专题01 名词-2025年高考英语一轮复习语法知识必备（(知识点课件+精析精练)）

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可数名词的数【考题再现】①(2024·北京东城模拟) In my hands, glass bttles, plastic bags, and ther waste _______(item) becme a frm f sustainable art.②(2024·郑州模拟) One f the biggest __________(prblem) with ChatGPT is that it cmes back, very cnfidently, with false cntents.③(2024·韶关模拟) Like mst _______(stry) assciated with Dragn Well tea, the rigin f the Dragn Well Tea Shrimp relates t the Qianlng Emperr f the Qing Dynasty.
【要点归纳】考点1　可数名词变复数的规则变化　　可数名词变复数形式时,一般在名词后面加-s或-es。变化形式如下表:
考点2　可数名词变复数的不规则变化　　可数名词变复数的不规则变化的形式如下表:
【要点巩固】①While the _________(child) were enjying “free play”, I stepped t the drway f the classrm t take a break.②The team wh wn the three wrld _______________(champinship) wuld always get this cup.③Timmis and his team set ut t seek the effects f phne use n ___________(passer-by).④We usually expect Hllywd ________(her) t shw up n ur screens and defeat the bad guys.⑤The best slutin might be t find the ____________(weakness) in the idea and t try and strengthen them,rather than use them simply as an excuse fr rejecting the whle idea.
champinships
passers-by
weaknesses
不可数名词【考题再现】①(2024·济南模拟) His shp has gained ___________(ppular) amng visitrs.②(2024·平许济洛模拟) Anther reasn that has made it pssible fr Chinese firms t perfrm well in the Wrld Cup is that China has shwn gd ecnmic ________ (grw) amid a glbal recessin.③(2024·枣庄模拟) He witnessed this histric mment and shared in the __________ (happy) f the Chinese peple.
【要点归纳】考点1　不可数名词(1)不可数名词没有复数形式, 也不可以与不定冠词连用。最常见的不可数名词有: fun, baggage, change(零钱), furniture, hair, hmewrk, infrmatin, knwledge, luggage, mney, news, prgress, traffic 等。(2)不可数名词的量有两种表示方法:①用sme, much, a little, a lt f, a bit f, plenty f 等表示多少。注意: 既可以与可数名词复数, 又可以与不可数名词连用的有: plenty f, sme, a lt f, lts f, mst f等。②用单位词表示, 即。如:a cup f tea, a piece f paper。
考点2　不可数名词与可数名词的转化(1)有些物质名词表示不同种类时可以转化为可数名词。如:The ptat is a vegetable, nt a fruit.土豆是一种蔬菜, 不是水果。My dctr tld me t avid fatty fds such as bacn r hamburgers. 我的医生叫我避免吃高脂肪的食物, 如培根或汉堡包。(2)特殊物质名词的数量表示: 当要表示“一场/段/件/种……”等意思时, 某些物质名词前可用不定冠词, 但此时通常有形容词或f短语修饰。如: A heavy snw was falling.当时正下着一场大雪。
A fine rain began t fall. 开始下起一阵小雨。另外, 表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea, cffee, drink, beer等, 可以用a(n)或数词修饰, 也有复数形式。如:Tw teas and a cffee, please.请来两杯茶和一杯咖啡。I rdered tw cffees and an ice-cream.我点了两杯咖啡和一份冰淇淋。
(3)有些名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词, 但意思不同。如: wrk工作, a wrk一部著作; glass玻璃, a glass一个玻璃杯; wd木头, a wd一片树林; rm空间, a rm一间房间; paper纸, a paper 一份试卷(文件、 报纸等)等。考点3　抽象名词具体化(1)表示情感、情绪的词, 强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词可概括为如下11个字: 惊(surprise)、乐(pleasure)、幸(hnur)、憾(pity)、傲(pride)、慰(cmfrt)、险(danger)、助(help)、成(success)、败(failure)、美(beauty)。例如:The new methd has finally prved t be a success. 新方法最终证明是成功的。
(2)表示“一次”“一场”“一段”等“一……”的概念, 常与动词连用构成短语, 名词前常有形容词修饰。如: have a gd time, have a wnderful supper, have a gd knwledge/understanding f, have a ppulatin f, cver an area f, reach a height f等。
【要点巩固】①Mre takeut and mre fd _________(deliver) equal mre waste, especially plastic waste.②This was the very dr I carefully guided the children thrugh t ensure their _______ (safe) frm the bitter cld.③When we cmmunicate, we cmmunicate _________(mean).④(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this ___________(interact) by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.⑤(2023·全国乙卷) Several studies have backed this up and fund that indr plants can imprve __________(create), fcus and memry.
interactin
creativity
名词所有格【考题再现】①They tested the _______(men) fitness and resting metablic (新陈代谢的) rates and tk samples (样品) f their bld and fat tissue.②(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many _________(peple) digital lives increasingly intlerable, befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.③In the last five years,Ca has walked thrugh 34 cuntries in six cntinents,and in 2016,he reached the tp f Kilimanjar,________ (Africa) highest muntain.
【要点归纳】考点1　常规所有格(1)表示有生命名词的所有格时, 在词尾加“‘s”。如:the by’s bag, men’s rms;(2)若名词已有复数词尾-s, 只加“‘”。如:the teachers’ reading rm;(3)表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家、城市等无生命名词的所有格也可在词尾加“‘s”来表示所属关系, 意为“……的”。如:a ten minutes’ walk, a twenty miles’ jurney, tw tns’ weight, fifty dllars’ wrth。
考点2　并列所有格(1)如果两个名词并列, 且分别加“‘s”, 则表示“分别有……”; (2)若只有后一个名词加“‘s”, 则表示两个“共有”。如:Jhn’s and Mary’s rms (两间); Jhn and Mary’s rm (一间)。考点3　f属格无生命名词的所有格用f结构。如:a map f China, the end f this term, the capital f ur cuntry, the clur f the flwers。
考点4　省略格在表示店铺、教堂、诊所的名称或某人的家时, 名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词。如:at the dctr’s在诊所; at my sister’s在我姐姐(妹妹)的家。考点5　双重所有格f+名词“‘s”结构。如:a friend f my brther’s, wrks f M Yan’s。
考点6　名词所有格用法口诀名词所有格, 表物是“谁的”, 若为生命词, 加’s 即可行, 词尾有-s, 仅把’加; 并列名词后, 各自和共有, 前者分别加, 后者最后加; 若为无生命词, f所有格, 前后须倒置, 此是硬规则。【点津】如果是无生命的名词则用f表示所有格, 这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同, “A f B”要翻译为“B的A”。
【要点巩固】①(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) Yu’ll hear these _____________(participant) stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.②(2023·全国甲卷) A ______(day) wrk was rewarded with ￡5 in pcket mney.③(2023·全国乙卷) It is recently reprted that the number f thse sticking t a traditinal diet is slwly declining and arund half f _________(Britain) cnsumers wuld like t change r imprve their cking in sme way.
participants’
④The ________(wrld) ppulatin is increasing at a surprising rate and ur envirnment is facing great pressure.⑤This switch has decreased pllutin in the __________(cuntry) majr lakes and reservirs and made drinking water safer fr peple.【解题技巧】语法填空题名词考法1.根据语境标志词判断名词(1)看到冠词、形容词或形容词性物主代词时, 要想到名词;(2)遇到介词或及物动词时,要想到名词;(3)看到并列连词所连接的前或后是名词时,要想到名词。
2.根据规则确定名词单复数(1)如果空格处被these, several, many和大于1的数词等修饰时, 要考虑用名词的复数形式;(2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are, 要考虑用名词的复数形式;(3)在平时学习中要熟记名词单数变复数的规则, 方能解决好此类问题。
【特别提示】某些名词与with搭配使用相当于副词。例如:with happiness,with jy,with satisfactin,with kindness。写作运用:一句多译我们焦急地等待她平安到达的消息。We waited __________fr the news f her safe arrival.→We waited _____________fr the news f her safe arrival. 
with anxiety
高考真题训练1.(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) Since June 2017, right befre the ________(arrive) f the tw new pandas, Meng Meng and Jia Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the z t feel mre cmfrtable and cnfident speaking English.2.(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) They als need t be ready t give ___________(interview) in English with internatinal jurnalists.3.(2023·全国甲卷) The themes f traditinal fables ften deal with simple truths abut everyday life.Hwever, Carsn’s theme is a mre weighty _________(warn) abut envirnmental destructin.
interviews
4.(2023·全国乙卷) But fr all its ancient buildings, Beijing is als a place that welcmes the fast-paced develpment f mdern life, with 21st-century architectural _________(wnder) standing side by side with histrical buildings f the past.5.(2023·浙江高考·1月卷) Thanks t Beijing’s lng histry as capital f China, almst every hutng has its stries, and sme are even assciated with histric _______(event).6.(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The GPNP’s main gal is t imprve cnnectivity between separate ____________(ppulatin) and hmes f giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level f ppulatin in the wild.
7.(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) “He saved my ______(sn) life,” said Mrs Brwn.“I dn’t knw hw t thank him.”8.(2022·全国甲卷) Ca and Wu als cllected garbage alng the rad, in rder t prmte envirnmental ___________(prtect).9.(2022·全国乙卷) China has a ______________(respnsible) t wrk with ther cuntries t prmte the healthy develpment f the tea industry.10.(2022·浙江高考) Jhn Olsn, a frmer ______________(phtgraph) and his team turn paintings int fully textured 3D mdels.11.(2022·浙江高考) Fr Luc, this means ______________(independent).
respnsibility
phtgrapher
independence
12.(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷) The rlling sea f cluds yu see nce yu are at the tp will remind yu hw tiny we _________(human) are.13.(2021·新高考Ⅱ卷) A cmpany ______________(represent) wrte back and tld me the airline was switching ver frm plastic t paper cups n all f its 1,200 daily flights.14.(2021·全国甲卷) Suppsedly yu can d it in tw hurs, but we stpped at the different gates and _____________(watchtwer) t take pictures r just t watch the lcal peple ging abut their daily rutines.
representative
watchtwers
15.(2021·全国乙卷) It is different frm traditinal turism because it allws the traveler t becme educated abut the areas—bth in terms f gegraphical cnditins and cultural characteristics, and ften prvides mney fr cnservatin and benefits the _____________(develp) f the lcal areas.16.(2021·全国乙卷) __________(activity) there range frm whale watching t hiking(远足)and accmmdatins aim t have a lw impact n the natural envirnment.
develpment
Activities
17.(2021·浙江高考) In 1844 they bught it fr $1, 200 and sme land frm Charles Dresser, wh perfrmed their __________(marry)ceremny in 1842.18.(2021·浙江高考·1月卷) It is calculated by dividing a _________(persn) weight in kg by their height in meters squared,and a BMI f between 19 and 25 is cnsidered healthy.19.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) Histrical _________(accurate)is imprtant but s is entertainment.
20.(2020·全国Ⅰ卷) The far side f the mn is f particular ________(interesting) t scientists because it has a lt f deep craters (环形山),mre s than the familiar near side.21.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷) Filled with _________(curius), the artist packed his bags and left.22.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) In recent years sme Inuit peple in Nunavut have reprted increases in bear sightings arund human settlements, leading t a _______(believe) that ppulatins are increasing.23.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) When they were free frm wrk, they invited us t lcal events and let us knw f an interesting ____________(cmpete)t watch, tgether with the stry behind it.