专题13 阅读理解说明文 -高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（上海专用）

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\l "_Tc148898652" 解题攻略3
\l "_Tc148898653" 题型01 细节理解题3
\l "_Tc148898654" 题型02 词句猜测题4
\l "_Tc148898655" 题型03 判断推理题6
\l "_Tc148898656" 题型04 主旨大意题9
\l "_Tc148898657" 高考练场 PAGEREF _Tc148898657 \h 11
题型简介
说明文是高考英语阅读理解中的一个重要体裁，其目的是解释和阐述事物，通常采用比较、解释说明、引用、下定义、举例子、列数字等方法。说明文结构清晰，语言客观简洁，旨在介绍目标对象，呈现事实和观点，作者立场不明显。说明文的常见语篇模式包括“问题—（分析）—解决措施—（解释）—（呼吁、评价或拓展）”、“引出主题—解释主题—拓展主题”、“新研究发现—解释新研究—（进一步实验论证）—研究结论及其评价、研究启示、未来研究方向”等。
命题类型
细节理解题：考查学生对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、事件等。
推理判断题：考查学生根据文章内容进行逻辑推理和判断的能力，包括推测隐含意思、文章出处、作者态度等。
主旨大意题：考查学生对文章主题或中心意思的概括和归纳能力，包括段落大意、文章大意和标题概括。
词义猜测题：考查学生根据上下文推断生词或短语的含义，包括代词指代、生僻词以及短语短句的含义。
解题思路
快速把握文章结构：说明文通常开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点直接陈述出来。因此，通过文章第一段可以迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。
关注段落首尾句：说明文的每个段落通常有主旨句、支撑细节和总结句。关注每一段的段首句和段尾句，可以帮助考生在有限的时间内把握段落的主旨大意。
理解语篇模式：了解说明文的常见语篇模式，有助于考生从宏观层面理解语篇的框架和脉络，通过“寻读”迅速定位问题所在位置，提高阅读理解的速度。
同义转换能力：近几年高考对细节理解题的考查难度有所增加，除了考查原文中直接出现的信息外，还考查学生对原文信息进行同义转换的能力。
推理和判断：在解答推理判断题时，考生需要根据文章内容推测隐含意思，推断作者的态度和意图，以及对文章后续内容进行预测。
题型01 细节理解题

说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), secnd(ly), third(ly), finally, nt nly, but als, then, in additin等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, fr example, fr instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过hwever, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, nt s much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。
Students and teachers, as well as sme parents, sit n tw wden benches running the length f the hallway f their schl. They take turns reading frm the Ohén: tn Karihwatéhkwen, which translates frm the Mhawk language t “Wrds befre all else.” These wrds, which express appreciatin fr all life frms, mark the day’s start at the Akwesasne Freedm Schl.
But the 60-dd students here wuldn’t understand these lessns if it weren’t fr this little schlhuse at the United States-Canada brder. “This makes us wh we are, and if we dn’t have this, wh are we ging t be?” asks teacher Kawehnkwiisthe, whse name in English means “She makes the island beautiful.”
Kawehnkwiisthe turns t her yung pupils and states that they are wise, r age 5, Mhawk is the medium f educatin fr students in every class frm kindergarten t 8th grade. When a child asks a questin in English, Kawehnkwiisthe respnds in Mhawk.
Mst parents pay fr their children with a handmade quilt sld in August. The schl is run as a cperative, where parents d the cleaning alng with the students and the maintenance wrk. Students cme frm American and Canadian sides f the brder, but the schl has never accepted funds frm either gvernment, says Alvera Sargent, wh heads the nnprfit Friends f the Akwesasne Freedm Schl and is ne f the last first-language speakers f Mhawk.
That makes her indispensable, says Wayln Ck, frmer teacher and nw prject manager f the schl’s nnprfit arm. “We treasure ur first-language speakers,” he says. “We treasure them because they are s imprtant fr us t cntinue n ur language.”
9．What is the Ohén: tn Karihwatéhkwen abut?
A．A way f greeting.B．A way t start and end a day.
C．Deep respect fr the natural wrld.D．Old-fashined business practices.
10．What can be learned abut the schl?
A．It is headed by Wayln Ck currently.
B．It is self-gverned by the lcal cmmunity.
C．It accepts kids frm kindergarten t high schl.
D．It emplys bth English and Mhawk fr teaching.
【答案】9．C 10．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一所学校为了保护莫霍克语所付出的努力。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段“These wrds, which express appreciatin fr all life frms, mark the day’s start at the Akwesasne Freedm Schl. (这句表达对所有生命形式感激之情的话标志着阿克韦森自由学校一天的开始)”可知，Ohén: tn Karihwatéhkwen是关于对自然世界的深切尊重。故选C。
10．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The schl is run as a cperative, where parents d the cleaning alng with the students and the maintenance wrk. (学校是以合作社的形式经营的，家长和学生一起做清洁和维护工作)”可知，这所学校由当地社区自治。故选B。
题型02 语意猜测题

说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers t … 或what des the underlined wrd mean?或what is the meaning f the underlined wrd?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。
The ppularity f Durian Persnalities is als driven by the lnging fr depth and genuine emtin in mdern sciety. Psychlgical research shws that with increasing reliance n scial netwrks and instant messaging tls, shallw relatinships have made many lse patience and ability fr deep cmmunicatin. Hwever, Durian Persnalities ffer a cure: Its “unapprachability” becmes a filtering mechanism, aviding frivlus scial interactins and encuraging deeper engagement in valuable interpersnal cnnectins.
15．What des the underlined wrd “frivlus” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Regular.B．Unnecessary.C．Nnprfitable.D．Time-cnsuming.
【答案】 15．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是“榴莲人格”以及其性格特点。
15．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Durian Persnalities ffer a cure: Its “unapprachability” becmes a filtering mechanism, aviding(榴莲人格提供了一种治疗方法：它的“不可接近性”变成了一种过滤机制，避免……)”以及后文“scial interactins and encuraging deeper engagement in valuable interpersnal cnnectins.(……社交互动，鼓励更深入地参与有价值的人际关系)”可知，榴莲人格的“不可接近性”变成了一种过滤机制，避免了不必要的社交互动，鼓励更深入地参与有价值的人际关系。故划线词意思是“不必要的”。故选B。
Dr Katy Tam at the University f Trnt Scarbrugh said bredm was clsely linked t attentin. “We feel bred when there’s a gap between hw engaged we are and hw engaged we want t be,” she said. “When peple keep switching thrugh vides, they becme less engaged with the vides and they are lking fr smething mre interesting. This can lead t increased feelings f bredm.”
The results appear t chime with ther studies: as the team ntes, previus research has suggested that while bredm relief is a driver fr peple t use scial media r smartphnes, the use f such technlgy appears t make the feeling wrse.
30．What des the underlined phrase “chime with” mean in Paragraph 3?
A．agree withB．cmpare withC．cntrast withD．disagree with
【答案】 30．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了多伦多斯卡伯勒大学的研究人员关于人们浏览视频的研究，研究表明不断切换视频或在同一视频中前后跳跃实际上会让人们感到更无聊。
30．词句猜测题。根据前文“When peple keep switching thrugh vides, they becme less engaged with the vides and they are lking fr smething mre interesting. This can lead t increased feelings f bredm.(当人们不停地切换视频时，他们对视频的参与度就会降低，他们会寻找更有趣的东西。这可能会增加无聊感)”以及后文“as the team ntes, previus research has suggested that while bredm relief is a driver fr peple t use scial media r smartphnes, the use f such technlgy appears t make the feeling wrse.(正如研究小组指出的那样，之前的研究表明，尽管缓解无聊是人们使用社交媒体或智能手机的一个动力，但使用这些技术似乎会让感觉更糟)”可知，之前的研究和现在的研究结果一样，推知chime with是“以……一致，同意”之意，和A项意思相近。故选A项。
Yur wn experience f revising fr exams might tell yu that sessins f uninterrupted cncentratin can help yu t better remember key pieces f infrmatin. Indeed, many students will engage in intensive revisin just befre a test — in the belief that essential subject facts and figures will be memrized ready fr exam day.
Hwever, this cmmnly held wisdm has been cntradicted by an bservatin made in a psychlgical study. Nw knwn as the Zeigarnik effect, it was fund that interruptin during a task that requires fcus can in fact imprve a persn’s ability t remember it afterwards.
49．What des the underlined phrase “this cmmnly held wisdm” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A．Remembering essential subject facts guarantees success in exams.
B．Interruptin n memry prcessing generates unexpected results.
C．Uninterrupted cncentratin cntributes t effective revisin.
D．Revisin with full cncentratin bsts lng-term memry.
【答案】49．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了心理学家Bluma Zeigarnik在1927年观察到的中断对记忆处理的影响，并将其命名为Zeigarnik效应。文章详细解释了这一效应的发现过程、实验结果以及在实际记忆中的应用。
49．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段中“Yur wn experience f revising fr exams might tell yu that sessins f uninterrupted cncentratin can help yu t better remember key pieces f infrmatin. (你自己复习考试的经验可能会告诉你，不间断的集中注意力可以帮助你更好地记住关键信息。)”以及第二段首句“Hwever, this cmmnly held wisdm has been cntradicted by an bservatin made in a psychlgical study.(然而，this cmmnly held wisdm却被一项心理学研究的观察结果所反驳)”中的“this cmmnly held wisdm”指的就是前文中提到的“不间断的专注有助于有效复习”的观点。因此，选项C“Uninterrupted cncentratin cntributes t effective revisin(不间断的专注有助于有效复习)”符合题意。故选C。
题型03 判断推理题

推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一, 包括判断和推理两个方面，属于主观题, 是阅读理解中层次较高的题目, 因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 做出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。
推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。
这类题目常见的设问方式有：
1. What was the authr’s attitude twards
2. The passage is intended t ...
3. The authr suggests that ...
4. The stry implies that…
5. Which pint f view may the authr agree t?
6. Frm the passage we can cnclude that...
7. The purpse f the passage is t...。
解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。
Researchers frm Sun Yat-sen University shared their findings in Internatinal Envirnment that micrplastics (微塑料) can make hair lss wrse by hurting the skin’s prtective barriers thrugh a prcess called xidative stress (氧化应激).
Micrplastics are very small pieces f plastic, smaller than 5 millimeters. They cme frm bigger plastic items breaking dwn, like shpping bags, take-ut cntainers, and drink bttles. These tiny bits can get int water, sil and air and they can mve up the fd chain and depsit in ur bdy.
The result f the first study shws when micrplastics are tested in living animals, they can create xidative stress and stp certain prteins frm wrking prperly. This can hurt the skin and the parts f the hair fllicles where hair grws, finally leading t hair falling ut.
In the secnd study, researchers explred hw new and aged micrplastics affect the skin and hair in mice. They gave mice water with these micrplastics fr tw mnths t see what wuld happen t their hair. After just ne day, researchers culd see that the micrplastics had mved thrugh the mice’s stmachs, gt int their bld and ended up in their hair. After tw mnths, the mice that drank water with aged micrplastics had mre damaged skin and falling hair than thse with new micrplastics. But further experiments are needed t decide whether aged micrplastics are mre harmful.
“Ntably, in daily life micrplastics can be fund in bttled water, clthes we wear, and even the air we breathe. It is estimated that a persn cnsumes apprximately 5 grams f micr-plastic particles per week n average,” said research leader Wang Xusheng.
17．Hw des the authr develp paragraph 2?
A．By qutatin.B．By listing numbers.
C．By cmparisn.D．By giving a definitin.
18．What can be inferred frm paragraph 3&4?
A．Micrplastics are absrbed thrugh many rgans.
B．Micrplastics finally depsit in the mice’s stmachs.
C．Researchers will carry ut further experiments n human beings.
D．New and aged micrplastics affect the mice t the same extent in the first study.
19．What is Wang Xusheng’s attitude twards micrplastics in daily life?
A．Indifferent.B．Objective.C．Cncerned.D．Skeptical.
20．Why des the authr write the passage?
A．T stress n the imprtance f hair prtectin.
B．T intrduce sme new findings f micrplastics.
C．T call fr urgent actin n plastic ban wrldwide.
D．T warn readers the danger f micrplastics in daily life.
【答案】17．D 18．A 19．C 20．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了微塑料通过氧化应激损害皮肤屏障，加重脱发的研究发现。
17．推理判断题。由文章第二段“Micrplastics are very small pieces f plastic, smaller than 5 millimeters. They cme frm bigger plastic items breaking dwn, like shpping bags, take-ut cntainers, and drink bttles. These tiny bits can get int water, sil and air and they can mve up the fd chain and depsit in ur bdy. (微塑料是非常小的塑料片，小于5毫米。它们来自于大型塑料物品的分解，比如购物袋、外卖容器和饮料瓶。这些微小的颗粒可以进入水、土壤和空气，它们可以沿着食物链向上移动，并沉积在我们的体内)”可知，作者通过下定义的方式解释了微塑料是什么。故选D。
18．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“After just ne day, researchers culd see that the micrplastics had mved thrugh the mice’s stmachs, gt int their bld and ended up in their hair. After tw mnths, the mice that drank water with aged micrplastics had mre damaged skin and falling hair than thse with new micrplastics. (仅仅一天之后，研究人员就可以看到微塑料已经穿过老鼠的胃，进入它们的血液，最后进入它们的头发)”可以推断，微塑料通过多个器官被吸收。故选A。
19．推理判断题。由文章最后一段““Ntably, in daily life micrplastics can be fund in bttled water, clthes we wear, and even the air we breathe. It is estimated that a persn cnsumes apprximately 5 grams f micr-plastic particles per week n average,” said research leader Wang Xusheng. (“值得注意的是，在日常生活中，瓶装水、我们穿的衣服、甚至我们呼吸的空气中都含有微塑料。据估计，一个人平均每周摄入约5克塑料微粒，”研究负责人王旭生说)”可知，王旭生提到日常生活中的微塑料问题时，表达了对微塑料广泛存在及其潜在危害的关注和担心。故选C。
20．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Researchers frm Sun Yat-sen University shared their findings in Internatinal Envirnment that micrplastics (微塑料) can make hair lss wrse by hurting the skin’s prtective barriers thrugh a prcess called xidative stress (氧化应激). (中山大学的研究人员在《国际环境》杂志上分享了他们的研究发现，即微塑料可以通过一个称为氧化应激的过程损伤皮肤的保护屏障，从而加剧脱发)”可知，文章主要介绍了中山大学研究人员的研究发现，即微塑料可以通过氧化应激过程伤害皮肤的保护屏障，从而加剧脱发。因此推知，文章的主要目的是介绍微塑料的一些新发现。故选B。
题型04 主旨大意题

说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks abut ____. What is the main idea f the passage?为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks abut …
答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。
The brain is prtected by shck-absrbing fluid and, utside that, the skull. In a cncussin (脑震荡), the brain bunces arund in the skull, accelerating, decelerating r revlving. This creates a series f impacts. The neurns (神经元) in the brain are disturbed, and between thse neurns, the axns - thin fibers that transmit electrical impulses–stretch r break. Inside the brain, it’s like an earthquake that has happened. Everything is still standing, but there are cracks in the rads and in building fundatins.
This extremely small damage has big cnsequences. But decades ag, the public had a “walk it ff” attitude twards cncussins. That’s changed, thanks in part t an increased awareness abut the lng-term effects. The 2015 film “Cncussin” tells the true stry f Dr Bennet Omalu, a frensic pathlgist studying chrnic traumatic encephalpathy (CTE), a brain disrder caused by repeated head injuries.
Until recently, the dark-rm treatment was the standard prescribed by mst dctrs, invlving patients resting in darkness and withut any mental stimulatin, until their symptms eased ff. This suggestin came ut f studies in the 1990s and early 2000s that fund when athletes with cncussins cntinued with high levels f activity, they recvered mre slwly than thse wh rested.
But peple wh spend mre time in a dark rm-smetimes called “ccning”-are als mre likely t experience anxiety, depressin and sleep prblems. Their bdies get weaker due t underuse, as well.
“Science and research have evlved ver the past decade, shwing that when yu stp ding activity altgether, that actually affects yur recvery prcess,” says Babul, a sprts-injury specialist. The active-rest apprach t cncussin recvery prmtes a slw increase in activity, starting with a day r tw f light daily mvement, and gradually adding activity, building t a full return t nrmal, unrestricted activity.
“Peple wh fllw the right guidance and management tend t recver uneventfully, and thse wh dn’t and cntinue t d their activities cntinue t tax their brain and are likely t have lng-term, persisting symptms,” Babul says. “The key is t recgnize it immediately and knw what t d.”
41．What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A．The wrkings f cncussin.B．The causes f cncussin.
C．The symptms f cncussin.D．The effects f cncussin.
44．What is the best title f the text?
A．Frm Inactin t Actin: Cncussin Shcks.B．Frm Darkness t Light: Cncussin Recvery.
C．Frm Outside t Inside: Cncussin Treatment.D．Frm Nthing t Smething: Cncussin Study.
【答案】41．A 44．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了脑震荡的研究和治疗方法的探讨，即从传统的黑暗治疗方法转向更积极的恢复策略。
41．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The brain is prtected by shck-absrbing fluid and, utside that, the skull. In a cncussin (脑震荡), the brain bunces arund in the skull, accelerating, decelerating r revlving. This creates a series f impacts. The neurns (神经元) in the brain are disturbed, and between thse neurns, the axns - thin fibers that transmit electrical impulses–stretch r break. Inside the brain, it’s like an earthquake that has happened. Everything is still standing, but there are cracks in the rads and in building fundatins.(大脑是由吸震液保护的，在吸震液之外，还有头骨。在脑震荡中，大脑在头骨中反弹，加速，减速或旋转。这产生了一系列的影响。大脑中的神经元受到干扰，在这些神经元之间，轴突——传输电脉冲
的细纤维——伸展或断裂。在大脑内部，就像发生了一场地震。一切都还在，但道路和建筑地基上有裂缝。)”可知，第一段的主要讲的是脑震荡的机制，包括脑部在颅骨内的运动及其对神经元的影响。故选A项。
44．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段““Peple wh fllw the right guidance and management tend t recver uneventfully, and thse wh dn’t and cntinue t d their activities cntinue t tax their brain and are likely t have lng-term, persisting symptms,” Babul says. “The key is t recgnize it immediately and knw what t d.”(Babul说：“遵循正确指导和管理的人往往会平静地康复，而那些不遵循正确指导和管理的人则会继续进行活动，继续给大脑带来负担，并可能出现长期持续的症状。”“关键是要立即意识到这一点，并知道该怎么做。”)”可知，文章主要讲的是脑震荡的研究和治疗方法的探讨，即从传统的黑暗治疗方法转向更积极的恢复策略。故这篇文章最好的标题是“从黑暗到光明：脑震荡的康复”。故选B项。
题型01 细节理解题
（2025年浦东新区一模）
In scilgy, cnsumptin is abut s much mre than just taking in r using up resurces. Humans cnsume t survive, f curse, but in tday’s wrld, we als cnsume t entertain and amuse urselves, and as a way t share time and experiences with thers. We cnsume nt nly material gds but als services, experiences, infrmatin, and cultural prducts. Cnsumptin tday is a central rganizing principle f scial life.
Scilgists recgnize that many aspects f ur daily lives are structured by cnsumptin. In fact, Plish scilgist Zygmunt Bauman wrte in the bk Cnsuming Life that Western scieties are n lnger rganized arund the act f prductin, but instead, arund cnsumptin. This transitin began in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, after which mst prductin jbs were mved verseas, and ur ecnmy shifted t retail and the prvisin f services and infrmatin.
43.What was the change in the United States in the mid-twentieth century?
A. A shift t lcal prductin.B. A grwth f verseas cnsumptin.
C. A fcus n retail and services.D. A decline in the value f cnsumptin.
【答案】43. C
【43 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句 “This transitin began in the United States in the mid - twentieth century, after which mst prductin jbs were mved verseas, and ur ecnmy shifted t retail and the prvisin f services and infrmatin.” 可知，20 世纪中叶美国发生的变化是经济转向零售和服务及信息提供，故选 C。
（2025年浦东新区一模）
In scilgy, cnsumptin is abut s much mre than just taking in r using up resurces. Humans cnsume t survive, f curse, but in tday’s wrld, we als cnsume t entertain and amuse urselves, and as a way t share time and experiences with thers. We cnsume nt nly material gds but als services, experiences, infrmatin, and cultural prducts. Cnsumptin tday is a central rganizing principle f scial life.
Scilgists recgnize that many aspects f ur daily lives are structured by cnsumptin. In fact, Plish scilgist Zygmunt Bauman wrte in the bk Cnsuming Life that Western scieties are n lnger rganized arund the act f prductin, but instead, arund cnsumptin. This transitin began in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, after which mst prductin jbs were mved verseas, and ur ecnmy shifted t retail and the prvisin f services and infrmatin.
43.What was the change in the United States in the mid-twentieth century?
A. A shift t lcal prductin.B. A grwth f verseas cnsumptin.
C. A fcus n retail and services.D. A decline in the value f cnsumptin.
【答案】43. C
【43 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句 “This transitin began in the United States in the mid - twentieth century, after which mst prductin jbs were mved verseas, and ur ecnmy shifted t retail and the prvisin f services and infrmatin.” 可知，20 世纪中叶美国发生的变化是经济转向零售和服务及信息提供，故选 C。
（2025年闵行一模）
The cnversatinal tne f an AI chatbt r vice-based assistant is a gd way t learn new cncepts, but it may actually make us mre willing t believe inaccuracies, cmpared with infrmatin presented in a static（静态的） article.
T investigate this issue, Snja Utz frm Germany asked 1,200 participants t engage with ne f three frmats. The first invlved text appearing letter by letter in the style f a large mdel, similar t ChatGPT; the secnd prvided infrmatin thrugh a vice-based device; and the third was a static, text-based cpy f cntent.
43. What was the main fcus f Snja Utz's study?
A. Features f AI chatbts r vice-based assistants.
B. Peple's preference fr infrmatin surces.
C. Why static articles differ frm cnversatinal cntent.
D. Hw text frmats influence infrmatin trustwrthiness.
【答案】43. D
【43 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段 “The cnversatinal tne f an AI chatbt r vice - based assistant is a gd way t learn new cncepts, but it may actually make us mre willing t believe inaccuracies, cmpared with infrmatin presented in a static（静态的） article.” 以及第二段 “T investigate this issue, Snja Utz frm Germany asked 1,200 participants t engage with ne f three frmats.” 可知，Snja Utz 的研究主要关注文本格式如何影响人们对信息可信度的判断，即文本格式如何影响信息的可信赖度，答案选 D。
题型02 语意猜测题
（2025年嘉定一模）
The simplicity f the fndant - a single-serving dessert with a mlten cre - belies its cmplexity. Achieving the perfect texture and ensuring the center flws at the exact mment f cutting are the challenges that nly a skilled chef can cnsistently cnquer. There's an element f anticipatin built int the experience: will the warm chclate flw r remain disappintingly slid?
44. What des the wrd “belies” (paragraph 4) mst prbably mean?
A. Reveals.B. Defines.C. Masks.D. Explains.
【答案】 44. C
【44题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Achieving the perfect texture and ensuring the center flws at the exact mment f cutting are the challenges that nly a skilled chef can cnsistently cnquer. (实现完美的质地，并确保中心流动在切割的确切时刻是一个挑战，只有一个熟练的厨师可以不断克服。)”以及上文“The simplicity f the fndant - a single-serving dessert with a mlten cre (方旦糖的简单性——是一种单份的甜点，它的核心是熔化的)”可知，方旦糖的简单性掩盖了其内在的复杂性。故划线词意思是“掩盖”。故选C。
（2025年虹口一模）
But trade-ffs exist. Given peple’s anxiety abut math and level f mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when cmmunicating these kinds f details. In past research, it was fund that peple find numbers helpful, s lng as there aren’t t many f them. N hard-and-fast rule suggests hw many is t many-it depends n the cmplexity f the tpic, peple’s familiarity with the subject and their verall numeracy. Cmmunicatrs therefre need t knw and attend t their audience: if a speaker sees smene lking bred, fr example, it’s a sign t back ff n the numbers.
44. Which f the fllwing best fits the descriptin f “trade-ffs” (paragraph 4)?
A. Numbers cause difficulties in understanding the matter.
B. Peple find the subject being talked abut unfamiliar.
C. It takes time t cnfirm the precisin f all numbers.
D. Peple tend t hld mre debates abut the tpic
【答案】44. A
【44题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第四段中“But trade-ffs exist. Given peple’s anxiety abut math and level f mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when cmmunicating these kinds f details.(但存在trade-ffs。考虑到人们对数学的焦虑和数学能力水平，在传达这类细节时存在一个上限)”可知，由于人们的数学焦虑和数学能力水平，会导致存在理解上的困难或限制。trade-ffs指的就是在使用数字进行传播时，由于人们的数学焦虑和数学能力水平，数字会在理解问题上造成了困难。故选A项。
题型03 判断推理题
（2025年徐汇一模）
Mst taxi drivers need a smartphne t get t their destinatins. But sharks, it seems, need nthing mre than their wn bdies — and Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. A new study suggests sme sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it t travel lng distances with accuracy.
Since the 1970s, researchers have suspected that sme fish can detect magnetic fields. But n ne had shwn that sharks use the fields t find their lcatin r navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t s easy t wrk with. It’s ne thing if yu have a small fish, r a baby sea turtle, but when yu wrk with sharks, yu have t upscale everything.
【答案】43. C
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“But n ne had shwn that sharks use the fields t find their lcatin r navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t s easy t wrk with. It’s ne thing if yu have a small fish, r a baby sea turtle, but when yu wrk with sharks, yu have t upscale everything.(但没有人能证明鲨鱼利用磁场来找到它们的位置或导航，部分原因是这些动物不太容易研究。如果只是小鱼或小海龟还好，但和鲨鱼一起工作时，你必须放大一切)”可知，研究人员很难证明鲨鱼可以读取地球磁场是因为鲨鱼太大，很难在实验室环境中研究。故选C。
（2025年杨浦一模）
Neurdiversity is a term that refers t the natural range f differences in peple’s brains. The neurdiversity mvement says that the brains that wander frm the average within that range shuldn’t be dismissed as insufficient autmatically. The term dates back t the autism (自闭症) cmmunity in the 1990s, thugh it’s nw applied t all srts f mental differences. In the past, “autism was widely seen as an individual medical tragedy,” says Rbert Chapman, a neurdivergent (脑功能异于常人的) philspher with autism, “The nly hpe fr autistic peple and ur families, it was thught, was that we wuld ne day be fixed thrugh behaviral r bimedical interventin.”
Crucially, the neurdiversity mvement allws neurdivergent peple t transfrm their thinking abut themselves. “The dminant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me smehw tragic, brken, and in need f fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 bk. “This was why I fund discvering neurdiversity mvement, which ffered a different analysis, s liberating.”
45. What can be inferred abut Rbert Chapman?
A. He believes being autistic is a life-lng tragedy.
B. He has been fixed thrugh bi-medical interventin.
C. He is bthered by the negative narrative surrunding autism.
D. He thinks autistic peple can be liberated frm the mvement.
46. The main purpse f the article is t ______.
A. intrduce the effective treatment methds fr autism
B. explain the histry and significance f the neurdiversity mvement
C. argue fr the necessity f prmting the neurdiversity mvement
D. criticize the wrng fcus f research in understanding autism
【答案】 45. C 46. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经多样性这一概念及其对于自闭症等神经差异群体的意义和影响。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Crucially, the neurdiversity mvement allws neurdivergent peple t transfrm their thinking abut themselves. “The dminant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me smehw tragic, brken, and in need f fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 bk. “This was why I fund discvering neurdiversity mvement, which ffered a different analysis, s liberating.”(至关重要的是，神经多样性运动允许神经发散的人改变他们对自己的看法。Chapman在他2023年出版的书中写道：“主流的医学叙事认为，自闭症让我在某种程度上变得悲惨、破碎，需要修复。”“这就是我发现神经多样性运动如此令人解放的原因，它提供了一种不同的分析视角。”)”可推知，Rbert Chapman被自闭症周围的负面叙述所困扰。故选C项。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Neurdiversity is a term that refers t the natural range f differences in peple’s brains. The neurdiversity mvement says that the brains that wander frm the average within that range shuldn’t be dismissed as insufficient autmatically.(神经多样性是一个术语，指的是人类大脑的自然差异范围。神经多样性运动表示，在这个范围内偏离平均水平的大脑不应该被自动视为不充分)”可知，这句话引出神经多样性这一话题，接下来文章围绕神经多样性运动展开，解释了其历史、意义和影响。由此推知，文章的主要目的是解释神经多样性运动的历史和意义。故选B项。
题型04 主旨大意题
（2025年静安一模）
Abut 150 years after his death, questins appeared abut the authrship f William Shakespeare’s plays. Schlars and literary critics began t flat names like Christpher Marlwe, Edward de Vere and Francis Bacn - men f mre knwn backgrunds, literary recgnitin, r inspiratin - as the true authrs f the plays. Much f this came frm the incmplete recrd f Shakespeare’s life and the lack f eye-witness surces. Official files frm the Hly Trinity Church and the Stratfrd gvernment recrd the existence f a William Shakespeare, but nne bears the statements like him being an actr r playwright (剧作家).
46. The passage is mainly abut ________.
A. ways t determine the real authr f classic literary wrks
B. the fights between Shakespeare’s supprters and his ppnents
C. dubts and prfs abut the authrship f Shakespeare’s plays
D. the criticism n Shakespeare’s plays and their values
【答案】 46. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于莎士比亚戏剧作者身份的争议，怀疑者质疑其行踪、身份记录和教育背景，但大多数学者认为莎士比亚是其作品的真正作者，并通过历史证据支持这一观点。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Abut 150 years after his death, questins appeared abut the authrship f William Shakespeare’s plays. (大约在他死后150年，关于威廉·莎士比亚戏剧的作者的问题出现了。)”和第四段中“Hwever, the vast majrity f Shakespearean schlars argue that William Shakespeare wrte all his wn plays. (然而，绝大多数研究莎士比亚的学者认为威廉·莎士比亚所有的戏剧都是他自己写的。)”可知，文章主要介绍了关于莎士比亚戏剧作者身份的争议，怀疑者质疑其行踪、身份记录和教育背景，但大多数学者认为莎士比亚是其作品的真正作者，并通过历史证据支持这一观点。因此，文章主要是展现关于莎士比亚戏剧作者的怀疑和证据。故选C项。
（2025年奉贤一模）
Fr the first time, scientists have bserved the brain thrughut the pregnancy (怀孕) timeline. Sex hrmnes, like estrgen and teststerne, are pwerful players in the brain, affecting md, memry, and mre. Sme f the mst dramatic hrmnal changes that humans experience happen during pregnancy, and yet thse nine mnths have been a black bx fr human neurscience until nw.
A new study published this week in Nature Neurscience prvides the mst extensive lk inside that black bx yet. Researchers scanned the brain f ne wman 26 times ver the entire curse f her pregnancy — befre, during and after. Brain scans shw that tracks f white matter get strnger during pregnancy. Previus brain imaging studies frm befre and after pregnancy have shwn that pregnancy shrinks (缩小) parts f the brain, specifically its gray matter. These uter layers f the brain are respnsible fr mst f sensatin, learning and ther great things the brain des.
43. The passage mainly tells us ________.
A. hw pregnancy impacts wmen’s memryB. hw brain scans lead t a breakthrugh
C. hw puberty differs frm pregnancyD. hw brain changes during pregnancy
【答案】43. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了怀孕期间大脑的变化。
【43题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Fr the first time, scientists have bserved the brain thrughut the pregnancy (怀孕) timeline.(科学家们首次在整个怀孕时间线上观察了大脑)”、第二段“Previus brain imaging studies frm befre and after pregnancy have shwn that pregnancy shrinks (缩小) parts f the brain, specifically its gray matter. These uter layers f the brain are respnsible fr mst f sensatin, learning and ther great things the brain des.(之前对怀孕前后的脑成像研究表明，怀孕会缩小大脑的某些部位，特别是灰质。大脑的这些外层负责大脑的大部分感觉、学习和其他伟大的事情)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了怀孕期间大脑的变化。故选D。
A
（2025年崇明一模）
The Pulitzers are American awards given within the United States fr utstanding achievement in jurnalism as well as bks, drama and music. Under these headings, there are 22 categries including nline jurnalism, newspaper reprting, fictin, histry, music, drama, petry, phtgraphy and mre. Recipients can be a news rganizatin, an individual r a grup f peple.
Each f the first 21 winners receives a $15,000 cash prize and a certificate. The twenty-secnd prize, hwever, is the Public Service Prize, which is always given t a news agency. Instead f cash, the news rganizatin receives the Pulitzer Gld Medal. The name f the year’s winner is n ne side f the cin and the year is n the ther. All winners are hnred and awarded their prizes at an annual lunch party. The event takes place at Clumbia University, which was riginally tasked with administering the award, and usually ccurs in May.
If it hadn’t been fr a Hungarian-American named Jseph Pulitzer, the awards wuld never have cme int existence. Pulitzer was brn int a wealthy family in Hungary in 1847. He made his way t America and built a career in jurnalism. He develped a reputatin as an ambitius and energetic yung jurnalist. By 1872 Pulitzer had becme a publisher, and six years later he wned a newspaper cmpany. In 1883 he purchased yet anther newspaper. He became knwn as smene wh was nt afraid t take a public stand against crruptin (腐败).
After a successful career in jurnalism, seven years befre his death, Pulitzer wrte a will, leaving $2,000,000 t Clumbia University. The mney was t establish a schl f jurnalism at Clumbia and a set f awards. Pulitzer’s desire was t raise the standards f jurnalism. He hped the prize wuld act as a stimulus fr jurnalists t wrk fr excellence — then and int the future.
Faithfully fllwing Pulitzer’s instructins, Clumbia University awarded the very first Pulitzer Prizes in 1917. Tday these awards are cnsidered sme f the mst distinguished prizes in America.
36. What can be knwn abut the Pulitzers?
A.Their recipients all get cash prizes. B. There are 21 winners each year.
C. They are awarded wrldwide.D. They g beynd jurnalism.
37. It can be inferred frm the passage that Jseph Pulitzer _____.
A. was humrus and curageus B. was raised up in a jurnalist’s family
C. had a strng sense f justice D. sught a gal f prducing wealth
38. Pulitzer established the prizes mainly t _____.
A. facilitate better jurnalismB. diversify ways f access t jurnalism
C. supprt Clumbia University D. stimulate peple t becme jurnalists
39. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the passage?
A. Pulitzer Prizes: Jseph Pulitzer’s Lifetime Ambitin
B. Pulitzer Prizes: Sme f America’s Greatest Hnrs
C. Pulitzer Prizes: Awards fr Distinguished Jurnalists
D. Pulitzer Prizes: Annual Events at Clumbia University
【答案】36. D 37. C 38. A 39. B
【导读】
本文介绍了普利策奖，它是美国在新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域颁发的奖项，涵盖 22 个类别。获奖者包括新闻机构、个人或团体，除公共服务奖外，其他 21 个奖项的获得者可获现金奖励和证书。该奖由匈牙利裔美国人约瑟夫・普利策设立，他在新闻领域取得成功后，留下 200 万美元给哥伦比亚大学，用于建立新闻学院和设立奖项，以提高新闻行业标准。1917 年，哥伦比亚大学首次颁发普利策奖，如今该奖已成为美国最杰出的奖项之一。
【解析】
36. 细节理解题：
根据第一段 “The Pulitzers are American awards given within the United States fr utstanding achievement in jurnalism as well as bks, drama and music. Under these headings, there are 22 categries including nline jurnalism, newspaper reprting, fictin, histry, music, drama, petry, phtgraphy and mre.” 可知，普利策奖不仅涉及新闻领域，还包括书籍、戏剧、音乐等多个领域，D 选项 “它们超越了新闻领域” 正确。
A 选项，公共服务奖获得者获得的是普利策金牌而非现金奖励，所以 A 选项错误；B 选项，每年有 22 个奖项，而不是 21 个获奖者，所以 B 选项错误；C 选项，普利策奖是在美国国内颁发，并非全球范围，所以 C 选项错误。所以答案是 D。
37. 推理判断题：
由第三段 “He became knwn as smene wh was nt afraid t take a public stand against crruptin (腐败).” 可知，约瑟夫・普利策敢于公开反对腐败，这表明他有强烈的正义感，C 选项正确。
A 选项，文中未提及他幽默；B 选项，他出生于匈牙利的富裕家庭，并非新闻工作者家庭；D 选项，他设立奖项的目的是提高新闻行业标准，而非追求财富，所以 A、B、D 选项错误。所以答案是 C。
38. 细节理解题：
根据第四段 “Pulitzer’s desire was t raise the standards f jurnalism. He hped the prize wuld act as a stimulus fr jurnalists t wrk fr excellence — then and int the future.” 可知，普利策设立奖项主要是为了促进更好的新闻工作，提高新闻行业标准，A 选项正确。
B 选项 “使进入新闻行业的方式多样化”，文中未提及；C 选项 “支持哥伦比亚大学”，设立奖项的主要目的不是支持大学，而是提高新闻标准；D 选项 “激励人们成为记者”，重点是激励记者追求卓越，而非激励人们成为记者，所以 B、C、D 选项错误。所以答案是 A。
39. 主旨大意题：
文章介绍了普利策奖的设立背景、涵盖领域、奖项设置以及其意义，如今普利策奖被认为是美国最杰出的奖项之一，B 选项 “普利策奖：美国一些最伟大的荣誉” 能全面概括文章内容，正确。
A 选项 “普利策奖：约瑟夫・普利策的毕生抱负”，文章不仅仅围绕他的抱负展开；C 选项 “普利策奖：杰出记者的奖项”，普利策奖不仅针对记者，还涉及其他领域；D 选项 “普利策奖：哥伦比亚大学的年度活动”，这只是普利策奖颁奖的地点和形式，不能概括全文，所以 A、C、D 选项错误。所以答案是 B。
【重点词块】
utstanding achievement 杰出成就
recipient 接受者
news agency 新闻机构
administer the award 管理奖项
take a public stand against 公开反对
write a will 立遗嘱
raise the standards f 提高…… 的标准
act as a stimulus 起到激励作用
【复杂句式】
1. The Pulitzers are American awards given within the United States fr utstanding achievement in jurnalism as well as bks, drama and music.”
分析：句子主干是 “The Pulitzers are American awards”，“given within the United States fr utstanding achievement in jurnalism as well as bks, drama and music” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “awards”，说明普利策奖是在美国国内为新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域杰出成就而设立的奖项。
翻译：普利策奖是在美国国内颁发的美国奖项，旨在表彰新闻、书籍、戏剧和音乐等领域的杰出成就。
2. “The twenty - secnd prize, hwever, is the Public Service Prize, which is always given t a news agency. Instead f cash, the news rganizatin receives the Pulitzer Gld Medal.”
分析：第一句是主从复合句，“The twenty - secnd prize, hwever, is the Public Service Prize” 是主句，“which is always given t a news agency” 是非限制性定语从句，对 “the Public Service Prize” 进行补充说明。第二句是简单句，“Instead f cash” 是状语，表明不是获得现金。
翻译：然而，第 22 个奖项是公共服务奖，该奖总是授予一家新闻机构。新闻机构获得的不是现金，而是普利策金牌。
3. “If it hadn’t been fr a Hungarian - American named Jseph Pulitzer, the awards wuld never have cme int existence.”
分析：这是一个虚拟条件句，“If it hadn’t been fr...” 是对过去情况的虚拟，意思是 “如果不是……”，表示一种假设的情况，主句 “the awards wuld never have cme int existence” 使用了与过去事实相反的虚拟语气结构 “wuld + have + 过去分词”。
翻译：如果不是因为一位名叫约瑟夫・普利策的匈牙利裔美国人，这些奖项就永远不会存在。
4. “Pulitzer’s desire was t raise the standards f jurnalism. He hped the prize wuld act as a stimulus fr jurnalists t wrk fr excellence — then and int the future.”
分析：第一句是简单句，“t raise the standards f jurnalism” 是动词不定式作表语，说明普利策的愿望。第二句是主从复合句，“He hped” 是主句，“the prize wuld act as a stimulus fr jurnalists t wrk fr excellence — then and int the future” 是省略了引导词 “that” 的宾语从句，作 “hped” 的宾语，“t wrk fr excellence” 是动词不定式作目的状语，表明奖项对记者起到激励作用的目的。
翻译：普利策的愿望是提高新闻行业的标准。他希望这个奖项能激励记者们追求卓越 —— 无论是当时还是未来。
B
（2025年宝山一模）
If yu lve beautiful scenery, then head fr the natinal parks and mnuments f Utah. Begin yur trip in Arches Natinal Park. Depicted (描绘) as a wnderland, Arches has mre than 2,000 natural stne arches, the wrld's largest cncentratin. If yu'd like a challenge, try the Fiery Furnace hike. Yu must g with a park guide as the hike is a labyrinth (迷宫), with narrw rcks abve drp-ffs alng with gaps t pull yurself up and thrugh.
Nt far frm Arches lies Canyn lands Natinal Park. The mst accessible area f the park is the Island in the Sky, a huge mesa (台地). Take the drive arund the edge t get an amazing view f the surrunding area. Frm Grand View Pint, yu can take an easy tw-mile hike that fllws the edge f the mesa. It crsses a narrw pint f land arriving at ne f the mst beautiful viewpints in the wrld.
Farther t the nrth is Dinsaur Natinal Mnument. Yur first stp here shuld be the Quarry Exhibit Hall, where yu can see a natural stne wall cntaining abut 1,500 bnes frm dinsaurs that nce walked in this regin. After that, hike ne f the park's many trails. Alng sme f them, yu can see petrglyphs (岩画).These are designs and images that were carved int the stne walls by the Freemnt peple, wh lived in this area frm arund 200 A.D. t 1300 A.D. If yu wish t camp, stay vernight in the Split Muntain campgrund. During the evening, attend ne f the night sky prgrams that are held after dark in the camping area. As yu gaze up at the heavens, an expert will pint ut and discuss fascinating bjects in the night sky.
36. What des the article imply abut the Fiery Furnace hike?
A. It leads t ne f Utah's highest summits.
B. It requires very little effrt t cmplete.
C. It's ften clsed t prtect animals.
D. It has cmplicated bends and turns.
37. What des the expert prbably discuss during the prgram in the camping area?
A. All kinds f insect lifeB. Planets, mn and stars
C. Native bushes and flwersD. Interesting species f birds
38. In which publicatin wuld yu mst likely find this article?
A. Ppular Crafts and HbbiesB. American Literary Magazine
C. Tday's Guide t InvestingD. Outdr Recreatin Digest
答案 36. D 37. B 38. D
文章大意
文章是一篇旅游指南，介绍了犹他州的几个国家公园和纪念碑。首先推荐了拱门国家公园（Arches Natinal Park），其中有 2000 多个天然石拱，还提到了具有挑战性的 Fiery Furnace 徒步路线。接着介绍了离拱门国家公园不远的峡谷地国家公园（Canynlands Natinal Park），重点讲了其中比较容易到达的天空之岛（Island in the Sky）以及在那里可以欣赏到的美景。最后介绍了更北边的恐龙国家纪念碑（Dinsaur Natinal Mnument），包括其中的采石场展览厅（Quarry Exhibit Hall）、徒步路线上的岩画以及露营活动和夜间观星项目。
答案解析
36 题 答案：D
解析：文章对 Fiery Furnace 徒步路线的描述是 “a labyrinth (迷宫), with narrw rcks abve drp - ffs alng with gaps t pull yurself up and thrugh”，意思是这条路线像迷宫一样，有狭窄的岩石、落差以及需要攀爬通过的缝隙。这些描述表明路线有复杂的弯道和转折，所以答案是 D。A 选项文中没有提到这条路线通向犹他州最高的山峰；B 选项从对路线像迷宫一样的描述可以推断出它并不容易完成，需要一定的努力；C 选项文中没有提及为保护动物而关闭该路线的内容。
37 题 答案：B
解析：根据文章内容 “During the evening, attend ne f the night sky prgrams that are held after dark in the camping area. As yu gaze up at the heavens, an expert will pint ut and discuss fascinating bjects in the night sky.”，在露营地天黑后会有夜间观星项目，人们仰望天空时，专家会指出并讨论夜空中迷人的物体。所以可以推断专家讨论的应该是和天空有关的内容，选项中只有 B 选项 “行星、月亮和星星” 符合，A 选项昆虫、C 选项本土灌木和花卉、D 选项有趣的鸟类都与夜空中的物体无关。
38 题 答案：D
解析：文章主要内容是关于犹他州的国家公园和纪念碑，包括公园内的徒步路线、景点、露营等户外活动相关信息。A 选项《流行工艺与爱好》主要涉及手工制作和兴趣爱好方面的内容，与文章主题不符；B 选项《美国文学杂志》主要是文学作品相关内容；C 选项《今日投资指南》主要是关于投资的内容。只有 D 选项《户外休闲文摘》是关于户外休闲活动的刊物，所以答案是 D。
重点词块
natural stne arches：天然石拱
cncentratin：集中；聚集
labyrinth：迷宫
drp - ffs：落差；陡坡
accessible area：容易到达的区域
mesa：台地
viewpint：观点；视角；景点
petrglyphs：岩画
campgrund：露营地
night sky prgrams：夜空观测项目
复杂句式
1. “Depicted (描绘) as a wnderland, Arches has mre than 2,000 natural stne arches, the wrld's largest cncentratin.”
分析：这是一个简单句，“Depicted (描绘) as a wnderland” 是过去分词短语作状语，用来描述 Arches Natinal Park 的状态，相当于 “As it is depicted as a wnderland”；句子的主干是 “Arches has mre than 2,000 natural stne arches”，“the wrld's largest cncentratin” 是同位语，对 “mre than 2,000 natural stne arches” 进行补充说明。
翻译：拱门国家公园被描绘成一个仙境，拥有 2000 多个天然石拱，是世界上石拱最集中的地方。
2. “Yu must g with a park guide as the hike is a labyrinth (迷宫), with narrw rcks abve drp - ffs alng with gaps t pull yurself up and thrugh.”
分析：这是一个主从复合句，“Yu must g with a park guide” 是主句；“as the hike is a labyrinth (迷宫)” 是原因状语从句，说明需要和公园导游一起走的原因；“with narrw rcks abve drp - ffs alng with gaps t pull yurself up and thrugh” 是 “with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语” 结构，在句中作状语，对 “a labyrinth” 进行补充说明，其中 “t pull yurself up and thrugh” 是动词不定式作后置定语，修饰 “gaps”。
翻译：你必须和一个公园导游一起走，因为这条徒步路线是一个迷宫，有落差上方狭窄的岩石，还有供你攀爬通过的缝隙。
3. “These are designs and images that were carved int the stne walls by the Freemnt peple, wh lived in this area frm arund 200 A.D. t 1300 A.D.”
分析：这是一个主从复合句，“These are designs and images” 是主句；“that were carved int the stne walls by the Freemnt peple” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “designs and images”，说明这些设计和图像是由 Freemnt 人刻在石壁上的；“wh lived in this area frm arund 200 A.D. t 1300 A.D.” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “the Freemnt peple”，说明 Freemnt 人的居住时间。
翻译：这些是设计和图像，它们是由公元 200 年到 1300 年左右居住在这个地区的弗里蒙特人刻在石壁上的。
C
（2025年长宁一模）
Unemplyment is a significant prblem in many develping cuntries. Withut steady wrk, individuals struggle t rise ut f pverty, and the cmmunity as a whle als misses ut. Many unemplyed peple culd have dne much gd thrugh their labur if they had been given the pprtunity t cntribute. Wrse, withut pprtunities fr prper emplyment, yung peple smetimes turn t crime and vilence in rder t prvide fr themselves. Thus, giving peple pprtunities t wrk is essential fr the cmmunity’s well-being.
Educatin plays a vital rle in equipping peple fr certain jbs, but many yung peple find that even if they are qualified, the jbs are just nt there. This was the situatin that Rwandan entrepreneur (企业家) Nel Nizeyimana faced. When he graduated frm university with a degree in sil and envirnmental science, he sent ut applicatin after applicatin but received n jb ffers, s he turned t creating his wn business. With three f his clleagues, he funded Greencare Rwanda Ltd., a cmpany that transfrms waste int prducts that can be used fr varius purpses. Fr example, ne f the cmpany’s prgrams prcesses waste and turns it int rganic fertilizer used by lcal farmers. The cmpany has als expanded int plastic recycling and prduces paving materials frm sand and plastic. Thus, Greencare Rwanda is prviding materials fr ther industries as well.
Greencare Rwanda Ltd. was able t get ff the grund largely due t funds it received frm the UN Yuth Jint Prgramme. This prgram is an attempt t reach the UN’s sustainable develpment gal f “decent wrk and ecnmic grwth.” The assistance definitely helped Greencare, which nw prduces 400 tns f fertilizer and 2,560 square meters f paving materials per year. It als emplys 25 peple, which shws that helping peple start businesses prvides wrk fr mre than just the persn wh receives the funds.
All this raises the questin f what mre can be dne t empwer yung peple t start their wn businesses. Prviding funds t cver the initial csts, as the UN Yuth Jint Prgramme did fr Nizeyimana, is certainly imprtant as the starting csts fr businesses can be extremely high. Gvernments are smetimes hesitant t prvide funds t startups because success is nt guaranteed. Starting a business is risky, and nbdy wants t waste mney, but experts warn that gvernments shuld nt enfrce t many requirements. Different regins will need different appraches, s trying t enfrce a set f ne size fits all requirements can run cunter t the desire.
While there are ther ways t address unemplyment, encuraging yung business wners is ne f the mst effective — especially when thse businesses prduce gds that genuinely help lcal cmmunities.
43. What is paragraph 1 mainly abut?
A. The rle f the gvernment in creating jb pprtunities.
B. The imprtance f educatin fr reducing unemplyment rates.
C. The necessity f prviding wrk pprtunities t prevent crime.
D. The cnsequences f unemplyment n individuals and cmmunities.
44. Greencare Rwanda Ltd. is mentined in the passage t shw ________.
A. why setting gals fr the yuths is necessary
B. hw the supprt frm the UN prgramme wrks
C. internatinal funding’s success acrss all industries
D. difficulties yung graduates encunter in jb hunting
45. The phrase “run cunter t the desire” (paragraph 4) mst prbably refers t ________.
A. ppsing the general gal f supprting entrepreneurship
B. cnflicting with the hpe f diverse and regin-specific slutins
C. ging against the intentin f prviding equal pprtunities fr all
D. supprting the idea f sustainable develpment and ecnmic grwth
46. It can be inferred frm the passage that ________.
A. internatinal funding helps build successful mutual trade
B. educatin shulders an ultimate respnsibility in ne’s career
C. entrepreneurship eases jblessness and bsts cmmunity welfare
D. unemplyment is the primary cause f crime in develping cuntries
【答案】43. D 44. B 45. B 46. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在许多发展中国家，失业是一个严重的问题，并通过卢旺达的一个创业案例说明支持年轻人创业是帮助减少失业、解决社区问题的有效途径。
【43题详解】
主旨大意题 。根据文章第一段“Unemplyment is a significant prblem in many develping cuntries. Withut steady wrk, individuals struggle t rise ut f pverty, and the cmmunity as a whle als misses ut.(失业是许多发展中国家的一个重要问题。没有稳定的工作，个人难以摆脱贫困，整个社区也无法受益)”和“Wrse, withut pprtunities fr prper emplyment, yung peple smetimes turn t crime and vilence in rder t prvide fr themselves.(更糟糕的是，没有适当就业的机会，年轻人有时会为了养活自己而诉诸犯罪和暴力。)”可知，本段主要讨论失业对个人和社区的影响。故选D。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Greencare Rwanda Ltd. was able t get ff the grund largely due t funds it received frm the UN Yuth Jint Prgramme.(Greencare Rwanda Ltd. 能够起步，很大程度上是由于从联合国青年联合计划获得了资金支持)”可知，提到Greencare Rwanda Ltd. 是为了展示联合国项目的支持效果。故选B。
【45题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第四段“Different regins will need different appraches, s trying t enfrce a set f ne size fits all requirements can run cunter t the desire.(不同地区需要不同的方法，因此试图强加一套一刀切的要求可能run cunter t the desire)”可推知，强调不同地区需要不同的方法，此处“run cunter t the desire”指的是与希望采取多样化和地区特定解决方案的目标相矛盾。故选B。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“While there are ther ways t address unemplyment, encuraging yung business wners is ne f the mst effective — especially when thse businesses prduce gds that genuinely help lcal cmmunities.(虽然解决失业问题还有其他方法，但鼓励年轻企业主是最有效的方法之一，尤其是当这些企业生产的产品真正帮助了当地社区时)”可推测，创业可以缓解失业问题并促进社区福利。故选C。
D
（2025年金山一模）
Jennifer Blackburn is a 49-year-ld wh has fllwed decades f trying different diets and medicatins and finding little success. In late 2022 she started taking Ozempic, the diabetes (糖尿病) drug that has becme synnymus with celebrity weight lss. The effect is life-changing.
It’s been reprted that in the US, healthcare prviders wrte mre than nine millin prescriptins (处方) fr Ozempic and similar drugs during the last few mnths f 2022. Widespread as it is, there’s still mass cnfusin arund wh shuld take them, whether the ptential side effects are wrth it, and whether peple truly needing them can access and affrd the limited supply.
Accrding t WHO, mre than 890 millin adults were living with diagnsed besity in 2022. Their metablic hrmnes can be dysregulated, which means even if they diet and exercise, their bdies wn’t respnd. That’s where medicatin has been a game-changer.
Ozempic was apprved by the US FDA in 2017 fr the treatment f type 2 diabetes. Once the manufacturer, Nv Nrdisk, tapped int the drug’s added benefit f triggering substantial weight lss, it sn prduced several similar drugs. Fr mst peple, the dses need t cntinue indefinitely. Once smene stps taking the drug, his hunger signals can return t their baseline and the weight cmes back. Apart frm this dwnside, ther side effects include a range f digestive issues and a pssible risk f thughts f self-harm r even suicide. Besides, n ne can tell hw this use may play ut ver decades, r what side effects f rapid weight lss will mean in the lng run.
Despite all these, since lads f influencers have cheered their slimming successes n these drugs, it seems everybdy wants t try them. The heavy demand has led t shrtages. Thrughut 2023, peple with type 2 diabetes struggled t access Ozempic. Peridic shrtages are expected t cntinue in 2024, while thse wh can access these drugs face a significant financial cst. The cst is much t high t the vast majrity f Americans-a mnthly supply will set ne back mre than $1000.
Jennifer Blackburn has lst 16 kilgrams (and kept it ff). “I feel happier, mre cnfident.” says Black burn, “It’s abut much mre than size-it’s like the weight is lifted ff my shulders.” With such supprtive vices, the future f Ozempic remains unpredictable s far.
43. Which f the fllwing has the clsest meaning t the underlined phrase in paragraph 1?
A. be keen nB. be equivalent tC. be suitable frD. be familiar with
44. Why d peple withut diabetes still take Ozempic after knwing all its dwnsides?
A. Because they want t take it as a preventive measure against diabetes.
B. Because they are nt afraid f these yet unclear and uncertain side effects.
C. Because they are desperate t lse weight r they will develp ther health prblems.
D. Because they are tempted by the celebrities’ achieving such gd results after the use.
45. What can we infer frm Jennifer Blackburn’s wrds?
A. Besides lsing weight, she has als taken ff a huge mental burden.
B. She strngly recmmends Ozempic t thers due t her wn experiences.
C. Althugh supprting Ozempic herself, she is nt sure f this medicine’s future.
D. She is amng the celebrities wh have successfully lst weight by taking Ozempic.
46. This passage is written t ______.
A. explain Ozempic’s functins, ptential dwnsides and current supply situatins
B. suggest hw serius and cmmn the issue f besity is and hw t deal with it
C. persuade peple withut diabetes nt t further purchase the expensive Ozempic
D. illustrate Ozempic’s effectiveness with examples f celebrities and cmmn users
【答案】43. B 44. D 45. A 46. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一种治疗糖尿病的药物Ozempic因为可以让人减肥，导致需求激增，人们无视其副作用进行购买，导致真正的病人无力承担这种药物。
【43题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“The effect is life-changing.(其效果是改变生活)”以及最后一段“Jennifer Blackburn has lst 16 kilgrams (and kept it ff). “I feel happier, mre cnfident.” says Black burn, “It’s abut much mre than size-it’s like the weight is lifted ff my shulders.”(Jennifer Blackburn已经减掉了16公斤（并一直保持着）。“我感到更快乐，更自信。” Blackburn说：“这不仅仅是体型的问题——它就像卸下了我肩上的重担。”)”及倒数第二段“Despite all these, since lads f influencers have cheered their slimming successes n these drugs, it seems everybdy wants t try them.(尽管如此，由于许多网红都为他们服用这些药物减肥成功而欢呼，似乎每个人都想尝试它们)”可知，Jennifer Blackburn因为服用Ozempic减掉了16公斤，且许多网红都服用药物成功，这种药物如今已经成为名人减肥的代名词。故划线词意思是“等同于，相当于”。故选B。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Despite all these, since lads f influencers have cheered their slimming successes n these drugs, it seems everybdy wants t try them.(尽管如此，由于许多网红都为他们服用这些药物减肥成功而欢呼，似乎每个人都想尝试它们)”可知，没有糖尿病的人在知道Ozempic的副作用后还在服用它，因为他们被名人在使用后取得如此好的效果所诱惑。故选D。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Jennifer Blackburn has lst 16 kilgrams (and kept it ff). “I feel happier, mre cnfident.” says Black burn, “It’s abut much mre than size-it’s like the weight is lifted ff my shulders.”(Jennifer Blackburn已经减掉了16公斤（并一直保持着）。“我感到更快乐，更自信。” Blackburn说：“这不仅仅是体型的问题——它就像卸下了我肩上的重担。”)”可知，除了减肥，Jennifer Blackburn还减轻了巨大的精神负担。故选A。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The heavy demand has led t shrtages. Thrughut 2023, peple with type 2 diabetes struggled t access Ozempic. Peridic shrtages are expected t cntinue in 2024, while thse wh can access these drugs face a significant financial cst. The cst is much t high t the vast majrity f Americans-a mnthly supply will set ne back mre than $1000.(巨大的需求导致了短缺。整个2023年，2型糖尿病患者很难获得Ozempic。预计周期性短缺将在2024年继续，而能够获得这些药物的人将面临巨大的财务成本。对绝大多数美国人来说，成本太高了——一个月的供应要花费1000多美元)”结合文章主要说明了一种治疗糖尿病的药物Ozempic因为可以让人减肥，导致需求激增，人们无视其副作用进行购买，导致真正的病人无力承担这种药物。可知，这篇文章是为了说服没有糖尿病的人不要再购买昂贵的Ozempic。故选C。