专题03 冠词、代词和介词-2025年高考英语一轮复习语法知识必备（(知识点课件+精析精练)）

这是一份专题03 冠词、代词和介词-2025年高考英语一轮复习语法知识必备（(知识点课件+精析精练)），文件包含03冠词代词和介词pptx、03冠词代词和介词docx等2份课件配套教学资源，其中PPT共49页， 欢迎下载使用。
一、冠词【考题再现】①(2024·厦门一中模拟) Lcated at ____ average altitude(海拔) f 3,000 meters, a vast grassland there ffers the perfect relaxatin in nature.②(2024·惠州模拟) The silver jewelry prduced by the Mia ethnic grup has been the key t driving rural develpment in Taijiang Cunty, ____ area lcated in the Qiandngnan Mia and Dng Autnmus Prefecture (自治州) f Guizhu Prvince.③(2024·潮州模拟) ____ ncming ice age made the cean water cld and brught mre nutrients, resulting in mre fd fr large whales.
考点1　不定冠词用法【要点归纳】　　英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。不定冠词主要有下面两种用法:1.表示“一个”,意为ne;指某人或某物,意为a certain。A teacher is a persn wh teaches.An apple falls dwn because f gravity.
2.代表一类人或物。【特别提示】(1)不定冠词a/an与数词ne 同源,表示“一个”的意思。a用于发音以辅音音素开头的单词前,an则用于发音以元音音素开头的单词前。注意此处不是指辅音字母和元音字母。
(2)不定冠词的其他用法①不定冠词可以用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,使之具体化。这样的物质名词有rain, snw, fg, wind, drink, cffee, beer, fire, paper等;抽象名词有success, failure, surprise, pleasure, beauty, wnder, cmfrt, danger, shck等。②knwledge, cllectin, understanding等名词后加f...时,其前常用不定冠词a/an。③“a mst+形容词”表示“很……,非常……”,mst在此不表示最高级含义,相当于very;而“the+mst+多音节形容词”为多音节形容词的最高级形式,表示“最……”。Fr a great many men and wmen, rmance can be a mst imprtant part f marriage.It is ne f the mst riginal wrks f imaginatin in the language.
【要点巩固】①(2024·马鞍山模拟) China’s experiences and cntinued effrts demnstrate ___ cncrete example f pursuing lw-carbn develpment.②(2024·潍坊模拟) Based n ther studies that have cme ut,including urs,we are starting t think timing f meals mst likely desn’t prduce ____ instant impact n weight lss.③(2024·三明模拟) A card with a persnalized QR cde is shwn befre residents enter a facility and staff frm the facility shuld scan the cde with ____ applicatin.④(2024·南平模拟) When this 74-year-ld wman started sharing phts f her daily life, she wuldn’t have imagined becming ___ safe heaven fr many Chinese yung peple.⑤(2024·合肥模拟) And n this day, teachers arund the natin enjyed ___ day’s break and were given dried meat as gifts.
考点2　定冠词用法【要点归纳】1.表示特指的人或物,或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物,或者指上文已经提到过的人或物。Yesterday Jhn’s father bught him a new bike.The bike cst him 200 yuan.2.用于单数可数名词前, 表示整个类属。I think the telephne was invented befre the car. 3.用于某些形容词、分词前表示一类人/物或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人。The rich will be asked t cntribute mney; the strng t cntribute labur. The Greens said yu wuld travel with them.
4.用在被短语或从句修饰的名词前表示特指。This is the by whse mther is ur Chinese teacher. 5.表示世界上独一无二的事物,如the mn, the sun, the earth, the universe, the wrld, the sky等。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.6.用在序数词、形容词/副词最高级以及形容词nly, very, same等前面。I felt the pressure f being the first wman in the jb.【特别提示】当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一, 再一”时, 用不定冠词, 如a secnd time意为“再一次, 又一次”。
7.用于表示方位、西洋乐器等的名词前,如in the east, in the nrthwest, play the pian等。8.用于表示某世纪/年代/时期或朝代的名词前。He mved t the suth in the sixties. 9.用在表示度量单位的名词前,如by the hur/day/week/mnth/year/dzen/yard/tn/kil,但是size/weight/time这类名词跟by连用时不加冠词。I hired the car by the hur.
【要点巩固】①(2024·石家庄模拟) BDS (China’s BeiDu Navigatin Satellite System) is serving diverse industries, generating prfits in ____ field f mass cnsumer prducts and becming increasingly integrated int peple’s lives.②(2024·德州模拟) With ____ number f yung attendees rising, the museums have been launching creative prducts and services.③(2024·保定模拟) Faced with the chice t hnestly bast r humblebrag, self-prmters shuld chse ____ frmer, and at least btain the rewards f seeming sincere.④(2024·沧州模拟) French fries were intrduced t America in ____ late 18th century by a man named Thmas Jeffersn.⑤(2024·开封模拟) After this, ____ telescpe recrded dzens f pulses frm the FRB ver the curse f days.
考点3　与冠词有关的固定搭配【要点归纳】1.含不定冠词的固定搭配have a knwledge/an understanding f了解have a gd view f一览无余in a hurry匆忙地as a result因此as a rule通常as a whle总体上as a matter f fact事实上
2.含定冠词的固定搭配make the mst/best f充分利用in the end最后by the way顺便说一下in the distance在远处in the way挡道n the whle总的来说
3.含零冠词的固定搭配at present目前　　take part in参加in peace平静地by chance/accident偶然n purpse故意n secnd thughts再三考虑ahead f time提前in advance提前
【要点巩固】①(2024·南充模拟) It was ___ gd time t display the kites as well as enjy the warm weather and the fresh air.②(2024·福州模拟) The weather, bugs,a new type f seed r variety f plants—all f thse play ___ part f a much bigger peratin.③(2024·福州模拟) By creating separate lists, yu can cmpletely fcus yur attentin and energy n ne set f tasks at ___ time.④(2024·泸州模拟) As ___ result f a partnership between French cmpany L’Oreal and the United Natins Educatinal, Scientific and Cultural Organizatin (UNESCO), the L’Oreal-UNESCO Fr Wmen in Science fundatin was funded in 1998 t encurage equality in science.⑤(2024·济南模拟) He has set ____ example fr yung peple in terms f cmmitment and hard wrk.
二、代词【考题再现】①(2024·德州模拟) Fr cultural relics and exhibitins f museums, digital cllectibles nt nly attract the attentin f many yuths, but als encurage them t apprach cultural relics, understand histry and prmte the interest in ______ (they) heart in traditinal Chinese culture.②(2024·内江模拟) Hwever, lcals say ___ might be difficult fr the persn’s identity t remain a secret.③(2024·凉山州模拟) This is the time in yur life when yu frm ______ (yu) idea f wh yu really are.
考点1　人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词【要点归纳】　　人称代词、物主代词和反身代词一览表
1.人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格。2.两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:(1)在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。Yu, he and I are in different classes. Mr Wang asked Li Ming and me t help him.(2)第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。He and she were sitting face t face. 3.物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。名词性物主代词可作主语和宾语。She scanned the list f names t see if hers was n it.The authr can reprt ther peple’s results which mre r less agree with hers.
【要点巩固】①(2024·遂宁模拟) Hwever,because f ____ (it) altitude, it’s such a great challenge t bth ne’s physical ability and mind.②(2024·南充模拟) Teams frm hme and abrad gather here t fly ______ (they) well-designed kites t the sky.③(2024·新乡模拟) The experience tested humans’ ability t adjust ___________ (they) t the sudden huge changes in living cnditins and envirnments.④(2024·安阳模拟) As the mst bidiverse prvince in China, suthwestern Yunnan is sharing ____ (it) cnservatin strategy n the internatinal stage.⑤(2024·安阳模拟) Fr 300 days, Jiang and her team wrked n the design, but she never thught f giving ___ (it) up.
考点2　it的用法【要点归纳】1.it作人称代词的用法(1)it 可以指除人以外的一切事物或动物。如:We have $500. Will it be enugh fr a depsit?(2)指人时主要用于指代性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如:Her new baby is tiny. It nly weighs 2 kils.
2.it 作非人称代词的用法(1)主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如:It’s quite warm at the mment.(2)用于某些句型。如:It’s time fr sth.该是做某事的时间了。It’s time t d sth.到该做某事的时候了。It’s time fr sb. t d sth.到某人该做某事的时间了。It’s (abut/high) time+that从句.是做……的时候了。(从句谓语用过去式,有时也用“shuld+动词原形”)It’s the first (secnd...) time+that从句.(某人)第一(二……)次做某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)It’s+时间段+since从句.自从……有一段时间了。It’s+时间段+befre从句.过多长时间才……
3.it用作形式主语或形式宾语(1)用作形式主语的重要句型It+be+adj.+fr (f) sb. t d sth.做某事对某人来说……It is necessary fr us t have sme exercise every day. It is very cnsiderate f yu t send me a birthday card.(2)用作形式宾语的重要句型①主语+think/believe/suppse/cnsider/feel/make/keep...+it+adj./n. +(fr/f sb.) t d/从句.②主语+think/believe/suppse/cnsider/feel/make/keep...+it+imprtant/necessary/natural/essential+that... (shuld...)
【特别提示】某些及物动词或短语后不能直接跟从句。此时须先用it作形式宾语, 然后接从句, 有此用法的动词(短语)有like, dislike, hate, appreciate, depend n, rely n, cunt n, see t等。I believe it imprtant t separate gd failures frm bad failures.I wuld appreciate it if yu culd help me t slve the technical prblem.I hate it when peple tell me that they are unemplyed.
【要点巩固】①If yu are time pr, yu need run fr nly half the time t get the same benefits as ther sprts, s perhaps we shuld all give ___ a try.②Many westerners wh cme t China ck much less than in their wn cuntries nce they realize hw cheap ___ can be t eat ut.③(2023·浙江高考1月阅读C改编) A machine can nw nt nly beat yu at chess, ___ can als utperfrm yu in debate.④(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读B改编) The plants and animals in the ec-machine tk the sludge as fd and began t eat ___!⑤___ is ur attitude twards study and life that makes all the differences!
三、介词(短语)【考题再现】①(2024·成都模拟) Keju served as a mdel ____ the civil-service systems in ther Asian and Western cuntries, such as Krea and Japan.②(2024·南充模拟) Apart ______ the traditinal patterns such as swallws, butterflies, and triangles, yu will be amazed by the creative thinking shwn in these kites.③(2024·南平模拟) In Nvember, Grandma’s accunt became a ht tpic n China’s ppular scial media netwrk, _____ the hashtag (主题标签) “Tw senirs’ three meals a day”.
考点1　介词的基本用法【要点归纳】1.with/withut复合结构“介词with/withut+名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/动词不定式/分词(现在分词或过去分词)”在句中表状态或说明背景情况,常作伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。I will have t buy a new ne with my bike brken.With smething imprtant t talk abut with yu, yu must stay here.
2.表示工具、手段、方式的介词(1)by, n都可表示旅行的方式。①不涉及交通工具的名词前用by,名词前不加冠词。如by sea, by water, by land, by rail, by air等。②涉及交通工具的名词前用by,名词须用单数形式,前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。如by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/bat, by train, by spaceship等。③步行、骑马、骑骆驼等均用n。如n ft, n hrseback, n a hrse, n the camel等。
(2)with,by,in三词都可表示“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式。①with用于无形的工具或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。We d nt see nature with ur eyes, but with ur understandings and ur hearts.②by, in, n, ver, thrugh等介词多用于有形的工具或方式、手段之前。如by hand, in ink, n the telephne, ver the radi, thrugh the telescpe等。
3.f+抽象名词的用法(1)f + great/much+抽象名词=very+抽象名词的形容词形式(2)f + n+抽象名词=nt+抽象名词的形容词形式Basic research is f great imprtance in all scientific fields. =Basic research is very imprtant in all scientific fields.All ur persuasin was f n use; she wuld nt cme.=All ur persuasin was nt useful;she wuld nt cme.
4.介词but的固定搭配have n chice but t d 别无选择只得做……can’t help but d不得不做……can’t but d不得不/只能做……can’t chse but d别无选择只得做……but fr要不是……I have n chice but t d as he tells me. It rained hard, s they culdn’t chse but stay at hme.5.名词 key, apprach, slutin, answer, entrance, visit, attitude等与t构成固定搭配We have a very cmmunicative apprach t teaching languages.We must find a satisfactry slutin t the prblem.
6.介词by的用法(1)by+地点名词:表示方位,意为“在……旁边”。(2)by+时间名词:意为“到……时(已发生某事);最晚,不迟于,在……之前”,此时谓语多用完成式。(3)by+名词:可用来表示方法、方式、手段等。I can find tw tables by the windw fr yu. Can yu have yur reprt ready fr the press by next week? I used t travel by air a great deal when I was a by.
【要点巩固】①(2024·泸州模拟) Five utstanding researchers received the L’Oreal-UNESCO Fr Wmen in Science Award at a ceremny in Paris, France ____ Friday evening fr their pineering research in the life sciences.②(2024·安阳模拟) Accrding t the fifth Glbal Bidiversity Outlk reprt, bidiversity is declining ___ an alarming rate.③(2024·开封模拟) These can range frm “finish the presentatin fr wrk next week” ___ “find a present fr Mm’s birthday next mnth”.④(2024·宿州模拟) ______ trees grwing in the shallws, the wetland is a natural system fr prviding clean water and prducing xygen.⑤(2024·莆田模拟) As she grew up,she realized that ________ any experience and knwledge, it is impssible t be free.
考点2　介词的习惯搭配【要点归纳】1.与形容词构成的搭配(1)be+adj.+abutbe anxius abut　　　　对……忧虑be curius abut 对……好奇(2)be+adj.+atbe angry at因……生气be gd at擅长
(3)be+adj.+inbe absrbed in专注于be active in积极于be dressed in穿着be engaged in忙于(4)be+adj.+frbe eager fr渴望be famus fr因……著名be fit fr适合,胜任be ready fr准备好
(5)be+adj.+frmbe absent frm缺席be different frm不同于(6)be+adj.+tbe clse t接近be devted t致力于be equal t等于be familiar t对……来说熟悉
(7)be+adj.+fbe aware f意识到be fnd f喜欢(8)be+adj.+withbe busy with忙于be familiar with熟悉be patient with对……有耐心
2.与名词构成的搭配(1)“at+n.”表示状态at a lss不知所措at peace处于和平状态at war在交战状态中at wrk在工作(2)“n+n.”表示状态n exhibitin/shw在展出n fire着火n sale出售,打折n the way在途中
(3)“by+n.”表示方式by accident偶然 by air/plane乘飞机by chance偶然by design故意地(4)“in+n.”表示方式in cash 用现金付款in depth 深入地in detail 详细地 in height 在高度上
(5)“f+n.”表示特征(等于相应的形容词)f benefit 有益处的f use 有用的(6)“ut f+n.”表示状态ut f balance 失去平衡ut f breath 上气不接下气(7)“with+n.”表示方式with delight/jy 高兴地with difficulty 困难地
【要点巩固】①(2024·沧州模拟) Many f yu knw that the English wrd fr French fries is “chips”, and Americans call them “French fries”, but ___ fact, its real rigin is Belgium.②(2024·郑州模拟) The prject marks the first time China has built a large advanced cruise ship ____ its wn.③(2024·福州模拟) Thank yu ____ bringing me t the turkey and pig berms t see the cute little animals.④(2024·龙岩模拟) She was brught up in a small twn with red lanterns hanging everywhere, leaving it bathed ___ a strng festive atmsphere.⑤(2024·邯郸模拟) Mature celadn (青瓷) came _____ being in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
【特别提示】语法填空题冠词、代词、介词考法1.根据泛指或特指选择冠词如果空格后的名词或“形容词+名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。2.根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语, 记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。3.熟记常用的不定代词, 如ne, all, bth, either, neither, each, many, much, little, few, ther, anther, smething, nthing等。
4.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词:“成分”是关键(1)如果句中缺少主语, 则用人称代词的主格;(2)如果句中缺少宾语或表语, 则用人称代词的宾格;(3)如果句中缺少定语, 则用形容词性物主代词;(4)如果宾语或表语又反射到句子主语, 则用反身代词。
5.“四种方法”确定介词(1)根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系;(2)根据语境含义并结合介词用法;(3)根据特殊的结构关系, 如接复合宾语就只能用with或withut;(4)根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。
抽象名词的具体化抽象名词是表示具有某种特性、状态、感情或情绪的人或物。抽象名词一般是不可数的,但是其前面加上一个不定冠词,就可以变得具体化。写作运用:一句多译(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写)大卫终于完成了越野跑。在某种程度上,他是成功的。→David finally finished the crss-cuntry run.T sme degree, he was __________.→David finally finished the crss-cuntry run.T sme degree, he was _________. 
高考真题训练1.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) The meat shuld be fresh with ___ tuch f sweetness and the sup ht, clear and delicius.2.(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) Nt the pandas, even thugh ____ language used fr the medical training instructins is actually English.3.(2023·浙江高考·1月卷) In cntrast t the curt life and upper-class culture represented by the Frbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple f Heaven, the hutngs reflect ____ culture f grassrts Beijingers.4.(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Cvering an area abut three times ____ size f Yellwstne Natinal Park, the GPNP will be ne f the first natinal parks in the cuntry.
5.(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) _____ Brwn family live in an apartment building utside Trnt.6.(2022·全国甲卷) Ca decided t cver the rute by hiking as a tribute (致敬) t the ancient Silk Rad.___ friend f his, Wu Fan, vlunteered t be his cmpanin during the trip.7.(2022·全国乙卷) T celebrate ____ festival, a number f events tk place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing n Thursday.8.(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷) While yu’re in China, Munt Huangshan is ___ must t visit!9.(2021·全国甲卷) It tk us abut 3 hurs t g all ____ way arund the Xi’an City Wall.
10.(2021·全国乙卷) Due t ____ grwing ppularity f envirnmentally-related and adventure travel, varius types ___ trips are nw being classified as ecturism.11.(2021·浙江高考) _____ Linclns enlarged the huse t a full tw stries in 1856 t meet the needs f their grwing family.12.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷) The plum trees are ____ first t flwer even as the snw is melting(融化).13.(2020·浙江高考) This style f farming lasted fr quite a lng time.Then, with ____ rise f science, changes began.14.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) Of ____ nineteen recgnized plar bear subppulatins, three are declining, six are stable, ne is increasing, and nine lack enugh data.