专题15 阅读理解C篇及长难句分析 -高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（上海专用）

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TOC \ "1-3" \h \z \u \l "_Tc148898652" 题型综述2
\l "_Tc148898653" 01 复合句2
\l "_Tc148898654" 02 分隔结构 PAGEREF _Tc148898654 \h 3
\l "_Tc148898655" 03 省略或倒装4
\l "_Tc148898652" 解题攻略4
\l "_Tc148898653" 01 找谓语，定主语4
\l "_Tc148898654" 02 提主干，去枝叶5
\l "_Tc148898655" 03 寻关联，辨逻辑 PAGEREF _Tc148898655 \h 5
\l "_Tc148898656" 04 看搭配，防隔离6
05 关键词，抓线索
\l "_Tc148898657" 高考练场 PAGEREF _Tc148898657 \h 10
\l "_Tc148898657" 变式演练 PAGEREF _Tc148898657 \h 19
高考阅读理解的文章一般会有一些结构复杂的句子，增加了句子的长度和难度，干扰了学生正常的阅读速度和思维方式。
复合句
这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
原文：The American ecnmic system is rganized arund a basically private-enterprise, market-riented ecnmy in which cnsumers largely determine what shall be prduced by spending their mney in the market place fr thse gds and services that they want mst。
结构分析：
主句：The American ecnmic system is rganized arund...
定语从句：in which cnsumers largely determine what shall be prduced...
宾语从句：what shall be prduced，作determine的宾语
定语从句：that they want mst，修饰“gds and services”
中文翻译：
美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
原文：The research findings, which were published in a prestigius scientific jurnal and attracted widespread attentin, suggest that the new drug being develped has great ptential in treating certain diseases, althugh further clinical trials are needed t cnfirm its safety and efficacy, and this is a significant breakthrugh in the medical field.
结构分析：复合句。“which were published in a prestigius scientific jurnal and attracted widespread attentin” 是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰 “The research findings”。“suggest that the new drug being develped has great ptential in treating certain diseases” 是句子的谓语和宾语部分，其中 “that the new drug being develped has great ptential in treating certain diseases” 是一个宾语从句，“being develped” 是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the new drug”。“althugh further clinical trials are needed t cnfirm its safety and efficacy” 是一个让步状语从句。“and this is a significant breakthrugh in the medical field” 是一个并列句。
中文翻译：这些研究结果发表在一家著名的科学杂志上并引起了广泛关注，它们表明正在研发的新药在治疗某些疾病方面有很大的潜力，尽管还需要进一步的临床试验来证实其安全性和有效性，而这在医学领域是一个重大突破。
分隔结构
高考试题中出现较多的分隔结构是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象。
原文：The scientist, wh is well - knwn fr his research in the field f physics, a subject that has always fascinated him since his childhd, and whse cntributins have had a prfund impact n mdern science, said that, in his pinin, the experiment, if carried ut accrding t the strict prcedures, wuld surely achieve the expected results.
结构分析：“wh is well - knwn fr his research in the field f physics” 和 “whse cntributins have had a prfund impact n mdern science” 是两个并列的定语从句，修饰 “The scientist” ；“a subject that has always fascinated him since his childhd” 是插入语，对 “physics” 进行补充说明 ；“said that” 后面是宾语从句，“in his pinin” 是插入语，在宾语从句中 “if carried ut accrding t the strict prcedures” 是省略句，完整形式为 “if the experiment is carried ut accrding t the strict prcedures” 。句子的主干 “The scientist said that...” 被多个定语从句和插入语分割，成分出现分离现象 。
中文翻译：这位科学家，因其在物理学领域的研究而闻名，物理学是一门从他童年起就一直令他着迷的学科，并且他的贡献对现代科学产生了深远影响，他说，在他看来，如果按照严格的程序进行实验，肯定会取得预期的结果。
原文：The prject, despite the many difficulties we faced during its implementatin, a perid full f challenges and uncertainties, and althugh we lacked sufficient funds at the beginning, has finally achieved great success.
结构分析：“despite the many difficulties we faced during its implementatin” 是让步状语，“we faced during its implementatin” 是省略了关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 “difficulties” ；“a perid full f challenges and uncertainties” 是插入语，对 “implementatin” 进行解释 ；“althugh we lacked sufficient funds at the beginning” 是让步状语从句 。主句是 “The prject has finally achieved great success”，句子被插入语和多个状语成分分割，造成句子成分的分离 ，同时在定语从句中存在关系代词的省略。
中文翻译：尽管在项目实施过程中我们面临许多困难，那是一段充满挑战和不确定性的时期，而且尽管一开始我们资金不足，但这个项目最终还是取得了巨大成功。
省略或倒装
在英语句子中，用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。有时为了强调句子表达的重心，对句子进行倒装。
原文：Never befre has such a technlgical innvatin had such a prfund impact n sciety as the inventin f the Internet, which has nt nly revlutinized the way we cmmunicate and access infrmatin but als transfrmed varius industries and ecnmic mdels.
结构分析：这是一个倒装句，正常语序为 “Such a technlgical innvatin has never had such a prfund impact n sciety befre as the inventin f the Internet”。“Never befre” 置于句首引起部分倒装，将助动词 “has” 提前。“which” 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 “the inventin f the Internet”，在定语从句中，“nt als...” 连接两个并列的谓语动词 “has revlutinized” 和 “has transfrmed”。
中文翻译：以前从未有过像互联网发明这样的技术创新对社会产生如此深远的影响，它不仅彻底改变了我们交流和获取信息的方式，还改变了各个行业和经济模式。
原文：Nt until all the candidates have passed the strict screening prcess and demnstrated their qualificatins and abilities will the cmpany make a final decisin n wh t hire, and this cautius apprach is aimed at ensuring that the new emplyees can meet the high standards and requirements f the cmpany.
结构分析：倒装句和复合句。“Nt until all the candidates have passed the strict screening prcess and demnstrated their qualificatins and abilities will the cmpany make a final decisin n wh t hire” 是一个倒装句，“Nt until” 置于句首引起部分倒装，将助动词 “will” 提前。“n wh t hire” 是一个介词短语作后置定语，修饰 “decisin”。“and this cautius apprach is aimed at ensuring that the new emplyees can meet the high standards and requirements f the cmpany” 是一个并列句，其中 “that the new emplyees can meet the high standards and requirements f the cmpany” 是一个宾语从句，作 “ensuring” 的宾语。
中文翻译：直到所有候选人都通过严格的筛选过程并展示出他们的资格和能力，公司才会就雇佣谁做出最终决定，而这种谨慎的做法旨在确保新员工能够满足公司的高标准和要求。

找谓语，定主语
一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如
Declaring that he was ppsed t using this unusual animal husbandry technique t clne humans, he rdered that federal funds nt be used fr such an experiment --- althugh n ne had prpsed t d s and asked an independent panel f experts chaired by Princetn President Harld Shapir t reprt back t the White Huse in 90 days with recmmendatins fr a natinal plicy n human clning.
【简析】 此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有： was ppsed --he; rdered--he; (shuld) nt be used ---federal--funds; had prpsed --- n ne; asked--he (asked前面有and, 说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与rdered并列)。这一句的主干为 “he rdered... asked ”, “Declaring that...”作状语。
句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harld Shapir 为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。
提主干，去枝叶（从句等）
一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如：
First put frward by the French mathematician Pierre de Frmat in the 17th century，the therem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French wman scientist wh made a majr advance in wrking ut the prblem，and wh had t dress like a man in rder t be able t study at the Ec-lab Ply technique.
【简析】本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。 “First put frward by the French mathematician Pierre de Frmat in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语;“including...”为介词短语作状语;“wh wh had t...”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French wman scientist。所以句子的主干为the therem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds此为主要信息。
句意：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家Pierre de Frmat提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一个法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。为了能够在Ec-lab Ply technique理工学院学习她曾女扮男装。
寻关联，辨逻辑
一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。
Whereas a wman’s clsest female friend might be the first t tell her t leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual t hear a man say he didn’t knw his friend’s marriage was in serius truble until he appeared ne night asking if he culd sleep n the sfa.
【简析】“whereas”提示前后对比; nt unusual=usual; 直到……才……。
句意：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人;而听见一个男人说，直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的事。
看搭配，防隔离
有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如：
Sme cmpanies have made the manufacturing f clean and safe prducts，t sme degree，their main selling pints and emphasize it in their advertising.
【简析】其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾补”，即“使……成为……”，只不过宾语和宾补被“t sme degree”隔开而已。
句意：一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品，从某种程度上说，当作他们的卖点，并在广告中强调这一点。
关键词，抓线索
有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如：
We even have different wrds fr sme fd，meat in particular, depending n whether it is still ut in the fields r at hme ready t be cked,which shws the fact that the Saxn peasants were ding the farming, while the upper class Nrmans were ding mst f the eating.
【简析】本句夹杂多种语法结构，而且包含对比。句子的主干为“We even have different wrds fr sme fds，meat in particular”;“depending n...”为分词短语作状语;“whether it is still ut in the fields r at hme ready t be cked”作depending n的宾语;“which”引导非限制性定语从句指代上述内容“the fact”后为其同位语，即同位语从句说明fact的具体内容。
句意：我们甚至对某些食物用不同的单词表达，特别是肉类，这取决于它是长在田野时，还是在家里准备煮着吃，这就表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大口地吃。
阅读理解答题技巧（以C篇说明文或议论文为例）
高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有：词义猜测题、细节题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。题型不同，答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。
1、词义猜测题技巧
在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下：
1) The wrd “ABC” in the passage prbably means ________.
2) The underlined wrd “ABC” in the passage refers t/means _______.
3) Which f the fllwing is clsest in meaning t the underlined wrd in the secnd paragraph？
4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____．
5) The wrd "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers t ____．
（2025年嘉定一模C篇）The simplicity f the fndant - a single-serving dessert with a mlten cre - belies its cmplexity. Achieving the perfect texture and ensuring the center flws at the exact mment f cutting are the challenges that nly a skilled chef can cnsistently cnquer. There's an element f anticipatin built int the experience: will the warm chclate flw r remain disappintingly slid?
44. What des the wrd “belies” (paragraph 4) mst prbably mean?
A. Reveals.B. Defines.C. Masks.D. Explains.
【答案】 44. C
【44题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Achieving the perfect texture and ensuring the center flws at the exact mment f cutting are the challenges that nly a skilled chef can cnsistently cnquer. (实现完美的质地，并确保中心流动在切割的确切时刻是一个挑战，只有一个熟练的厨师可以不断克服。)”以及上文“The simplicity f the fndant - a single-serving dessert with a mlten cre (方旦糖的简单性——是一种单份的甜点，它的核心是熔化的)”可知，方旦糖的简单性掩盖了其内在的复杂性。故划线词意思是“掩盖”。故选C。
（2025年虹口一模C篇）But trade-ffs exist. Given peple’s anxiety abut math and level f mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when cmmunicating these kinds f details. In past research, it was fund that peple find numbers helpful, s lng as there aren’t t many f them. N hard-and-fast rule suggests hw many is t many-it depends n the cmplexity f the tpic, peple’s familiarity with the subject and their verall numeracy. Cmmunicatrs therefre need t knw and attend t their audience: if a speaker sees smene lking bred, fr example, it’s a sign t back ff n the numbers.
44. Which f the fllwing best fits the descriptin f “trade-ffs” (paragraph 4)?
A. Numbers cause difficulties in understanding the matter.
B. Peple find the subject being talked abut unfamiliar.
C. It takes time t cnfirm the precisin f all numbers.
D. Peple tend t hld mre debates abut the tpic
【答案】 44. A
【44题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第四段中“But trade-ffs exist. Given peple’s anxiety abut math and level f mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when cmmunicating these kinds f details.(但存在trade-ffs。考虑到人们对数学的焦虑和数学能力水平，在传达这类细节时存在一个上限)”可知，由于人们的数学焦虑和数学能力水平，会导致存在理解上的困难或限制。trade-ffs指的就是在使用数字进行传播时，由于人们的数学焦虑和数学能力水平，数字会在理解问题上造成了困难。故选A项。
（2024金山一模C篇）It’s nt unheard f fr ne event t kick ff a whle new field f scientific inquiry. Still it’s rare. When Lrimer’s paper came ut in the jurnal, it was nt surprising that many were skeptical. “Smetimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discvery turns ut t be an errr in the data,” sme cmmented.
63. Which f the fllwing has the clsest meaning t the underlined wrd in paragraph 3?
A. Optimistic.B. Curius.C. Supprtive.D. Dubtful.
【答案】63. D
【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Smetimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discvery turns ut t be an errr in the data(有时候，看似了不起的科学发现，其实是数据上的错误)”可知，许多人对洛里默的论文持怀疑态度，认为是数据上的错误。故划线词意思是“怀疑的”。故选D。
（2024年普陀区一模C篇）What is the pint f lking decades int space and struggling t explre the vastness f the universe? The develpment f the space industry has brught humans many benefits, the mst imprtant f which is the spread f infrmatin. The cell phne signal and TV signal peple use nw are all benefiting frm the develpment f the space industry. The ultimate gal f mankind is t g deeper int space, and t explre mre unknwn wrlds, that is, the Mn, Mars and beynd, and what humanity is eager t achieve is a cmmn hme f freedm and equality.
66. What des the underlined phrase in the last paragraph mean?
A. Studying space fr cuntless years.B. Living in space fr many years.
C. Explring space fr sme ten years.D. Observing space fr several ten years.
【答案】 66. A
【66题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“and struggling t explre the vastness f the universe”可知，此处指研究太空很多年，努力探索浩瀚的宇宙，故划线词意思是“研究太空很多年”。故选A。
2、细节题技巧
细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下：
Which f the fllwing is NOT true accrding t the infrmatin in the passage?
Which f the fllwing statements is crrect accrding t the passage?
Which f the fllwing is nt mentined?
Chse the right rder f this passage.
Accrding t the passage, when (where, why, hw, wh, etc. ) ...
Frm this passage we knw that ________.
In the passage, the authr states that ______.
（2025年静安一模C篇）
Abut 150 years after his death, questins appeared abut the authrship f William Shakespeare’s plays. Schlars and literary critics began t flat names like Christpher Marlwe, Edward de Vere and Francis Bacn - men f mre knwn backgrunds, literary recgnitin, r inspiratin - as the true authrs f the plays. Much f this
came frm the incmplete recrd f Shakespeare’s life and the lack f eye-witness surces. Official files frm the Hly Trinity Church and the Stratfrd gvernment recrd the existence f a William Shakespeare, but nne bears the statements like him being an actr r playwright (剧作家).
Tday, his plays are highly ppular and reinterpreted in perfrmances with diverse cultural backgrunds. The appeal f Shakespeare’s characters and plts is that they present real human beings in a wide range f emtins and cnflicts that g beynd their rigins in Elizabethan England.
43. Which f the reasns is NOT mentined t supprt skepticism abut Shakespeare’s authrship?
A. Official recrds didn’t mentin Shakespeare’s identity as a playwright.
B. Shakespeare’s educatin backgrund culdn’t supprt his literary achievements.
C. Shakespeare’s plays were inspired by big-name literary giants.
D. There was a lack f specific details f Shakespeare’s life.
45. The charm f Shakespeare’s plays tday lies in that ________.
A. his plts are full f cnflicts
B. his plays are translated int many languages
C. he succeeded frm a mdest backgrund
D. he pictures peple f real feelings which can exist tday
【答案】43. C 45. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于莎士比亚戏剧作者身份的争议，怀疑者质疑其行踪、身份记录和教育背景，但大多数学者认为莎士比亚是其作品的真正作者，并通过历史证据支持这一观点。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“Much f this came frm the incmplete recrd f Shakespeare’s life and the lack f eye-witness surces. Official files frm the Hly Trinity Church and the Stratfrd gvernment recrd the existence f a William Shakespeare, but nne bears the statements like him being an actr r playwright (剧作家). (这在很大程度上是由于对莎士比亚生平的记录不完整，以及缺乏目击者。来自圣三一基督教堂和斯特拉特福德政府的官方文件记录了威廉·莎士比亚的存在，但没有任何证据表明他是一名演员或剧作家。)”和第二段“Skeptics (怀疑者) als questined hw anyne f such humble educatin culd write with the intellectual perceptiveness and petic pwer that are displayed in Shakespeare’s wrks. (怀疑论者还质疑，一个受教育程度如此低下的人，怎么能写出莎士比亚作品中所展现的那种思想的洞察力和诗意的力量。)”可知，对莎士比亚的作者身份持怀疑态度的理由包括，缺乏关于他生活的具体细节，官方记录没有提到他作为剧作家的身份，以及他的教育背景无法支持他的文学成就，但未提及他的戏剧受到了大名鼎鼎的文学巨匠的启发。故选C项。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The appeal f Shakespeare’s characters and plts is that they present real human beings in a wide range f emtins and cnflicts that g beynd their rigins in Elizabethan England. (莎士比亚的人物和情节的魅力在于，他们呈现了真实的人类，其广泛的情感和冲突超越了他们在伊丽莎白时代的英国的起源。)”可知，其戏剧仍有魅力的原因在于他描绘了真实情感的人，这种真实情感可以存在于今天。故选D项。
（2025年普陀区一模C篇）
Art has always ccupied a special place in sciety. Many peple cnsider artists t be the ultimate authrities n the nature and expressin f beauty. Fr much f histry, the practice f art was mysterius, and artists were viewed as being smewhat dd and ften mad. Even the wrd mst cmmnly assciated with artists —inspiratin —has its wn magical qualities. Literally, "inspiratin"is the breathing in f a spirit. Artists were thught f as peple wh were uniquely inspired t create.
Mre than a hundred years later, Jhn Keats, ne f the mst famus Rmantic pets, accused Newtn f reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbw. "His clleague, Samuel Taylr Cleridge, famusly remarked that the suls f five hundred Newtns wuld be needed t make ne Shakespeare. And yet, frm anther perspective, Newtn did nt reduce the beauty f the rainbw;he enhanced it. In his search t uncver the secrets f the rainbw, Newtn demnstrated the wnder, creativity, and inspiratin f an artist. He als gave the wrld anther pprtunity t experience the sublime(绝妙). Newtn's discvery paved the way fr the develpment f the science f spectrscpy, a way f analyzing the chemical makeup f light. Nw scientists can lk at the stars and knw their cmpsitin. The sense f wnder this ability creates is nt much different frm the wnder the pet r artist feels when staring at thse same stars.
43. Accrding t the passage, what was the cmmn view f artists in histry?
A. Artists were cnsidered lgical and ratinal.
B. Artists were seen as inspired and smewhat strange.
C. Artists were primarily fcused n scientific discvery.
D. Artists were thught t be withut any supernatural beliefs.
44. Hw did the Rmantic pets react t Newtn's discvery abut light and clr?
A. They believed it added a new dimensin t the appreciatin f beauty.
B. They credited Newtn's insights t mystical influences.
C. They were inspired t integrate mre scientific themes in their petry.
D. They felt it faded the petic beauty f natural phenmena.
【答案】 43. B 44. D
【导读】
本文探讨了艺术与科学的关系。在历史上，艺术家常被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，艺术创作被认为具有神秘性，与逻辑分离。1704 年牛顿对光和颜色的发现震惊了艺术界，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿此举破坏了自然现象的诗意美。但从另一角度看，牛顿的发现也展现了如艺术家般的创造力，且为科学发展奠定基础，引发人们对艺术与科学相互作用的思考。
43. 细节理解题：根据第一段 “Fr much f histry, the practice f art was mysterius, and artists were viewed as being smewhat dd and ften mad. Even the wrd mst cmmnly assciated with artists — inspiratin — has its wn magical qualities. Artists were thught f as peple wh were uniquely inspired t create.” 可知，在历史上，艺术家被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，B 选项正确。A 选项，文中提到艺术与逻辑分离，艺术家并非被认为是有逻辑和理性的；C 选项，艺术家主要关注的并非科学发现；D 选项，许多艺术家将自己的才能归功于超自然力量，并非没有超自然信仰。所以答案是 B。
44. 细节理解题：从最后一段 “Mre than a hundred years later, Jhn Keats, ne f the mst famus Rmantic pets, accused Newtn f reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbw."” 可知，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿的发现减少了自然现象的诗意美，D 选项正确。A 选项与诗人观点相悖；B 选项，诗人并未将牛顿的见解归功于神秘影响；C 选项，文中未提及诗人因此在诗歌中融入更多科学主题。所以答案是 D。
（2024黄埔一模C篇）①A grup f 41 states and the District f Clumbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent cmpany f Facebk, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the cmpany knwingly used features n its platfrms t cause children t veruse them. The accusatins in the lawsuit raise a deeper questin abut behavir: Are yung peple becming addicted t scial media and the internet? Here’s what the research has fund.
63.What was Meta accused f?
A. It added prblematic features t its platfrm.
B. It started a discussin t mislead yung peple.
C. It tempted children t use scial media t much.
D. It cnducted illegal research n its parent cmpany.
【答案】63.C
【解析】 细节理解题。文章第一段讲到“A grup f 41 states and the District f Clumbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent cmpany f Facebk, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the cmpany knwingly used features n its platfrms t cause children t veruse them. (41个州和哥伦比亚特区开始对Facebk、Instagram、WhatsApp和Messenger的母公司Meta提起诉讼，坚称该公司故意使用其平台上的功能，导致儿童过度使用这些功能。)”可知，Meta被指控使用平台上的功能引起儿童过度使用它们，因此选择C。
3、推断题技巧
推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义，即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行间，要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下：
1) The authr implied（suggested）that．．．
2) We can infer frm the text that _______.
3) It can be inferred frm the text that ______.
4) It may be cncluded frm the passage that．．．
5) Which f the fllwing statements des the passage supprt？
6) The paragraph fllwing the passage will mst prbably be ___.
（2025年杨浦一模C篇）
Neurdiversity is a term that refers t the natural range f differences in peple’s brains. The neurdiversity mvement says that the brains that wander frm the average within that range shuldn’t be dismissed as insufficient autmatically. The term dates back t the autism (自闭症) cmmunity in the 1990s, thugh it’s nw applied t all srts f mental differences. In the past, “autism was widely seen as an individual medical tragedy,” says Rbert Chapman, a neurdivergent (脑功能异于常人的) philspher with autism, “The nly hpe fr autistic peple and ur families, it was thught, was that we wuld ne day be fixed thrugh behaviral r bimedical interventin.”
Crucially, the neurdiversity mvement allws neurdivergent peple t transfrm their thinking abut themselves. “The dminant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me smehw tragic, brken, and in need f fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 bk. “This was why I fund discvering neurdiversity mvement, which ffered a different analysis, s liberating.”
45. What can be inferred abut Rbert Chapman?
A. He believes being autistic is a life-lng tragedy.
B. He has been fixed thrugh bi-medical interventin.
C. He is bthered by the negative narrative surrunding autism.
D. He thinks autistic peple can be liberated frm the mvement.
46. The main purpse f the article is t ______.
A. intrduce the effective treatment methds fr autism
B. explain the histry and significance f the neurdiversity mvement
C. argue fr the necessity f prmting the neurdiversity mvement
D. criticize the wrng fcus f research in understanding autism
【答案】 45. C 46. B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经多样性这一概念及其对于自闭症等神经差异群体的意义和影响。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Crucially, the neurdiversity mvement allws neurdivergent peple t transfrm their thinking abut themselves. “The dminant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me smehw tragic, brken, and in need f fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 bk. “This was why I fund discvering neurdiversity mvement, which ffered a different analysis, s liberating.”(至关重要的是，神经多样性运动允许神经发散的人改变他们对自己的看法。Chapman在他2023年出版的书中写道：“主流的医学叙事认为，自闭症让我在某种程度上变得悲惨、破碎，需要修复。”“这就是我发现神经多样性运动如此令人解放的原因，它提供了一种不同的分析视角。”)”可推知，Rbert Chapman被自闭症周围的负面叙述所困扰。故选C项。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Neurdiversity is a term that refers t the natural range f differences in peple’s brains. The neurdiversity mvement says that the brains that wander frm the average within that range shuldn’t be dismissed as insufficient autmatically.(神经多样性是一个术语，指的是人类大脑的自然差异范围。神经多样性运动表示，在这个范围内偏离平均水平的大脑不应该被自动视为不充分)”可知，这句话引出神经多样性这一话题，接下来文章围绕神经多样性运动展开，解释了其历史、意义和影响。由此推知，文章的主要目的是解释神经多样性运动的历史和意义。故选B项。
（2025年金山一模C篇）
Despite all these, since lads f influencers have cheered their slimming successes n these drugs, it seems everybdy wants t try them. The heavy demand has led t shrtages. Thrughut 2023, peple with type 2 diabetes struggled t access Ozempic. Peridic shrtages are expected t cntinue in 2024, while thse wh can access these drugs face a significant financial cst. The cst is much t high t the vast majrity f Americans-a mnthly supply will set ne back mre than $1000.
Jennifer Blackburn has lst 16 kilgrams (and kept it ff). “I feel happier, mre cnfident.” says Black burn, “It’s abut much mre than size-it’s like the weight is lifted ff my shulders.” With such supprtive vices, the future f Ozempic remains unpredictable s far.
45. What can we infer frm Jennifer Blackburn’s wrds?
A. Besides lsing weight, she has als taken ff a huge mental burden.
B. She strngly recmmends Ozempic t thers due t her wn experiences.
C. Althugh supprting Ozempic herself, she is nt sure f this medicine’s future.
D. She is amng the celebrities wh have successfully lst weight by taking Ozempic.
46. This passage is written t ______.
A. explain Ozempic’s functins, ptential dwnsides and current supply situatins
B. suggest hw serius and cmmn the issue f besity is and hw t deal with it
C. persuade peple withut diabetes nt t further purchase the expensive Ozempic
D. illustrate Ozempic’s effectiveness with examples f celebrities and cmmn users
【答案】 45. A 46. C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一种治疗糖尿病的药物Ozempic因为可以让人减肥，导致需求激增，人们无视其副作用进行购买，导致真正的病人无力承担这种药物。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Jennifer Blackburn has lst 16 kilgrams (and kept it ff). “I feel happier, mre cnfident.” says Black burn, “It’s abut much mre than size-it’s like the weight is lifted ff my shulders.”(Jennifer Blackburn已经减掉了16公斤（并一直保持着）。“我感到更快乐，更自信。” Blackburn说：“这不仅仅是体型的问题——它就像卸下了我肩上的重担。”)”可知，除了减肥，Jennifer Blackburn还减轻了巨大的精神负担。故选A。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The heavy demand has led t shrtages. Thrughut 2023, peple with type 2 diabetes struggled t access Ozempic. Peridic shrtages are expected t cntinue in 2024, while thse wh can access these drugs face a significant financial cst. The cst is much t high t the vast majrity f Americans-a mnthly supply will set ne back mre than $1000.(巨大的需求导致了短缺。整个2023年，2型糖尿病患者很难获得Ozempic。预计周期性短缺将在2024年继续，而能够获得这些药物的人将面临巨大的财务成本。对绝大多数美国人来说，成本太高了——一个月的供应要花费1000多美元)”结合文章主要说明了一种治疗糖尿病的药物Ozempic因为可以让人减肥，导致需求激增，人们无视其副作用进行购买，导致真正的病人无力承担这种药物。可知，这篇文章是为了说服没有糖尿病的人不要再购买昂贵的Ozempic。故选C。
（2024闵行一模C篇）Undeniably, peple may succeed in faking their way thrugh the prcess. And there may be mre rm fr interviewers’ prejudice t emerge. Finding smene annying may be a signal that smene lacks scial skills. But it may als mean that they are nervus r that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set t change and is unlikely t becme less challenging.
66. What can be implied frm the last tw paragraphs?
A. Integrating sft skills assessment int a hiring prcess wn’t intrduce side effects.
B. Emplyees in lwer psitins may prvide useless insights int applicants’ sft skills.
C. Interviewers’ prejudice may influence their fair assessments and perceptins f candidates.
D. There is n pssibility f individuals successfully deceiving thers during the interview.
【答案】66. C
【解析】推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Undeniably, peple may succeed in faking their way thrugh the prcess. And there may be mre rm fr interviewers’ prejudice t emerge. Finding smene annying may be a signal that smene lacks scial skills. But it may als mean that they are nervus r that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set t change and is unlikely t becme less challenging. (不可否认的是，人们可能会通过欺骗的方式成功地通过这个过程。而且面试官的偏见可能会有更大的空间出现。发现某人令人讨厌可能是一个缺乏社交技巧的信号。但这也可能意味着他们很紧张，或者面试官脾气不好。招聘势必会发生变化，而且不太可能变得不那么具有挑战性。)”可知，面试官的偏见可能会影响他们对候选人的公正评价和看法。故选C。
4、作者态度题技巧
这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下：
What's the writer's/authr's attitude t/twards ... ?
The authr’s tne wuld be best described as _______ .
The attitude f ... t/twards ... is .
（2024奉贤一模C篇）Deep cean samples revealed significant climate change arund 66.3 millin years ag. But this als cincides with a large vlcanic eruptin in India called the Deccan vlcanism, which prduced sme f the lngest lava (熔岩) flws n Earth. “We’ve always wed that transitin t the carbn dixide released by the Deccan vlcanism and the increase f greenhuse gases,” says Jhnsn. “There are tw things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan vlcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. S that wuld be an example f cincidental climate change.”
66. Which f the fllwing statements des Kirk Jhnsn mst prbably agree with?
A. A magnetic reversal desn’t necessarily cause climate change.
B. A magnetic reversal is accmpanied with significant climate change
C. The extinctin f the dinsaurs is due t the magnetic reversal.
D. Climate change is nt relevant t the carbn dixide emissin.
【答案】66. A
【解析】情感态度推断题。根据最后一段“‘We’ve always wed that transitin t the carbn dixide released by the Deccan vlcanism and the increase f greenhuse gases,’says Jhnsn. ‘There are tw things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan vlcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. S that wuld be an example f cincidental climate change.’(‘我们一直把这种转变归功于德干火山活动释放的二氧化碳和温室气体的增加，’约翰逊说。‘有两件事正在发生：磁场正在变化，德干火山活动正在发生，气候正在变暖。所以这将是巧合气候变化的一个例子。’)”可知，柯克·约翰逊认为磁场正在变化、德干火山活动正在发生与气候正在变暖只是巧合；由此可知，他最可能同意的观点是磁倒转并不一定会导致气候变化。故选A。
附：阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇
5、主旨大意题技巧
这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：1．确定文章的标题和主题(title r tpic)；2.主题句（tpic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括。
常见的标题型题干：
1) The best title/ headline fr this passage might be________.
2) The text (passage) culd be entitled ______.
3) What is the best title fr the passage?
4) What’s the tpic f the article?
常见的主题句和主旨型题干：
1) What is the tpic sentence f the passage?
2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________.
3) What is the main purpse f the passage?
4) Which f the fllwing is the main idea f the passage?
（2025年长宁一模C篇）
Unemplyment is a significant prblem in many develping cuntries. Withut steady wrk, individuals struggle t rise ut f pverty, and the cmmunity as a whle als misses ut. Many unemplyed peple culd have dne much gd thrugh their labur if they had been given the pprtunity t cntribute. Wrse, withut pprtunities fr prper emplyment, yung peple smetimes turn t crime and vilence in rder t prvide fr themselves. Thus, giving peple pprtunities t wrk is essential fr the cmmunity’s well-being.
43. What is paragraph 1 mainly abut?
A. The rle f the gvernment in creating jb pprtunities.
B. The imprtance f educatin fr reducing unemplyment rates.
C. The necessity f prviding wrk pprtunities t prevent crime.
D. The cnsequences f unemplyment n individuals and cmmunities.
【答案】43. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在许多发展中国家，失业是一个严重的问题，并通过卢旺达的一个创业案例说明支持年轻人创业是帮助减少失业、解决社区问题的有效途径。
【43题详解】
主旨大意题 。根据文章第一段“Unemplyment is a significant prblem in many develping cuntries. Withut steady wrk, individuals struggle t rise ut f pverty, and the cmmunity as a whle als misses ut.(失业是许多发展中国家的一个重要问题。没有稳定的工作，个人难以摆脱贫困，整个社区也无法受益)”和“Wrse, withut pprtunities fr prper emplyment, yung peple smetimes turn t crime and vilence in rder t prvide fr themselves.(更糟糕的是，没有适当就业的机会，年轻人有时会为了养活自己而诉诸犯罪和暴力。)”可知，本段主要讨论失业对个人和社区的影响。故选D。
（2025年徐汇一模C篇）
Mst taxi drivers need a smartphne t get t their destinatins. But sharks, it seems, need nthing mre than their wn bdies — and Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. A new study suggests sme sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it t travel lng distances with accuracy.
Keller’s research adds a significant piece t the still-incmplete puzzle f shark bilgy. Sharks have been declining at an alarming rate due t mstly verfishing and habitat change. Studying the life cycles and migratin patterns f sharks can help us understand what arcas t prtect when managing marine spaces.
46. What is the main idea f the passage?
A. Sharks use Earth’s magnetic field t find their way n seas.
B. Researchers discvered a new way t study sharks in labs.
C. Shark ppulatins are declining due t habitat change.
D. Sharks have a learned behavir f returning t their hme.
【答案】46. A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究发现鲨鱼可以利用地球的磁场导航，这为我们增加了对鲨鱼生物学的理解。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study suggests sme sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it t travel lng distances with accuracy.(一项新的研究表明，一些鲨鱼可以像地图一样读懂地球的磁场，并准确地用它来长距离旅行)”以及后文中对研究过程和发现的详细描述可知，文章主要讲述了研究发现鲨鱼利用地球磁场在海洋中寻路。故选A。
（2025年宝山一模C篇）
Wrld Hunger Day is abut celebrating slutins that keep peple frm suffering r dying due t lack f fd. Read abut sme causes and als sme f the effrts being made t stp this wrldwide prblem.
S what can yu d t help rt ut wrld hunger? Aside frm striving t reduce yur fd waste, keep educating yurself and thers abut the issue. Lk fr pprtunities t feed the hungry in yur wn cmmunities. There are sme fantastic rganizatins such as SALT Cllectiv, wh regularly rganize and crdinate events t help rphans and feed the hungry. Each step, each chice, each vice can help make hunger a thing f the past.
46.Which f the fllwing might be the best title f the passage?
The Cause f Starvatin
The March tward Zer Hunger
The Slutin t Starvatin
The Cnsequence f Hunger
【答案】 46. B
【导读】
本文围绕世界饥饿问题展开，首先指出在全球粮食产量理论上足够的情况下，仍有大量人口面临饥饿的矛盾现状，接着分析了导致饥饿的原因，如武装冲突、极端天气和食物浪费等。同时介绍了世界饥饿日及其所倡导的解决饥饿问题的措施，像非洲实施可持续农业方法、联合国世界粮食计划署提供援助等，最后呼吁人们行动起来，共同对抗饥饿。
46. 主旨大意题：文章围绕消除饥饿这一主题，既提到了饥饿问题及原因，也介绍了为实现 “零饥饿” 目标所做的努力和人们应采取的行动，“The March tward Zer Hunger”（迈向零饥饿）能很好地概括文章内容，B 选项正确。A 选项 “饥饿的原因” 和 C 选项 “饥饿的解决办法” 都只是文章部分内容；D 选项 “饥饿的后果” 文中未提及。所以答案是 B。
（2024年松江区一模C篇）Antibitics, which can destry r prevent the grwth f bacteria and cure infectins, are vital t mdern medicine. Their ability t kill bacteria withut harming the patient has saved billins f lives and made surgical prcedures much safer. But after decades f veruse, their pwers are fading. Sme bacteria have evlved resistance, creating a grwing army f superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrbial (抗菌的) resistance, expected t kill 10 millin peple a year by 2050 up frm arund 1 millin in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many.
66. What is the main idea f the passage?
A. Gvernments fail t stp the use f antibitics.
B. Phages culd help prevent an antibitics crisis.
C. Develpment f antibitics is limited by phages.
D. Antimicrbial resistance calls fr new antibitics.
【答案】66. B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Antibitics, which can destry r prevent the grwth f bacteria and cure infectins, are vital t mdern medicine. Their ability t kill bacteria withut harming the patient has saved billins f lives and made surgical prcedures much safer. But after decades f veruse, their pwers are fading. Sme bacteria have evlved resistance, creating been seen as a crisis by many.(抗生素对现代医学至关重要，它可以消灭或阻止细菌的生长，并治愈感染。它们在不伤害病人的情况下杀死细菌的能力挽救了数十亿人的生命，并使外科手术更加安全。但经过几十年的过度使用，它们的力量正在减弱。一些细菌已经进化出了耐药性，产生了越来越多的超级细菌，而目前几乎没有有效的治疗方法。抗微生物药物耐药性被许多人视为一场危机。预计到2050年，每年将导致1000万人死亡，而2019年约为100万人)”以及文章内容可知，文章主要解释了噬菌体可以替代问题多多的抗生素，有许多优点，建议政府多方面采取措施推动推广，所以本文的主旨是噬菌体可以帮助预防抗生素危机。故选B。
（一）
（2025年浦东新区一模）
In scilgy, cnsumptin is abut s much mre than just taking in r using up resurces. Humans cnsume t survive, f curse, but in tday’s wrld, we als cnsume t entertain and amuse urselves, and as a way t share time and experiences with thers. We cnsume nt nly material gds but als services, experiences, infrmatin, and cultural prducts. Cnsumptin tday is a central rganizing principle f scial life.
Scilgists recgnize that many aspects f ur daily lives are structured by cnsumptin. In fact, Plish scilgist Zygmunt Bauman wrte in the bk Cnsuming Life that Western scieties are n lnger rganized arund the act f prductin, but instead, arund cnsumptin. This transitin began in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, after which mst prductin jbs were mved verseas, and ur ecnmy shifted t retail and the prvisin f services and infrmatin.
As a cnsequence, mst f us spend ur days cnsuming rather than prducing gds. On any given day, ne might travel t wrk by car; wrk in an ffice that requires electricity, gas, il, water, paper, and a hst f cnsumer electrnics and digital gds; purchase a tea, cffee, r sda; g ut t a restaurant; pick up dry cleaning; purchase health and hygiene prducts at a drug stre; use purchased grceries t prepare dinner, and then spend the evening watching televisin, enjying scial media, r reading a bk. Wh can break free frm it?
Cnsumptin has taken n great imprtance in the relatinships we develp with thers. We ften rganize visits with thers arund the act f cnsuming, whether that be sitting dwn t eat a hme-cked meal as a family, r meeting friends fr a shpping excursin at the mall. In additin, we ften use cnsumer gds t express ur feelings fr thers thrugh the practice f gift-giving.
Scilgists als see cnsumptin as an imprtant part f the prcess f frming and expressing bth individual and grup identities. In Subculture: The Meaning f Style, scilgist Dick Hebdige bserved that identity is ften expressed thrugh fashin chices. This happens because we chse cnsumer gds that we feel say smething abut wh we are. Our cnsumer chices are ften meant t reflect ur values and lifestyle, and in ding s, send visual signals t thers abut the kind f persn we are.
S, frm the scilgical perspective, there’s much mre t cnsumptin than meets the eye. In fact, there’s s much t study abut cnsumptin that there’s a whle subfield dedicated t it: the scilgy f cnsumptin.
43.What was the change in the United States in the mid-twentieth century?
A. A shift t lcal prductin.B. A grwth f verseas cnsumptin.
C. A fcus n retail and services.D. A decline in the value f cnsumptin.
44.The authr presents a persn’s daily life in paragraph 3 in rder t _____________.
A. encurage peple t spend mre time wrking than cnsuming
B. shw the variety f cnsumer prducts available n the market
C. suggest that prducing gds is n lnger part f mdern life
D. highlight the cnstant presence f cnsumptin in peple’s life
45.What can be inferred abut cnsumptin in paragraph 4 and 5?
A. It discurages gift-giving.B. It cnveys individuality.
C. It defines culture.D. It sets the fashin trends.
46.What is the main idea f the passage?
A. The divided pinins n cnsumptin.
B. The effects f cnsumerism n peple’s life.
C. The philsphy f cnsumptin in scial life.
D. The balance between cnsumptin and prductin.
【答案】43. C 44. D 45. B 46. C
【导读】这篇文章从社会学的角度阐述了消费的概念，介绍了消费在社会生活中的转变、在日常生活中的普遍存在、在人际关系中的重要性以及对个人和群体身份形成和表达的重要性，强调了消费在社会生活中的多方面意义。
【解析】
【43 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句 “This transitin began in the United States in the mid - twentieth century, after which mst prductin jbs were mved verseas, and ur ecnmy shifted t retail and the prvisin f services and infrmatin.” 可知，20 世纪中叶美国发生的变化是经济转向零售和服务及信息提供，故选 C。
【44 题详解】
推理判断题。第三段作者列举了一个人一天的生活，包括开车上班、在办公室使用各种消费品、购买饮品、去餐馆、取干洗的衣服、购买卫生用品、用购买的食品做晚餐、看电视等各种消费行为，目的是为了强调消费在人们生活中无处不在，故选 D。
【45 题详解】
推理判断题：根据第四段 “we ften use cnsumer gds t express ur feelings fr thers” 以及第五段 “identity is ften expressed thrugh fashin chices. Our cnsumer chices are ften meant t reflect ur values and lifestyle” 可知，消费能够传达个性，B 选项正确。A 选项与原文 “we ften use cnsumer gds t express ur feelings fr thers thrugh the practice f gift - giving” 不符，消费并不阻碍送礼；C 选项文中未提及消费定义文化；D 选项消费选择反映时尚，但不是设定时尚潮流。所以答案是 B。
46. 主旨大意题：文章开篇点明从社会学角度消费不仅是使用资源，接着阐述消费在社会生活中的核心地位，如经济结构围绕消费转变、在人际交往和身份表达中的作用等，整体围绕社会生活中消费的理念展开，C 选项 “社会生活中消费的哲学” 正确。A 选项文章没有提及对消费的不同意见；B 选项消费主义对人们生活的影响只是部分内容；D 选项文章并非重点讨论消费与生产的平衡。所以答案是 C。
【重点词块】
scilgy 社会学
cnsumptin 消费
rganizing principle 组织原则
scial life 社会生活
prductin 生产
retail 零售
prvisin 提供
cnsumer electrnics 消费电子产品
health and hygiene prducts 健康和卫生产品
gift - giving 送礼
individual identity 个人身份
grup identity 群体身份
subfield 子领域
【复杂句式】
1.“In scilgy, cnsumptin is abut s much mre than just taking in r using up resurces. Humans cnsume t survive, f curse, but in tday’s wrld, we als cnsume t entertain and amuse urselves, and as a way t share time and experiences with thers.”
分析：第一句中 “mre than just” 表示 “不仅仅是”，“taking in r using up resurces” 是动名词短语作宾语。第二句是由 “but” 连接的并列句，前半句 “Humans cnsume t survive”，“t survive” 是目的状语；后半句 “we als cnsume t entertain and amuse urselves, and as a way t share time and experiences with thers”，“t entertain and amuse urselves” 和 “as a way t share time and experiences with thers” 都是目的状语，说明消费的不同目的。
翻译：在社会学中，消费远不止是获取或消耗资源。当然，人类为了生存而消费，但在当今世界，我们也为了娱乐自己以及作为与他人分享时间和经历的一种方式而消费。
2. “In fact, Plish scilgist Zygmunt Bauman wrte in the bk Cnsuming Life that Western scieties are n lnger rganized arund the act f prductin, but instead, arund cnsumptin.”
分析：句子主干是 “Plish scilgist Zygmunt Bauman ”，“in the bk Cnsuming Life” 是地点状语，表明写作的出处；“that Western scieties are n lnger rganized arund the act f prductin, but instead, arund cnsumptin” 是宾语从句，作 “wrte” 的宾语，其中 “n instead...” 表示 “不再…… 而是……”，连接两个围绕的对象。
翻译：事实上，波兰社会学家齐格蒙特・鲍曼在《消费生活》一书中写道，西方社会不再围绕生产行为组织，而是围绕消费组织。
3. “As a cnsequence, mst f us spend ur days cnsuming rather than prducing gds. On any given day, ne might travel t wrk by car; wrk in an ffice that requires electricity, gas, il, water, paper, and a hst f cnsumer electrnics and digital gds; purchase a tea, cffee, r sda; g ut t a restaurant; pick up dry cleaning; purchase health and hygiene prducts at a drug stre; use purchased grceries t prepare dinner, and then spend the evening watching televisin, enjying scial media, r reading a bk.”
分析：第一句中 “spend...(in) ding sth. rather than ding sth.” 是固定结构，“cnsuming rather than prducing gds” 作宾语补足语，表明人们花费时间的方式。第二句是由多个并列谓语组成的长句，“travel t wrk by car”“wrk in an ffice...”“purchase a tea...” 等一系列动作描述了一个人一天的消费行为，其中 “that requires electricity, gas, il, water, paper, and a hst f cnsumer electrnics and digital gds” 是定语从句，修饰 “ffice”。
翻译：因此，我们大多数人每天都在消费而不是生产商品。在任何一天，一个人可能会开车去上班；在一个需要电、气、油、水、纸以及大量消费电子产品和数字商品的办公室工作；购买茶、咖啡或苏打水；出去吃顿饭；取干洗的衣服；在药店购买健康和卫生产品；用购买的食品杂货准备晚餐，然后晚上看电视、享受社交媒体或读书。
4. “In additin, we ften use cnsumer gds t express ur feelings fr thers thrugh the practice f gift - giving. Scilgists als see cnsumptin as an imprtant part f the prcess f frming and expressing bth individual and grup identities.”
分析：第一句中 “t express ur feelings fr thers” 是目的状语，表明使用消费品的目的，“thrugh the practice f gift - giving” 是方式状语，说明表达感情的方式。第二句 “” 是固定结构，“as an imprtant part f the prcess f frming and expressing bth individual and grup identities” 作宾语补足语，表明社会学家对消费的看法。
翻译：此外，我们经常通过送礼的方式使用消费品来表达我们对他人的感情。社会学家也将消费视为形成和表达个人及群体身份过程的重要组成部分。
（二）
（2025年闵行一模）
The cnversatinal tne f an AI chatbt r vice-based assistant is a gd way t learn new cncepts, but it may actually make us mre willing t believe inaccuracies, cmpared with infrmatin presented in a static（静态的） article.
T investigate this issue, Snja Utz frm Germany asked 1,200 participants t engage with ne f three frmats. The first invlved text appearing letter by letter in the style f a large mdel, similar t ChatGPT; the secnd prvided infrmatin thrugh a vice-based device; and the third was a static, text-based cpy f cntent.
Participants culdn't interact with the systems as they might with the real versins, in rder t keep the experience cnsistent acrss the study. In sme cases, participants were given accurate infrmatin, while in thers, they saw factual errrs. Sme f these errrs were plain wrng, such as naming Sfia as the capital f France, but thers invlved certain statements that were cntradicted elsewhere in the same respnse.
Participants were asked t rate the accuracy f the infrmatin n a seven-pint scale, where7 is entirely accurate. In the answers where errrs were intrduced, the infrmatin presented in a static frmat was rated as 4.24 n average. The ChatGPT-like system managed 4.76, while the vice assistant scred 5.29. Participants rated all f the systems higher fr answers where n errrs were intrduced, but the differences were smaller fr the vice assistant and chatbt.
“Peple find cnversatinal chat agents mre cnvincing because humans seem t be hardwired t assign credibility t things that seem lifelike,” says Mike Katell frm UK. “The way the chatbts and vice agents are prgrammed t use a friendly and helpful cnversatinal tne als cnfuses peple. Chatbt makers are trying t put users at ease, which is achieved thrugh believable cntent and inffensive delivery.”
Peple have learned that these mdels generate false infrmatin smetimes. “But peple dn't realize that this interactin mde makes us tend t believe whatever is written there.” Utz says. “That shuld be in media literacy training.”
43. What was the main fcus f Snja Utz's study?
A. Features f AI chatbts r vice-based assistants.
B. Peple's preference fr infrmatin surces.
C. Why static articles differ frm cnversatinal cntent.
D. Hw text frmats influence infrmatin trustwrthiness.
44. In paragraph 3, text errrs in the study can be summarized as________
A. inevitable and cnflictingB. minr and cmmn
C. bvius and internally incnsistentD. repetitive and randmly selected
45. Accrding t Mike Katell, which f the fllwing is NOT a reasn why peple find cnversatinal chat agents mre cnvincing?
A. Peple's inbrn trust in lifelike things.
B. Inffensive delivery f persnalized cntent.
C. The chatbt's use f a gentle cnversatinal tne.
D. The makers' intentin t make users feel relaxed.
46. Which f the fllwing can be inferred frm the passage?
A. Utz suggests peple imprve media awareness and cmpetence.
B. Peple's preference fr lifelike things may be verstated.
C. Hw infrmatin is presented desn't affect hw much we believe it.
D. The research results are uncertain due t the lack f man-system interactin.
【答案】43. D 44. C 45. B 46. A
【导读】本文主要探讨了人工智能聊天机器人或语音助手的对话式语气与静态文章呈现信息方式对人们相信信息准确性的影响。Snja Utz 通过实验研究不同文本格式如何影响信息可信度，结果表明人们更倾向于相信对话式呈现的信息，即使其中存在错误。文章还分析了原因，并指出应在媒体素养培训中关注这一现象。
【解析】
【43 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段 “The cnversatinal tne f an AI chatbt r vice - based assistant is a gd way t learn new cncepts, but it may actually make us mre willing t believe inaccuracies, cmpared with infrmatin presented in a static（静态的） article.” 以及第二段 “T investigate this issue, Snja Utz frm Germany asked 1,200 participants t engage with ne f three frmats.” 可知，Snja Utz 的研究主要关注文本格式如何影响人们对信息可信度的判断，即文本格式如何影响信息的可信赖度，答案选 D。
【44 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段 “Sme f these errrs were plain wrng, such as naming Sfia as the capital f France, but thers invlved certain statements that were cntradicted elsewhere in the same respnse.” 可知，研究中的文本错误有些是明显错误的，比如将索非亚说成法国首都，还有些是在同一回复中内部存在矛盾的，所以可以总结为明显且内部不一致，答案选 C。
【45 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段 “Peple find cnversatinal chat agents mre cnvincing because humans seem t be hardwired t assign credibility t things that seem lifelike,”“The way the chatbts and vice agents are prgrammed t use a friendly and helpful cnversatinal tne als cnfuses peple. Chatbt makers are trying t put users at ease, which is achieved thrugh believable cntent and inffensive delivery.” 可知，人们天生信任栩栩如生的事物、聊天机器人使用温和的对话语气、制造商让用户放松的意图，这些都是人们觉得对话式聊天代理更有说服力的原因，而文中未提及个性化内容的无冒犯性传递，答案选 B。
【46 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段 “‘But peple dn't realize that this interactin mde makes us tend t believe whatever is written there.’ Utz says. ‘That shuld be in media literacy training.’” 可知，Utz 认为这种互动模式使人们倾向于相信看到的内容这一现象应纳入媒体素养培训，也就意味着 Utz 建议人们提高媒体意识和能力，答案选 A。
【重点词块】
cnversatinal tne 对话式语气
vice - based assistant 基于语音的助手
static article 静态文章
engage with 接触；参与
factual errr 事实性错误
seven - pint scale 七分制量表
hardwired 天生的；固有的
believable cntent 可信的内容
inffensive delivery 无冒犯性的表达
media literacy training 媒体素养培训
【复杂句式】
1. “The cnversatinal tne f an AI chatbt r vice - based assistant is a gd way t learn new cncepts, but it may actually make us mre willing t believe inaccuracies, cmpared with infrmatin presented in a static article.”
分析：这是一个由 “but” 连接的并列句。前半句 “The cnversatinal tne f an AI chatbt r vice - based assistant is a gd way t learn new cncepts”，“f an AI chatbt r vice - based assistant” 作后置定语修饰 “The cnversatinal tne”，“t learn new cncepts” 是动词不定式作后置定语修饰 “a gd way”。后半句 “it may actually make us mre willing t believe inaccuracies, cmpared with infrmatin presented in a static article”，“cmpared with infrmatin presented in a static article” 是过去分词短语作状语，表比较，“presented in a static article” 是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 “infrmatin”。
翻译：人工智能聊天机器人或基于语音的助手的对话式语气是学习新概念的好方法，但与静态文章中呈现的信息相比，它实际上可能会让我们更愿意相信不准确的信息。
2. “T investigate this issue, Snja Utz frm Germany asked 1,200 participants t engage with ne f three frmats.”
分析：“T investigate this issue” 是动词不定式作目的状语，表明 Snja Utz 进行后续行为的目的。句子主干是 “Snja Utz frm Germany asked 1,200 participants t engage with ne f three frmats”，“frm Germany” 作后置定语修饰 “Snja Utz”，“ask sb. t d sth.” 是固定结构，“t engage with ne f three frmats” 是宾语补足语。
翻译：为了研究这个问题，来自德国的索尼娅・乌茨让 1200 名参与者接触三种格式中的一种。
3. “Participants culdn't interact with the systems as they might with the real versins, in rder t keep the experience cnsistent acrss the study.”
分析：“as they might with the real versins” 是方式状语从句，表明参与者与系统互动的方式和与真实版本互动方式的对比。“in rder t keep the experience cnsistent acrss the study” 是目的状语，说明参与者不能像与真实版本那样互动的目的。
翻译：参与者不能像他们可能与真实版本那样与系统互动，以便在整个研究过程中保持体验的一致性。
4.“Chatbt makers are trying t put users at ease, which is achieved thrugh believable cntent and inffensive delivery.”
分析：这是一个主从复合句，“Chatbt makers are trying t put users at ease” 是主句，“which is achieved thrugh believable cntent and inffensive delivery” 是非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句，说明聊天机器人制造商试图让用户放松是通过可信的内容和无冒犯性的表达来实现的。
翻译：聊天机器人制造商试图让用户放松，这是通过可信的内容和无冒犯性的表达来实现的。
（三）
（2025年普陀区一模）
Art has always ccupied a special place in sciety. Many peple cnsider artists t be the ultimate authrities n the nature and expressin f beauty. Fr much f histry, the practice f art was mysterius, and artists were viewed as being smewhat dd and ften mad. Even the wrd mst cmmnly assciated with artists —inspiratin —has its wn magical qualities. Literally, "inspiratin"is the breathing in f a spirit. Artists were thught f as peple wh were uniquely inspired t create.
Of curse, artists cntributed t this mythlgy(神话). Many artists credited their talents t the presence f sme supernatural pwer. "Whle mvements f art have centered n the suppsedly therwrldly nature f art. Fr example, the Rmantic pets believed that art was a term thatmeant an ultimate expressin f beauty and truth. The search fr this ideal led them t explre bth natural and supernatural themes in their wrks.
Anther persistent view f art regarded its divrce frm lgic. Reasn and lgic were the prvince f scientists and philsphers, whereas creativity and insight were the area f the artists. The tw separate aspects f the mind were suppsed t remain distinct.
But in 1704, a majr breakthrugh ccurred. Sir Isaac Newtn, mathematician and physicist, published his study f light, Opticks. One f Newtn's majr discveries was n the nature f clr. Using a prism(棱镜), Newtn fund that white light is actually cmpsed f all the clrs f the rainbw. He even prvided a scientific explanatin fr the presence f rainbws. The artistic cmmunity was shcked. A scientist had taken a beautiful and magical experience and reduced it t the simple refractin f beams f light thrugh the prism f a raindrp. A scientist had ventured int their sacred territry.
Mre than a hundred years later, Jhn Keats, ne f the mst famus Rmantic pets, accused Newtn f reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbw. "His clleague, Samuel Taylr Cleridge, famusly remarked that the suls f five hundred Newtns wuld be needed t make ne Shakespeare. And yet, frm anther perspective, Newtn did nt reduce the beauty f the rainbw;he enhanced it. In his search t uncver the secrets f the rainbw, Newtn demnstrated the wnder, creativity, and inspiratin f an artist. He als gave the wrld anther pprtunity t experience the sublime(绝妙). Newtn's discvery paved the way fr the develpment f the science f spectrscpy, a way f analyzing the chemical makeup f light. Nw scientists can lk at the stars and knw their cmpsitin. The sense f wnder this ability creates is nt much different frm the wnder the pet r artist feels when staring at thse same stars.
43. Accrding t the passage, what was the cmmn view f artists in histry?
A. Artists were cnsidered lgical and ratinal.
B. Artists were seen as inspired and smewhat strange.
C. Artists were primarily fcused n scientific discvery.
D. Artists were thught t be withut any supernatural beliefs.
44. Hw did the Rmantic pets react t Newtn's discvery abut light and clr?
A. They believed it added a new dimensin t the appreciatin f beauty.
B. They credited Newtn's insights t mystical influences.
C. They were inspired t integrate mre scientific themes in their petry.
D. They felt it faded the petic beauty f natural phenmena.
45. Why des the authr mentin Jhn Keats'and Samuel Taylr Cleridge's views n Isaac Newtn?
A. T emphasize the superir creativity f pets ver scientists.
B. T highlight the impact f scientific discveries n artistic perceptin.
C. T state that Shakespeare's knwledge f beauty was unmatched.
D. T shw that Rmantic pets bjected t scientific prgress.
46. Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?
A. The Artistic Interpretatin f Science B. The Cntrast between Art and Lgics
C. The Interplay f Art and Science D. Isaac Newtn's Influence n Arts
【答案】 43. B 44. D 45. B 46. C
【导读】
本文探讨了艺术与科学的关系。在历史上，艺术家常被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，艺术创作被认为具有神秘性，与逻辑分离。1704 年牛顿对光和颜色的发现震惊了艺术界，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿此举破坏了自然现象的诗意美。但从另一角度看，牛顿的发现也展现了如艺术家般的创造力，且为科学发展奠定基础，引发人们对艺术与科学相互作用的思考。
【解析】
43. 细节理解题：根据第一段 “Fr much f histry, the practice f art was mysterius, and artists were viewed as being smewhat dd and ften mad. Even the wrd mst cmmnly assciated with artists — inspiratin — has its wn magical qualities. Artists were thught f as peple wh were uniquely inspired t create.” 可知，在历史上，艺术家被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，B 选项正确。A 选项，文中提到艺术与逻辑分离，艺术家并非被认为是有逻辑和理性的；C 选项，艺术家主要关注的并非科学发现；D 选项，许多艺术家将自己的才能归功于超自然力量，并非没有超自然信仰。所以答案是 B。
44. 细节理解题：从最后一段 “Mre than a hundred years later, Jhn Keats, ne f the mst famus Rmantic pets, accused Newtn f reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbw."” 可知，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿的发现减少了自然现象的诗意美，D 选项正确。A 选项与诗人观点相悖；B 选项，诗人并未将牛顿的见解归功于神秘影响；C 选项，文中未提及诗人因此在诗歌中融入更多科学主题。所以答案是 D。
45. 推理判断题：作者提及约翰・济慈和塞缪尔・泰勒・柯勒律治对牛顿的看法，是为了突出科学发现对艺术认知的影响，B 选项正确。A 选项，并非强调诗人创造力优于科学家；C 选项，提及莎士比亚不是重点，重点是体现科学对艺术认知的影响；D 选项，诗人并非反对科学进步，而是认为牛顿的发现影响了艺术对美的认知。所以答案是 B。
46. 主旨大意题：文章围绕艺术与科学展开，阐述了两者在历史认知中的不同以及牛顿的科学发现对艺术认知的影响，体现了艺术与科学的相互作用，C 选项 “艺术与科学的相互作用” 为最佳标题。A 选项 “科学的艺术解读” 片面；B 选项 “艺术与逻辑的对比” 只是其中一部分内容；D 选项 “艾萨克・牛顿对艺术的影响” 也过于片面。所以答案是 C。
【重点词快】
ultimate：adj. 最终的；根本的；最好的，最典型的
authrity：n. 权威；权力；当局
inspiratin：n. 灵感；鼓舞人心的人（或事物）
mythlgy：n. 神话；神话学；虚构的故事
supernatural：adj. 超自然的；神奇的；不可思议的
divrce：n. /v. 离婚；分离，脱离
prvince：n. 领域；省份；职权
prism：n. 棱镜；棱柱体
refractin：n. 折射
venture：v. 冒险；敢于；冒昧地说 n. 冒险；风险项目
sacred：adj. 神圣的；宗教的；庄严的
enhance：v. 提高；增强；增进
sublime：adj. 绝妙的；宏伟的；令人赞叹的
spectrscpy：n. 光谱学；波谱学
【复杂句式】
1.“Literally, "inspiratin" is the breathing in f a spirit. Artists were thught f as peple wh were uniquely inspired t create.”
分析：第一个句子是简单句，阐述 “inspiratin” 字面含义。第二个句子中 “wh were uniquely inspired t create” 是定语从句，修饰先行词 “peple”，说明被认为是艺术家的这类人的特点。
翻译：从字面上看，“灵感” 就是一种精神的吸入。艺术家被认为是那些受到独特启发去创作的人。
2. “Whle mvements f art have centered n the suppsedly therwrldly nature f art. Fr example, the Rmantic pets believed that art was a term that meant an ultimate expressin f beauty and truth.”
分析：第一个句子为主谓宾结构，“centered n” 为谓语短语。第二个句子中 “that art was a term that meant an ultimate expressin f beauty and truth” 为宾语从句，作 “believed” 的宾语，其中 “that meant an ultimate expressin f beauty and truth” 又是定语从句，修饰 “term”。
翻译：整个艺术运动都围绕着艺术所谓的超凡脱俗的本质。例如，浪漫主义诗人认为艺术是一个意味着美与真的终极表达的术语。
3. “Using a prism (棱镜), Newtn fund that white light is actually cmpsed f all the clrs f the rainbw. He even prvided a scientific explanatin fr the presence f rainbws.”
分析：第一个句子中 “Using a prism” 为现在分词短语作方式状语，“that white light is actually cmpsed f all the clrs f the rainbw” 为宾语从句，作 “fund” 的宾语。第二个句子是简单句。
翻译：牛顿使用棱镜发现，白光实际上是由彩虹的所有颜色组成的。他甚至为彩虹的出现提供了科学解释。
4.“Mre than a hundred years later, Jhn Keats, ne f the mst famus Rmantic pets, accused Newtn f reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbw."”
分析：“Mre than a hundred years later” 为时间状语，“ne f the mst famus Rmantic pets” 为插入语，对 “Jhn Keats” 进行补充说明，“accused Newtn f reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbw"” 为句子的主干部分，其中 “by "unweaving the rainbw"” 为方式状语。
翻译：一百多年后，最著名的浪漫主义诗人之一约翰・济慈指责牛顿通过 “解开彩虹” 来减少美。
5. “In his search t uncver the secrets f the rainbw, Newtn demnstrated the wnder, creativity, and inspiratin f an artist. He als gave the wrld anther pprtunity t experience the sublime (绝妙).”
分析：第一个句子中 “In his search t uncver the secrets f the rainbw” 为介词短语作状语，表明牛顿在做某事的过程中，句子主干为 “Newtn demnstrated the wnder, creativity, and inspiratin f an artist”。第二个句子是简单句。
翻译：在探索彩虹秘密的过程中，牛顿展现了艺术家的惊奇感、创造力和灵感。他也给了世界另一个体验绝妙之处的机会。
（四）
（2025年青浦一模）
Human dctrs perfrm amputatins, surgical remvals f an arm, leg, r finger, after a serius injury. But new research shws that sme ants perfrm amputatins n injured ants t help them survive an injury. The behavir was dcumented in Flrida carpenter ants.
Tw carpenter ants are seen in a labratry at the University f Lausanne. Scientists said they either cleaned the wund using their muthparts r amputated the limb, r leg, by biting it ff. The chice f care depended n the injury’s lcatin. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further dwn, they never amputated.
Erik Frank f the University f Würzburg in Germany is the lead writer f the research. Frank said the study describes “fr the first time hw a nn-human animal uses amputatins n anther individual t save their life.” He believes “that the ants’ ‘medical system’ t care fr the injured is the mst cmplicated in the animal kingdm,” and cmpares well t human medicine.
“Injuries further dwn the leg have an increased flw f hemlymph (血淋巴),” Frank said. S harmful bacteria can enter the bdy after nly five minutes. An amputatin wuld nt help infectin after that time. He cntinued, “Injuries further up the leg have a much slwer hemlymph flw, giving enugh time fr timely and effective amputatins.”
The study fund that after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputatin has a survival rate f 90 t 95 percent. Fr lwer leg injuries in which just cleaning was perfrmed, the survival rate was abut 75 percent, cmpared t abut 15 percent fr injuries that received n care.
Ants can functin well withut ne f their six legs. And nly female ants perfrm the treatment f wunds by cleaning r amputatin. “All wrker ants are female. Males play nly a minr rle in ant cmmunity,” Frank said.
S why d ants d these amputatins? Frank said, “There is a very simple evlutinary reasn fr caring fr the injured. It saves resurces.” He nted that if an ant culd be saved with little effrt t remain prductive, “there is a very high value f ding s.” “At the same time, if an individual is t heavily injured, the ants will nt care fr her, but rather leave her behind t die,” Frank added.
43. The type f treatments applied t injured ants depends n ______.
A. hw the medical system f the ants is develped
B. whether the ant still remains prductive and valuable
C. which kind f ants perfrms the treatments f wunds
D. whether the ant suffers frm an upper leg injury r a lwer ne
44. What can we infer frm the survival rates mentined in the text?
A. The lcatin f the injury and the crrespnding treatment greatly affect the ant’s survival.
B. Cleaning the wund is mre effective than amputatin fr all leg injuries.
C. Injured ants with n care have a similar survival rate t thse with treatment in sme cases.
D. Amputatin is always the best way t ensure the survival f injured ants.
45. It can be cncluded frm Frank’s study that ______.
A. male ants prvide medical care fr the ant cmmunity
B. slightly-injured ants will receive n care t save resurces
C. the heavily injured ants will eventually die fr lack f medical care
D. the cleaning f an upper leg injury greatly increases the ants’ survival rate
46. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. Hw ants perfrm amputatins.B. Hw injured ants are dealt with.
C. Hw ants evlve and reprduce.D. Hw amputatins affect ants.
【答案】 43. D 44. A 45. C 46. B
【导读】
本文介绍了一项关于佛罗里达木蚁的新研究。研究发现，木蚁会对受伤的同伴进行伤口处理，处理方式包括清洁伤口或截肢，具体选择取决于伤口位置。若伤口在腿部较高位置，它们会截肢；若在较低位置，则只清洁伤口。研究还表明，经过适当处理的受伤蚂蚁存活率更高，且只有雌性工蚁承担照顾受伤蚂蚁的工作，这一行为背后存在进化原因，即节省资源。
【解析】
43. 细节理解题：根据第二段 “The chice f care depended n the injury’s lcatin. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further dwn, they never amputated.” 可知，对受伤蚂蚁采用的治疗方式取决于伤口是在腿部较高位置还是较低位置，所以答案是 D。
44. 推理判断题：从第五段 “after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputatin has a survival rate f 90 t 95 percent. Fr lwer leg injuries in which just cleaning was perfrmed, the survival rate was abut 75 percent, cmpared t abut 15 percent fr injuries that received n care.” 可知，伤口位置和相应的治疗方式对蚂蚁的存活率影响很大，A 选项正确。B 选项，对于腿部较高位置的伤口，截肢的存活率更高，并非清洁伤口更有效；C 选项，有治疗和无治疗的受伤蚂蚁存活率差异很大，并非相似；D 选项，对于腿部较低位置的伤口，清洁伤口而非截肢更合适，所以截肢并非总是确保受伤蚂蚁存活的最佳方式。所以答案是 A。
45. 推理判断题：根据最后一段 “if an individual is t heavily injured, the ants will nt care fr her, but rather leave her behind t die” 可知，重伤的蚂蚁会因缺乏照料最终死亡，C 选项正确。A 选项，文中提到只有雌性工蚁承担照顾受伤蚂蚁的工作，雄性蚂蚁在蚁群中作用较小；B 选项，轻微受伤的蚂蚁会得到照料以节省资源；D 选项，文中提到对于腿部较高位置的伤口，截肢能大幅提高存活率，而非清洁伤口。所以答案是 C。
46. 主旨大意题：文章主要讲述了蚂蚁如何处理受伤的同伴，包括根据伤口位置选择清洁伤口或截肢等处理方式，B 选项 “受伤的蚂蚁是如何被处理的” 符合主旨。A 选项 “蚂蚁如何进行截肢” 只是其中一部分内容；C 选项 “蚂蚁如何进化和繁殖” 文中未提及；D 选项 “截肢如何影响蚂蚁” 并非文章重点。所以答案是 B。
【重点词块】
surgical remval 手术切除
labratry 实验室
muthparts 口器
lead writer 主要作者
evlutinary reasn 进化原因
remain prductive 保持生产力
【复杂句式】
1. “Frank said the study describes ‘fr the first time hw a nn - human animal uses amputatins n anther individual t save their life.’”
分析：这是一个主从复合句，“Frank said” 是主句，后面省略了引导词 “that”，“the study save their life” 是宾语从句，在这个宾语从句中，“hw a nn - human animal uses amputatins n anther individual t save their life” 是 “describes” 的宾语，作宾语从句中的宾语成分，其中 “t save their life” 是目的状语。
翻译：弗兰克说，这项研究 “首次描述了一种非人类动物如何通过对另一个个体进行截肢来挽救其生命”。
2. “Injuries further dwn the leg have an increased flw f hemlymph (血淋巴), s harmful bacteria can enter the bdy after nly five minutes.”
分析：这是一个由 “s” 连接的并列句，前一句 “Injuries further dwn the leg have an increased flw f hemlymph” 是主谓宾结构，“further dwn the leg” 作后置定语修饰 “Injuries”；后一句 “harmful bacteria can enter the bdy after nly five minutes” 是主谓宾结构，“after nly five minutes” 是时间状语。
翻译：腿部较低位置的伤口血淋巴流量会增加，所以有害细菌只需五分钟就能进入体内。
3. “At the same time, if an individual is t heavily injured, the ants will nt care fr her, but rather leave her behind t die.”
分析：这是一个主从复合句，“if an individual is t heavily injured” 是条件状语从句，“the ants will nt care fr her, but rather leave her behind t die” 是主句，其中 “but rather” 连接两个并列的谓语 “will nt care fr” 和 “leave”。
翻译：与此同时，如果一只蚂蚁受伤过重，其他蚂蚁不会照顾它，而是会把它丢在一边任其死亡。
（五）
（2025年崇明一模）
A recent grundbreaking study by the Ptsdam Institute fr Climate Impact Research (PIK) frecasts massive financial damages due t climate change, prjecting annual damages f abut $38 trillin ($38 millin millin) by the year 2050. This figure highlights the severe ecnmic challenges that lie ahead n a glbal scale, with the greatest impacts expected t burden the cuntries least respnsible fr greenhuse emissins (排放).
The ecnmic damage, estimated between $19 trillin t $59 trillin by mid-century, primarily stems frm increased temperatures and their subsequent impact n agriculture, labr prductivity, and infrastructure (基础设施). The study als ntes ptential increases in csts due t mre frequent and severe weather events, which are expected t becme mre cmmn as glbal temperatures rise.
The findings reveal a discncerting disparity: natins within the trpical (热带的) regins, which have cntributed least t histrical carbn emissins, are predicted t suffer incme lsses 60% greater than thse in higher-incme, higher-emissin cuntries. This highlights a significant climate justice issue, as these least-develped natins pssess fewer resurces t adapt t increasing climate impacts.
Anders Levermann, head f cmplexity science at PIK and c-authr f the study, emphasized the inequity and urgency f the situatin. “Cuntries in the trpics will suffer the mst because they are already warmer. Further temperature increases will therefre be mst harmful there,” he explained. Levermann argues fr a rapid structural shift twards renewable energy t ease these impacts and stabilize glbal temperatures.
When placed alngside ther majr climate impact frecasts, the PIK study stands ut fr its cmprehensive data analysis and harsh prjectins. Previus studies have similarly highlighted the ecnmic damages f climate change but lacked the extensive reginal and specific insights this study prvides.
The study strngly advcates fr great and immediate reductins in greenhuse gas emissins t avid the wrst f these ecnmic damages. It suggests that slwing climate change is nt nly a mral and envirnmental must but als ecnmically advantageus, as the cst f inactin is far greater than the expenses assciated with reducing glbal warming t manageable levels.
The sciecnmic cnsequences f such extensive ecnmic lsses culd lead t heightened glbal inequality and ptentially, scial unrest. This prjectin stresses the imprtance f internatinal cperatin in climate actin plans and the develpment f fair plicies that recgnize and make up fr the inequities faced by the less develped natins mst affected by climate change.
43. Climate change will cause massive ecnmic damage wrldwide by 2050 mainly because _____.
A. the average wrld temperature will increase much faster than expected
B. rising temperatures will damage farming, infrastructure and prductivity
C. big cuntries will experience ecnmic crises due t mre severe weather events
D. trpical regins are unprepared t adapt t the damages caused by climate change
44. By “a discncerting disparity” in paragraph 4, the authr means _____.
A. pr cuntries least respnsible fr emissin will suffer mst in ecnmy
B. it is prjected that peple in trpical cuntries will earn 60% less by 2050
C. higher-incme cuntries are reluctant t invest in slwing glbal warming
D. higher-emissin cuntries are trying t justify their rle in climate impacts
45. The PIK study aruses the public attentin due t _____.
A. its rigid climate impact frecasts B. its verall statistics and the severity f its findings
C. its different apprach t analyzing data D. its similar reginal insights n ecnmic damages
46. What des the PIK study imply?
A. Fair plicies shuld be established t avid further rising f temperatures.
B. Reducing gas emissins will benefit the envirnment but harm the ecnmy.
C. Inequality shuld be reduced thrugh cperatin in fighting climate change.
D. Wealthy cuntries shuld bear the whle cst f cping with glbal warming.
【答案】 43. B 44. A 45. B 46. C
【导读】
本文主要介绍了波茨坦气候影响研究所（PIK）的一项关于气候变化对经济影响的研究。该研究预测到 2050 年，气候变化将造成约 38 万亿美元的年度损失，主要源于气温上升对农业、劳动生产率和基础设施的影响，以及极端天气事件增多带来的成本增加。研究还指出，热带地区国家虽对碳排放贡献小，但将遭受比高收入、高排放国家更严重的经济损失，凸显了气候正义问题。PIK 研究因其全面数据分析和严峻预测而受关注，它倡导立即大幅减少温室气体排放，强调国际合作制定公平政策以应对气候变化带来的不平等。
【解析】
43. 细节理解题：根据第二段 “The ecnmic stems frm increased temperatures and their subsequent impact n agriculture, labr prductivity, and infrastructure” 可知，到 2050 年气候变化将在全球范围内造成巨大经济损失，主要是因为气温上升会损害农业、基础设施和生产力，B 选项正确。A 选项文中未提及平均世界温度上升速度比预期快；C 选项不是因为大国因极端天气事件经历经济危机，而是全球范围的经济损失；D 选项热带地区国家因气候变化遭受损失是结果，不是造成全球经济损失的主要原因。所以答案是 B。
44. 词义猜测题：根据第三段 “natins within the trpical regins, which have cntributed least t histrical carbn emissins, are predicted t suffer incme lsses 60% greater than thse in higher - incme, higher - emissin cuntries” 可知，“a discncerting disparity” 指的是对排放责任最小的贫穷国家在经济上遭受的损失最大，A 选项正确。B 选项理解错误，不是热带国家人们收入减少 60%，而是遭受的收入损失比高收入、高排放国家大 60%；C 选项和 D 选项文中未提及相关内容。所以答案是 A。
45. 细节理解题：根据第五段 “When placed alngside ther majr climate impact frecasts, the PIK study stands ut fr its cmprehensive data analysis and harsh prjectins” 可知，PIK 研究因其全面的统计数据和严峻的研究结果而引起公众关注，B 选项正确。A 选项 “rigid climate impact frecasts” 表述不准确；C 选项不是其分析数据的方法不同，而是分析全面；D 选项不是类似的区域见解，而是提供了更广泛的区域见解。所以答案是 B。
46. 推理判断题：根据最后一段 “This prjectin stresses the imprtance f internatinal cperatin in climate actin plans and the develpment f fair plicies that recgnize and make up fr the inequities faced by the less develped natins mst affected by climate change” 可知，PIK 研究暗示应通过合作应对气候变化来减少不平等，C 选项正确。A 选项避免温度进一步上升是要减少温室气体排放，而非建立公平政策；B 选项减少气体排放不仅对环境有益，从经济角度也是有利的；D 选项文中未提及富裕国家应承担应对全球变暖的全部成本。所以答案是 C。
【重点词块】
grundbreaking study 开创性研究
climate impact 气候影响
greenhuse emissins 温室气体排放
labr prductivity 劳动生产率
climate justice 气候正义
renewable energy 可再生能源
sciecnmic cnsequences 社会经济后果
internatinal cperatin 国际合作
【复杂句式】
1. “A recent grundbreaking study by the Ptsdam Institute fr Climate Impact Research (PIK) frecasts massive financial damages due t climate change, prjecting annual damages f abut $38 trillin ($38 millin millin) by the year 2050.”
分析：句子主干是 “A recent grundbreaking massive financial damages”，“by the Ptsdam Institute fr Climate Impact Research (PIK)” 作后置定语修饰 “study”，“due t climate change” 是原因状语，说明造成经济损失的原因；“prjecting annual damages f abut $38 trillin ($38 millin millin) by the year 2050” 是现在分词短语作伴随状语，进一步说明研究预测的内容。
翻译：波茨坦气候影响研究所（PIK）最近的一项开创性研究预测，由于气候变化将造成巨大的经济损失，预计到 2050 年年度损失约为 38 万亿美元（3800 万亿）。
2. “The ecnmic damage, estimated between $19 trillin t $59 trillin by mid - century, primarily stems frm increased temperatures and their subsequent impact n agriculture, labr prductivity, and infrastructure.”
分析：句子主干是 “The ecnmic stems frm increased temperatures and their subsequent impact”，“estimated between $19 trillin t $59 trillin by mid - century” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “The ecnmic damage”，说明对经济损失的预估范围；“n agriculture, labr prductivity, and infrastructure” 是介词短语作后置定语，修饰 “impact”，表明影响的具体方面。
翻译：到本世纪中叶，经济损失预计在 19 万亿美元到 59 万亿美元之间，主要源于气温上升及其对农业、劳动生产率和基础设施的后续影响。
3. “The findings reveal a discncerting disparity: natins within the trpical regins, which have cntributed least t histrical carbn emissins, are predicted t suffer incme lsses 60% greater than thse in higher - incme, higher - emissin cuntries.”
分析：冒号前是句子主干 “The findings reveal a discncerting disparity”，冒号后是对 “disparity” 的具体解释。“natins within the trpical predicted t suffer incme lsses...” 是一个完整的句子，“within the trpical regins” 作后置定语修饰 “natins”，“which have cntributed least t histrical carbn emissins” 是定语从句，修饰 “natins within the trpical regins”；“60% greater than thse in higher - incme, higher - emissin cuntries” 是比较结构，作后置定语修饰 “incme lsses”，将热带地区国家的收入损失与高收入、高排放国家进行比较。
翻译：研究结果揭示了一种令人不安的差距：热带地区国家对历史碳排放的贡献最小，但预计其遭受的收入损失比高收入、高排放国家大 60%。
4. “The study strngly advcates fr great and immediate reductins in greenhuse gas emissins t avid the wrst f these ecnmic damages. It suggests that slwing climate change is nt nly a mral and envirnmental must but als ecnmically advantageus, as the cst f inactin is far greater than the expenses assciated with reducing glbal warming t manageable levels.”
分析：第一句中 “t avid the wrst f these ecnmic damages” 是动词不定式作目的状语，表明倡导减少温室气体排放的目的。第二句中 “that slwing climate change is nt nly a mral and envirnmental must but als ecnmically advantageus” 是宾语从句，作 “suggests” 的宾语；“as the cst f inactin is far greater than the expenses assciated with reducing glbal warming t manageable levels” 是原因状语从句，说明减缓气候变化在经济上有利的原因，其中 “assciated with reducing glbal warming t manageable levels” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “expenses”。
翻译：该研究强烈倡导立即大幅减少温室气体排放，以避免这些最严重的经济损失。它表明减缓气候变化不仅是道德和环境上的必要之举，在经济上也是有利的，因为不作为的成本远远高于将全球变暖控制在可管理水平所需的费用。
psitive 肯定的,积极的
passive 被动的，消极的
negative 消极的
supprtive 支持的
disapprving 不赞成的
critical 批评的
cnservative 保守的
suspicius 可疑的，怀疑的
puzzled/ cnfused 困惑的
subjective 主观的
bjective 客观的
neutral 中立的
cncerned 关心的，有关的
ptimistic 乐观的
pessimistic 悲观的
indifferent 漠不关心的
uncncerned 不关心的