepted funds from either government, says Alvera Sargent, who heads the nonprofit Friends of the Akwesasne Freedom School and is one of the last first-language speakers of Mohawk. That makes her indispensable, says Waylon Cook, former teacher and now project manager of the school’s nonprofit arm. “We treasure our first-language speakers,” he says. “We treasure them because they are so important for us to continue on our language.”9．What is the Ohén: ton Karihwatéhkwen about?A．A way of greeting. B．A way to start and end a day.C．Deep respect for the natural world. D．Old-fashioned business practices.10．What can be learned about the school?A．It is headed by Waylon Cook currently.B．It is self-governed by the local community.C．It accepts kids from kindergarten to high school.D．It employs both English and Mohawk for teaching.题型02 语意猜测题 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to … 或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。The popularity of Durian Personalities is also driven by the longing for depth and genuine emotion in modern society. Psychological research shows that with increasing reliance on social networks and instant messaging tools, shallow relationships have made many lose patience and ability for deep communication. However, Durian Personalities offer a cure: Its “unapproachability” becomes a filtering mechanism, avoiding frivolous social interactions and encouraging deeper engagement in valuable interpersonal connections...........15．What does the underlined word “frivolous” in paragraph 3 probably mean?A．Regular. B．Unnecessary. C．Nonprofitable. D．Time-consuming.Dr Katy Tam at the University of Toronto Scarborough said boredom was closely linked to attention. “We feel bored when there’s a gap between how engaged we are and how engaged we want to be,” she said. “When people keep switching through videos, they become less engaged with the videos and they are looking for something more interesting. This can lead to increased feelings of boredom.”The results appear to chime with other studies: as the team notes, previous research has suggested that while boredom relief is a driver for people to use social media or smartphones, the use of such technology appears to make the feeling worse. ..........30．What does the underlined phrase “chime with” mean in Paragraph 3?A．agree with B．compare with C．contrast with D．disagree withYour own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. Indeed, many students will engage in intensive revision just before a test — in the belief that essential subject facts and figures will be memorized ready for exam day. However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study. Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards. ..........49．What does the underlined phrase “this commonly held wisdom” in paragraph 2 refer to?A．Remembering essential subject facts guarantees success in exams.B．Interruption on memory processing generates unexpected results.C．Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision.D．Revision with full concentration boosts long-term memory.题型03 判断推理题 推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一, 包括判断和推理两个方面，属于主观题, 是阅读理解中层次较高的题目, 因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 做出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。这类题目常见的设问方式有：1. What was the author’s attitude towards ...? 2. The passage is intended to ... 3. The author suggests that ... 4. The story implies that… 5. Which point of view may the author agree to? 6. From the passage we can conclude that... 7. The purpose of the passage is to...。解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。Researchers from Sun Yat-sen University shared their findings in International Environment that microplastics (微塑料) can make hair loss worse by hurting the skin’s protective barriers through a process called oxidative stress (氧化应激).Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic, smaller than 5 millimeters. They come from bigger plastic items breaking down, like shopping bags, take-out containers, and drink bottles. These tiny bits can get into water, soil and air and they can move up the food chain and deposit in our body.The result of the first study shows when microplastics are tested in living animals, they can create oxidative stress and stop certain proteins from working properly. This can hurt the skin and the parts of the hair follicles where hair grows, finally leading to hair falling out.In the second study, researchers explored how new and aged microplastics affect the skin and hair in mice. They gave mice water with these microplastics for two months to see what would happen to their hair. After just one day, researchers could see that the microplastics had moved through the mice’s stomachs, got into their blood and ended up in their hair. After two months, the mice that drank water with aged microplastics had more damaged skin and falling hair than those with new microplastics. But further experiments are needed to decide whether aged microplastics are more harmful.“Notably, in daily life microplastics can be found in bottled water, clothes we wear, and even the air we breathe. It is estimated that a person consumes approximately 5 grams of micro-plastic particles per week on average,” said research leader Wang Xusheng.17．How does the author develop paragraph 2?A．By quotation. B．By listing numbers.C．By comparison. D．By giving a definition.18．What can be inferred from paragraph 3&4?A．Microplastics are absorbed through many organs.B．Microplastics finally deposit in the mice’s stomachs.C．Researchers will carry out further experiments on human beings.D．New and aged microplastics affect the mice to the same extent in the first study.19．What is Wang Xusheng’s attitude towards microplastics in daily life?A．Indifferent. B．Objective. C．Concerned. D．Skeptical.20．Why does the author write the passage?A．To stress on the importance of hair protection.B．To introduce some new findings of microplastics.C．To call for urgent action on plastic ban worldwide.D．To warn readers the danger of microplastics in daily life.题型04 主旨大意题 说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage?为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about …  答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。The brain is protected by shock-absorbing fluid and, outside that, the skull. In a concussion (脑震荡), the brain bounces around in the skull, accelerating, decelerating or revolving. This creates a series of impacts. The neurons (神经元) in the brain are disturbed, and between those neurons, the axons - thin fibers that transmit electrical impulses–stretch or break. Inside the brain, it’s like an earthquake that has happened. Everything is still standing, but there are cracks in the roads and in building foundations.This extremely small damage has big consequences. But decades ago, the public had a “walk it off” attitude towards concussions. That’s changed, thanks in part to an increased awareness about the long-term effects. The 2015 film “Concussion” tells the true story of Dr Bennet Omalu, a forensic pathologist studying chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a brain disorder caused by repeated head injuries.Until recently, the dark-room treatment was the standard prescribed by most doctors, involving patients resting in darkness and without any mental stimulation, until their symptoms eased off. This suggestion came out of studies in the 1990s and early 2000s that found when athletes with concussions continued with high levels of activity, they recovered more slowly than those who rested.But people who spend more time in a dark room-sometimes called “cocooning”-are also more likely to experience anxiety, depression and sleep problems. Their bodies get weaker due to underuse, as well.“Science and research have evolved over the past decade, showing that when you stop doing activity altogether, that actually affects your recovery process,” says Babul, a sports-injury specialist. The active-rest approach to concussion recovery promotes a slow increase in activity, starting with a day or two of light daily movement, and gradually adding activity, building to a full return to normal, unrestricted activity.“People who follow the right guidance and management tend to recover uneventfully, and those who don’t and continue to do their activities continue to tax their brain and are likely to have long-term, persisting symptoms,” Babul says. “The key is to recognize it immediately and know what to do.”41．What is the first paragraph mainly about?A．The workings of concussion. B．The causes of concussion.C．The symptoms of concussion. D．The effects of concussion.44．What is the best title of the text?A．From Inaction to Action: Concussion Shocks. B．From Darkness to Light: Concussion Recovery.C．From Outside to Inside: Concussion Treatment. D．From Nothing to Something: Concussion Study.（2024·新高考卷I阅读理解C篇）Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean?A. Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain.C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice.29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume?A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand.C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media.30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers?A. They can hold students' attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare.C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text.31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph?A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.（2024·新高考卷II阅读理解C篇）We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1?A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care.C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets.9. What information does the convenient app offer?A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants.C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.10. What can be concluded about BMF employees?A. They have a great passion for sports.B. They are devoted to community service.C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.D. They have a strong environmental awareness.11. What does the text mainly talk about?A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.（2024·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇）In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.33. What does Daru’s study focus on?A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.34. What has led to the biases according to the study?A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.（2023·新高考卷I阅读理解C篇）The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.28. What is the book aimed at?A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.（2023·新高考卷II阅读理解C篇）Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.28. Where is the text most probably taken from?A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.29. What are the selected artworks about?A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.30 What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean?A. Understand. B. Paint.C. Seize. D. Transform.31. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?A. The printed book is not totally out of date.B. Technology has changed the way we read.C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.D. People now rarely have the patience to read.A【来源】2025届浙江省杭州市联考高三上学期12月一模英语试题The brain is protected by shock-absorbing fluid and, outside that, the skull. In a concussion (脑震荡), the brain bounces around in the skull, accelerating, decelerating or revolving. This creates a series of impacts. The neurons (神经元) in the brain are disturbed, and between those neurons, the axons - thin fibers that transmit electrical impulses–stretch or break. Inside the brain, it’s like an earthquake that has happened. Everything is still standing, but there are cracks in the roads and in building foundations.This extremely small damage has big consequences. But decades ago, the public had a “walk it off” attitude towards concussions. That’s changed, thanks in part to an increased awareness about the long-term effects. The 2015 film “Concussion” tells the true story of Dr Bennet Omalu, a forensic pathologist studying chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a brain disorder caused by repeated head injuries.Until recently, the dark-room treatment was the standard prescribed by most doctors, involving patients resting in darkness and without any mental stimulation, until their symptoms eased off. This suggestion came out of studies in the 1990s and early 2000s that found when athletes with concussions continued with high levels of activity, they recovered more slowly than those who rested.But people who spend more time in a dark room-sometimes called “cocooning”-are also more likely to experience anxiety, depression and sleep problems. Their bodies get weaker due to underuse, as well.“Science and research have evolved over the past decade, showing that when you stop doing activity altogether, that actually affects your recovery process,” says Babul, a sports-injury specialist. The active-rest approach to concussion recovery promotes a slow increase in activity, starting with a day or two of light daily movement, and gradually adding activity, building to a full return to normal, unrestricted activity.“People who follow the right guidance and management tend to recover uneventfully, and those who don’t and continue to do their activities continue to tax their brain and are likely to have long-term, persisting symptoms,” Babul says. “The key is to recognize it immediately and know what to do.”1．What is the first paragraph mainly about?A．The workings of concussion. B．The causes of concussion.C．The symptoms of concussion. D．The effects of concussion.2．What leads to people’s weaker bodies in the dark-room treatment?A．The dark environment. B．Their physical pain.C．Their insufficient activity. D．Their mental disorder.3．Which practice is advised to help with concussion, according to the passage?A．Setting a progressive fitness plan first. B．Doing heavy housework daily.C．Playing competitive sports regularly. D．Lying in bed for the whole day.4．What is the best title of the text?A．From Inaction to Action: Concussion Shocks. B．From Darkness to Light: Concussion Recovery.C．From Outside to Inside: Concussion Treatment. D．From Nothing to Something: Concussion Study.B【来源】福建省名校联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题Watching sports, particularly at large gatherings, goes beyond entertainment. It fosters a sense of community and belonging among audiences. Although it is popularly recognized for its positive effects, existing studies on the relationship between watching sports and well-being offer only limited evidence.Recognizing this gap, a team of researchers led by Associate Professor Shintaro Sato from the Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Japan, embarked on a groundbreaking study. A significant challenge in well-being research is the subjective nature of measurement procedures, potentially leading to biased findings. “Therefore, our studies focused on both subjective and objective measures of well-being.” explains Prof. Sato.In the first study, an online survey was aimed at investigating whether the connection between sports viewing and well-being varied depending on the type of sport observed. The experiment exposed participants to various sports videos, assessing their well-being both before and after viewing. The findings underscored that widely embraced sports, like baseball, exerted a more significant impact on enhancing well-being compared to less popular sports, such as golf.However, the most groundbreaking aspect of this research emerged in the second study. Here, the team employed neuroimaging techniques to examine alterations in brain activity following sports viewing. Using multimodal MRI neuroimaging measurement procedures, the brain activity of fourteen able-bodied Japanese participants was analyzed while they watched sports clips. The results showed that, sports viewing triggered activation in the brain’s reward circuits, indicative of feelings of happiness or pleasure. Additionally, a noteworthy finding surfaced in the structural image analysis. It revealed that individuals watching sports more frequently exhibited greater gray matter volume in regions associated with reward circuits, suggesting that regular sports viewing may gradually cause changes in brain structures. Both subjective and objective measures of well-being were found to be positively influenced by engaging in sports viewing.The study has profound implications and theoretical contributions to sports management literature. Existing literature has primarily focused on sports fans; however, this study has taken into consideration a larger general population irrespective of their relationship to sports consumption. This research can contribute significantly to sports management practices and policymaking for public health.5．Why did Shintaro Sato conduct the research?A．To arouse public interest. B．To provide more evidence.C．To entertain larger audience. D．To contradict existing studies.6．What may be a suggested way to boost well-being according to the study?A．Playing golf frequently. B．Watching baseball regularly.C．Identifying types of sports accurately. D．Organizing sports events occasionally.7．What can be learned about changes in brain?A．Golf playing boosts brain’s activity.B．Different sports cause better brain image.C．Soccer playing triggers brain’s reward circuits.D．Regular sports viewing affects gray matter volume.8．What is the potential contribution of this research?A．Better policy for public health.B．Stricter requirements on sports fans.C．Bitter comments on existing literature.D．Deep understanding of relationship management.C【来源】山东省名校考试联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期12月月考英语试题Emotions and memories go hand in hand. There is a clear link between emotion and memory. Emotion affects the formation of a memory because emotions are both physically and cognitively (认知地) arousing. This arousal enables the amygdala (杏仁核) and the hippocampus (海马体), both of which are involved in memory formation and consolidation. So emotional memories are stored more effectively than memories for the everyday event. Memories for emotional events tend to be vivid and detailed. These memories insist over time, along with memory for the mood value (positive or negative) of the emotion that we felt when the event happened.So it is clear that emotions can and do influence memory. But does it work the other way around? If memory is impaired, what happens to emotion?In 2014 Guzman-Velez, Feinstein, and Tranel conducted an experiment and examined the link between memory and emotion in a group of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). They brought about feelings of happiness and sadness in a group of patients suffering from AD and in healthy control individuals matched for age, sex (they tested both males and females), and education. And they found, once again, that despite not being able to recall the details of the films they’d watched, AD sufferers’ emotional reactions remained heightened well beyond the point at which the details of the films, either happy or sad, had faded away. They likened this disassociation between memory and emotions to being “stuck in a mood and you can’t remember why.”These kinds of results may have implications for treatment and help for people suffering from AD．The actions caretakers and family have toward AD patients may have unintended consequences. Even though AD patients may not remember the specific actions that created an emotional response, the emotion itself may stay for quite a while. Perhaps “adopting an attitude of acceptance and giving the patients positive support can potentially generatelong states of positive emotion while minimizing instances of noncompliant and aggressive behavior.”9．Why do emotional memories stay longer?A．They link more closely to brains. B．They stand the test of longer time.C．They co-exist with other memories. D．They activate some key brain parts.10．What does the underlined word “impaired” in paragraph 2 mean?A．Damaged. B．Stored. C．Deleted. D．Protected11．What is the finding of the experiment in paragraph 3?A．Emotion belongs to memory. B．Emotion can be self-existent.C．Memory co-exists with emotion. D．Memory can get out of emotion.12．What can the experiment result imply concerning the treatment of AD?A．Medical treatment should be used. B．Positive interactions are needed.C．More films should be provided. D．New environment is necessary.D【来源】2025届湖南省高三上学期九校联盟第一次联考英语试题A cyclist pedals down the street. The cyclist’s brain takes in information from what he has perceived but can no longer see. The brain sorts through that information—the color, shape and text on signs, for example—and selects what is most important. Based on that, he takes the correct turn and continues on.Freek Van Ede, cognitive neuroscientist (神经学家) at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, studies attention. He uses a lot of bicycling metaphors. His focus is not on external attention—what someone is looking at or attending to in the moment. Instead, Van Ede is trying to understand what happens inside-how the brain focuses on and grabs exactly what it needs from incoming information to guide future behavior.Getting a more real-world picture means measuring brain activity in real time, which is why Van Ede uses electro-encephalography (脑电图), paired with eye tracking. In one experiment, participants watched objects briefly appear on a screen. Van Ede found that when a participant was asked to recall something about an object that had been onscreen, their gaze moved quickly toward where the object had been, even though it was no longer there.That movement was detectable as microsaccades (微跳视)—tiny unconscious movements that your eyes make. When participants shifted their attention to focus on where an object had been, the microsaccades were systematically pulled in the direction of that attention shift. This discovery opened new opportunities for tracking “the mind’s eye,” Van Ede says, and so decoding what information the brain is using to plan future action.Van Ede’s lab has used the technique to show that when preparing for the future, the brain doesn’t wait until all the information is in to make a plan. Instead, the brain plans possible actions as each piece of information comes in—even though the brain can select only one plan in the end. Knowing how the brain plans actions could someday help scientists gain an insight into memory disorders or attention problems.13．How does the author introduce the topic?A．By making an assumption. B．By giving a relevant example.C．By making some contrasts. D．By listing research data.14．What does Van Ede’s study concentrate on?A．Cognitive neuroscience. B．External environment.C．Internal attention. D．Unconscious movements.15．What can we learn about Van Ede’s experiment?A．Electro-encephalography is the only method to use.B．The brain doesn’t plan future action until all information has come in.C．Participants fail to recall what they perceived previously.D．Participants’ microsaccades correspond to their attention shifts.16．What aspect may the discovery be applied in?A．Decoding all messages in the brain. B．Improving cognitive competence.C．Knowing some memory problems. D．Helping cure certain brain illnesses.E【来源】湖北省云学联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期12月联考英语试题 The artificial intelligence (AI) industry is projected to reach a value of $407 billion by 2027. However, its rapid development raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding the treatment of data labelers. Without these workers, products like ChatGPT wouldn’t exist.Data labelers play a key role in helping AI systems “learn”. As the name suggests, data labeling involves assigning labels to raw data-such as images, videos or text-so that Al systems can recognize patterns and make predictions. For example, autonomous vehicles depend on labeled videos to differentiate between pedestrians and road signs, while large language models like ChatGPT require labeled text to interpret human language.Despite their essential role, labelers are often exploited. AI models can cost tens of millions of dollars to develop, so tech giants like Google and Microsoft outsource much of the data labeling work to factories in developing countries where workers are paid unfairly low wages. For instance, data labelers in Venezuela typically earn between $0.90 to $2 per hour whereas their counterparts in the US earn $10 to $25 per hour. Some companies even employ children for this task. The working conditions are also poor. Many data labelers are crowded into dusty, unsafe rooms that pose health risks. Moreover, they often lack basic social protections such as healthcare.Data labeling can also be mentally exhausting due to repetitive tasks, tight deadlines and strict quality controls. Workers are sometimes required to read and label hate speech or other abusive content which can harm their mental health. Additionally, labelers often have no access to performance data and are unable to defend themselves in the event of wage cuts or job losses.These issues have become so serious that in May nearly 100 data labelers and AI workers in Kenya published an open letter to US President Joe Biden, declaring that “our working conditions amount to modern-day slavery”.The urgent need for more ethical Al supply chains is clear. Companies must implement fair wage policies that reflect the value of labelers’ contributions. Governments should introduce regulations promoting fairness and transparency in performance evaluations and data processing. As Al users, we can all advocate for ethical practices by supporting companies that are frank about their supply chains and treat their workers fairly.17．What is the key role of data labelers in AI industry?A．They analyse data to train AI systems. B．They program AI models for language tasks.C．They assist AI system to identify patterns. D．They recognize patterns and make predictions.18．Which is a challenge data labelers may face?A．Leakages of personal information. B．Lack of professional trainingC．Limited access to information D．A threat to psychological health19．Why did data labelers in Kenya publish an open letter to US President Joe Biden?A．To complain about hate speech. B．To require better working conditionsC．To defend their rights as citizens D．To declare their wages cuts and job loss20．What is the purpose of this text?A．To introduce the basic tasks data labelers doB．To advocate bettering the welfare of data labelersC．To reveal how data labelers relieve their work pressure.D．To interpret the importance data labelers attach to AI industry.