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限制性定语从句指修饰名词、代词或名词短语的从句，对所修饰的对象加以限制，表示”……的(人)”或”……的(物)”。从句不可去掉，一旦去掉主句的意思则不完整。被修饰的名词、代词或名词短语称为先行词。引导定语从句的词被称为关系词.
【名师点津】 关系词的3个作用
关系词通常有下列三个作用: (1)引导定语从句; (2)代替先行词; (3)在定语从句中充当一个成分。
关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
1.关系代词
①The 80, 000 bjects cllected by Sir Hans Slane, fr example, frmed the cre cllectin f the British Museum which/ that pened in 1759.
例如, 汉斯·斯隆爵士收藏的8万件物品构成了在1759年开放的大英博物馆的核心馆藏。
②Any man that/wh has a sense f duty will be cncerned abut this item.
任何有责任感的人都会关注这个项目。
③The rescue wrker (whm/that/wh) yu are waiting fr has cme.
你正在等的救援人员已经来了。
④Mary is fnd f music that/which is quiet and gentle.
玛丽喜欢安静轻柔的音乐。
⑤The party that/which was rganized by Tm was held utdrs at dusk.
由汤姆组织的这个聚会傍晚时在户外举行。
⑥I frequently visit a scientist whse name is knwn all ver the cuntry.
我经常拜访一位全国知名的科学家。
特别提醒:
关系代词只用that而不用which的情况
1. 当先行词为all, everything, nthing, anything, little, much等不定代词或先行词被这些词修饰时。
All that yu must keep in mind is that yu must be buried in yur research. 你必须记住的所有的事情是你必须专心于你的研究。
2. 当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
He was the first survivr that was dug ut frm the ruins.
他是从废墟中被挖出的第一个幸存者。
3. 当先行词被the nly, the very, the last修饰时。
The nly thing that we can d is give in t ur parents’ ideas.
我们唯一能做的事情就是听从我们父母的意见。
4. 当先行词既指人又指物时。
I can remember well the persns and sme pictures that I saw in the rm. 我能清楚地记得我在那个房间见到的人和一些照片。
5. 当主句是以wh或which开头的疑问句时, 为避免重复而用that。
Wh is the man that came t rescue yu in this disaster? 在这次灾难中救你的人是谁?
6. 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。
Shanghai is n lnger the city that it used t be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
二.关系副词引导的限制性定语从句
关系副词在引导定语从句时, 其功能相当于介词短语, 在从句中作状语。引导定语从句的关系副词有when、where、why。
1. 关系副词when引导的定语从句
关系副词when引导定语从句时, 先行词应是表示时间的名词, 如time, day, hur, year等。关系副词在从句中作时间状语。
But like all perfrmances, there are mments when things g wrng.
但就像所有的表演一样, 总有出错的时候。
We have entered int an age when dreams have the best chance f cming true.
我们已经进入了一个时代, 在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。
特别提醒
when/which/that引导定语从句表时间
when是关系副词, 在从句中只能作时间状语, 而不能作宾语或主语。关系词如果在从句中作主语或宾语要用关系代词which或that。
①D yu remember the days when we chatted with each ther all night?
你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗? (when在从句中作状语)
②D yu remember the days that/which we spent tgether n the farm?
你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗? (that或which作spent的宾语)
2. 关系副词where引导的定语从句
关系副词where引导定语从句时, 先行词应是表示地点的名词, 如place, factry, huse, village等或表示抽象地点的名词pint, situatin, cnditin, stage, case等。关系副词在从句中作地点状语。
There are tw parks less than 10 minutes’ walk frm hme where neighburhd children gather t play.
从家里步行不到10分钟的地方有两个公园, 附近的孩子们聚集在那里玩耍。
Self-driving is an area where China and the rest f the wrld are n the same starting line.
自动驾驶是中国和世界上其他国家都处于相同起跑线的一个领域。
Their child is at the stage where she can say individual wrds but nt full sentences. 他们的孩子正处于这样的阶段, 她只会说单个的词不会说完整的句子。
特别提醒
where/which/that引导定语从句表地点
若表示地点的先行词在从句中作地点状语, 用where来引导定语从句; 若作主语或宾语, 应用which或that来引导定语从句。
This is the huse which/that was built by my grandfather frty years ag.
这是我爷爷在40年前建造的房子。(定语从句中缺少主语, 所以用which/that, 不用where)
The schl which/that we visited yesterday is newly built. 我们昨天参观的那所学校是新建的。(关系代词which/that在从句中作宾语)
3. 关系副词why引导的定语从句
关系副词why引导定语从句时, 先行词常常为reasn, 关系副词在从句中作原因状语。
I dn’t knw the reasn why he didn’t turn t his gd friend fr help yesterday.
我不知道昨天他为什么没向他的好朋友求助。
The reasn why he didn’t cme t the party is that he didn’t want t see Jane.
他不来参加聚会的原因是他不想见到简。
特别提醒
why/which/that引导定语从句表原因
若先行词reasn在从句中作原因状语, 用why来引导定语从句; 若其在从句中作主语或宾语, 应用that或which来引导定语从句。
①I wn’t listen t the reasn that/which yu have given us. 我不会听你给我们的理由。
②What yu really need t d is figure ut the reasn why/fr which yu fail the exam.
关系代词和关系副词的辨析
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句把它的先行词限定在特定的意义之内，对先行词起限定的作用，是先行词必不可少的修饰语。非限制性定语从句不对先行词起限定的作用，不是先行词必不可少的修饰语，只对先行词起补充说明的作用，没有它，整个句子的意思不会受到影响，仍然完整。
非限制性定语从句和它的先行词之间通常要用逗号隔开；而限制性定语从句和它的先行词之间不能用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句中除了不用that以外，其他关系词都可使用，使用方法与限制性定语从句一样。
The supermarket,which was pened tw mnths ag,is nw clsed dwn.
两个月前开的那家超市，现在已经倒闭了。
The bk,which yu're reading,is mine.
你正在读的那本书是我的。
Nanjing,where I lived fr five years,is very ht in summer.
南京夏天非常热，我在那里生活了五年。
Yur father,whm I respect very much,is a kind ld man.
你父亲是个很和善的老人，我很尊重他。
以下情况只能用which，不能用that:
引导非限制性定语从句(包括指代整个主句的意思时)；
介词+关系代词的结构中。
巧记：非限制性定语从句不用that。
【基本用法】
（1)限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，所以可以用逗号将其与主句隔开。
D yu remember the girl wh taught us English? 你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩儿吗？
My new car,fr which I paid several thusand dllars, isn't running well.
我花了几千美元买的新车不好开。
（2)大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由which引导。
Until nw,we have raised 50,000 punds fr the pr children,which is quite unexpected.到目前为止，我们已经为贫穷的孩子们筹集了50，000英镑，这非常出乎我们的意料。
A five-year-ld by can speak tw freign languages,which surprises all the peple present.一个五岁的男孩会讲两门外语，这令所有在场的人非常惊讶。
(3)that不可用于引导非限制性定语从句。值得注意的是，不少同学误认为只有which才能引导非限制性定语从句，这个观点是不正确的。在非限制性定语从句中，如果先行词指人，则用wh,whm，或whse引导非限制性定语从句；先行词指物，用which引导非限制性定语从句；先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，用when，where引导非限制性定语从句。
He gave his mther a clr TV set fr her birthday,which pleased her a lt.
他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物，这使她非常高兴。
Last Sunday they reached Nanjing,where a cnference was t be held.
他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。
(4)关系代词whm在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用wh代替whm，但whm在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用wh来代替。在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可用that代替wh/whm，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，不可用that代替wh/whm。
This is the girl whm/wh I met in the street.这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。
A yung man had a new girlfriend,whm he wanted t impress.
一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的印象。
(5)关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省去。
This is the bk(which/that)he lst yesterday.这就是他昨天丢的那本书。
The bk,which he lst yesterday,has been fund.
他昨天丢的那本书，现在已找到了。
(6)专有名词以及世界上独一无二的东西都不能用限制性定语从句，因为它们的意义本身已经非常清楚，不需要再对其进行限定。
二、as引导的定语从句
1.which和as引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容。as有“正如…”、“就像…”的意思，而which表示“这一点”；as引导非限制性定语从句时，在定语从中作主语或宾语，可以放在主句之前或之后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放在主句之后。如果主句和从句有因果关系，要用which。常用的as句式有：as we all knw,as is knwn t all,as is said abve,as is already mentined abve,as is ften the case,as is reprted in the newspaper等。
As is knwn t all,he is the best student in ur class.
众所周知，他是我们班里最好的学生。
He didn't pass the exam,which made his parents disappinted.
他没通过考试，这让他的父母很失望。
I am gd at English, which makes it pssible fr me t cmmunicate well with friends bth at hme and abrad.我英语很好，这使我可以与国内外的朋友很好地交流。
★方法技巧
学地道的英语有两个重要的方法：parallel writing,and reverse translatin,即平行写作和逆翻译。所谓平行写作，就是模仿英语的句子写类似的句子；而逆翻译就是先把英语译成汉语，或根据汉语的译文，把汉语翻译成英语，再把英语译文同原文比较，分析差异。这两种方法能避免汉语式英语。
He did well in the physics exam,which surprised me.
他物理考得很好，这使我很吃惊。
请把这句话逆翻译。有的同学会翻译为：
He did well in the physics exam,this surprised me.
这句话错在什么地方呢?错在句法。这句话有两个主谓结构，含有两个并列的分句，但没有连词（this是代词），这就成了串句。
巧记：as引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别：
当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which。
巧记：
as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。
Jhn,as yu knw,is a famus writer.正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。
注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往用which。
Tm was late fr schl again and again,which made his teacher very angry.汤姆上学老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。
2.as在定语从句中的其他用法
（1）as多与such，s或he same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的句子。
(2）the 与 the 在意思上是不同的：the 表示“同一个人/物”；the “与………一样”。
This is such an interesting bk as everyne wants t read.
这是一本如此有趣的书，每个人都想读。
(区别:This is such an interesting bk that everyne wants t read it.这是一本如此有趣的书，以至于每个人都想读。（状语从句）
（3)as引导的定语从句与it作形式主语的主语从句和what引导的主语从句的区别：
As is knwn t all,the earth is rund.
=It is knwn t all that the earth is rund.
What is knwn t all is that the earth is rund.众所周知，地球是圆的。
【常考热点】
（1）定语从句的关系代词作主语时，从句中谓语的数要和先行词保持一致。
（2）注意区别定语从句与强调句。
定语从句中关系词在从句中充当成分。
强调句中it无意义，that/wh不是引导词。去掉it is/was和hat/wh后，如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。
It is the museum that/which we visited last year.(定语从句）
It was in the htel that we stayed last night.(强调句）
（3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
定语从句的引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。同位语从句的引导词被叫作连接词，that不充当任何成分，不可省略。
Wrd came that their army was defeated.(同位语从句）
We expressed ur wishes that were the same as theirs t them.(定语从句）
（4)关系词在限制性定语从句中省略的情况。
关系词作宾语或前无介词时可省略。
关系词作表语时可省略。
（5)关系词前有介词时，关系词一般用which和whm。
（6）几个特殊的定语从句句型：
He is the nly ne f the students wh has gt very gd marks in the match.
(句中ne为先行词)
He is ne f the students wh have gt gd marks in the match.
(句中students为先行词)
②Is this place the ne(that)we visited yesterday?
Is this the place(that/which)we visited yesterday?
He std at the windw,frm where he culd see what was happening.
It may rain, in which case the match will be put ff.
★方法技巧
定语从句与强调句把it is…that……结构去掉，剩下的部分在不加减任何词的情况下可以组成一个完整的句子，这个句子就是强调句；否则就是定语从句。
It was in 1949 that the Peple's Republic f China was funded.(强调句）
It was 1949 when the Peple's Republic f China was funded.(定语从句）
中华人民共和国成立于1949年。
真题感知
1. （2023北京卷）Nina recently finished her year-lng series f runs in Chicag, thusands were attending a water cnference.
2. (2023∙全国甲卷)Yet, the frm f the fable still has values tday, Rachel Carsn says in “A Fable fr Tmrrw”
3. (2023∙全国乙卷)But fr all its ancient buildings, Beijing is als a place welcmes the fast-paced develpment f mdern life, with 21st-century architectural wnders standing side by side with histrical buildings f the past.
4.(2023∙全国甲卷)This place is gd fr a candlelit dinner r a wrk meeting with clleagues ____appreciate fine fd. Fr thse extremely hungry there’s a large set menu.
5.(2023∙全国乙卷)The clr she chse came in a bx which had a picture f a wman whse hair clr lked just perfect.
6.(2023∙浙江1月卷)As my car neared it my thughts drifted back t the mment_____ I rescued the hummingbird frm the spider’s web.
7.(2023∙北京卷)Rankings, hwever, are nly ne reasn ______ a lw value is placed n teaching in higher educatin.
8（2022新高考I卷）The GPNP is intended t prvide strnger prtectin fr all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly imprve the health f the ecsystem in the area.
9（2022全国甲卷）On the 1,100. Kilmeter jurney, the man Ca Shengkang, _________ lst his eyesight at the age f eight in a car accident, crssed 40 cities and cunties in three prvince.
10（2022年浙江1月）Kim Cbb, a prfessr at the Gergia Institute f Technlgy in Atlanta, is ne f a small but grwing minrity f academics __________ are cutting back n their air travel because f climate change.
提升专练
一、单项选择
1．A way t raise yur spirits is t think f a situatin ________ yu did smething yu are prud f.
A．whichB．whereC．whatD．as
2．Peter has cllected many histry bks ___________ he learns a lt abut the histry f the natin.
A．abut whichB．frm whichC．whyD．t which
3．Apprximately 45 percent f the wrld’s ppulatin live in the climate zne ______ msquites transmit malaria.
A．thatB．whseC．whichD．where
4．We are living in an age ______ many bks and magazines can be read nline.
A．whenB．thatC．whseD．which
5．Sales directr is a psitin _______ cmmunicatin ability is just as imprtant as sales.
A．whereB．whichC．whseD．when
6．When I arrived, Brian tk me t the huse ______ I wuld be staying.
A．whenB．whichC．thatD．where
7．Because f the limited time, we will start at the pint we left ff yesterday.
A．andB．whereC．whichD．that
8．It was in September, 2013 _____ I studied in the UK _____ I met and fell in lve with my wife.
A．when; thatB．in which; whereC．when; whereD．that: where
9．It was in 1952 and Mandela was the black lawyer ______ I turned fr advice.
A．t whmB．frm whmC．t whD．frm wh
10．Tm will g t Shanghai, ______ he plans t stay fr ne week.
A．whereB．whichC．thatD．when
11．He wasn’t lking frward t the time _______________ he wuld have t give _____ t the curt.
A．when; evidenceB．that; prf
C．which; argumentD．where; cmment
12．He’s gt himself in a dangerus situatin ______ he is likely t lse cntrl ver the plane.
A．whenB．thatC．whichD．where
13．I still remember the day ________I first visited the Great Wall.
A．whichB．thatC．whereD．when
14．Fr better r fr wrse, nline fd delivery services have changed the way ______ we eat. Which f the fllwing is wrng?
A．/B．thatC．in whichD．by which
15．Shangri-la, a place f mystery and beauty, is indeed a heavenly wrld ______ peple live in perfect harmny with nature.
A．thatB．whichC．whenD．where
16．It was n the farm ________he spent his childhd ________he learned hw t grw vegetables.
A．that; thatB．which; whatC．where; thatD．where; which
17．D yu knw the year the Chinese Cmmunist Party was funded?
A．whichB．thatC．whenD．whse
18．Written Chinese has als becme an imprtant means China’s present is cnnected with its past.
A．fr whichB．n whichC．by whichD．n that
19．Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely t be the nly planet ______ life has develped gradually.
A．whatB．thatC．whereD．which
20．There his parents bught a candy stre _________ they ran fr the next 30 years.
A．whichB．whC．whereD．it
21．It is in the very gym _________ was built last year _________ I wrk ut n a regular basis after wrk.
A．which; whereB．that; whereC．that; thatD．that; where
22．Many firefighters ____ tried t rescue the peple in the building were injured in the fire.
A．whereB．whichC．whD．as
23．After successfully winning the right t hst the 2022 Winter Olympics, Beijing will becme the wrld’s first city ______ hsts bth Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics.
A．whichB．thatC．whereD．what
24．The prfessr and her achievement ______ yu tld me abut are admired by us all.
A．whB．whichC．thatD．whm
25．On scial media sites, peple tend t pst nly psitive updates________ make them appear happy and friendly.
A．whenB．thatC．whatD．where
26．Have yu fund the wman ______ purse was lst?
A．herB．whichC．thatD．whse
27．The cmputer ______ last Wednesday desn’t wrk nw.
A．I bughtB．I bught itC．which I buyD．that bught
28．I’ll never frget the days ______ I spent in the cuntryside.
A．whenB．whereC．whichD．whse
29．That was the reasn ______ Mike gave me the ther day.
A．whyB．fr thatC．whichD．fr which
30．The way ________ yu think abut the issue and deal with it will definitely shape what yu are in the lng run.
A．hwB．thatC．whichD．by which
31．The bumps and rcks ________ lined the rad under the basket caused the ball t bunce in all directins.
A．thatB．whereC．n whichD．under
32．My father bught an I-pad fr me price added up t mre than 3000 Yuan.
A．thatB．whichC．whseD．its
33．Dn’t read such bks yu can’t understand.
A．whichB．thatC．asD．what
34．Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time he spent with his students.
A．whenB．whereC．whichD．what
35．Whatever ur hbbies, the Internet can cnnect us with thers________ als enjy ding them, even if they live n the ther side f the wrld.
A．whichB．whC．whseD．where
36．Self-discipline is all ________ takes t make yurself a better persn.
A．whatB．thatC．itD．which
37．Is this the reasn ______ he explained fr his absence?
A．whyB．fr whichC．thatD．what
38．I’ll tell yu ______he tld me last night.
A．all whichB．all whatC．that allD．all that
39．This is ne f the mst exciting ftball games ________I have ever seen.
A．whenB．whyC．whichD．that
40．The man waiting fr the interview is the same man ______ I talked t in the elevatr. Lk, he is wearing the same hat ______ I’m wearing nw.
A．that; asB．as; thatC．as; whichD．wh; as
二、单句语法填空
41．He still remembered the places and persns he visited there.
42．This is the very bk has gd maps shwing details f wrld gegraphy.
43．Tm wrked n the mst beautiful farm we visited the ther day.
44．A true friendship carries a lng histry f experience determines wh we are and keeps us cnnected.
45．Jrdan’s skills were impressive, but the mental strength he shwed made him unique.
46. The Bys and Girls Club he started in Chicag has been helping yung peple since 1996.
47．The team Lang Ping had built was falling apart.
48．Obviusly, any child receives patient teaching ver a lng perid is likely t imprve.
49．The terrible shaking f the building wke up all the peple were asleep.
50．Fr the cnsumers, it can save sme time fr the peple dn’t have much spare time .
51．Li Bai was a Chinese pet praised frm his wn day t the present as a rmantic figure tk traditinal petic frms t new heights.
52．The man with yu shk hands just nw is ur English teacher.
53．Is this the man yu talked abut yesterday?
54． I gt in tuch with Michael I have been lsing cntact with fr ne year.
55． There are sme athletes I want yu t meet. (用适当的词填空)
56． The children parents culd nt be fund were lked after by neighbrs and friends.
57． These students parents have cme t China fr business like the schl very much.
58． At first sight I didn’t recgnize the by hair was dyed red.
59. His father wrks in a cmpany name always appears in the lcal newspapers.
60． It is such a heavy rck n ne can lift.
61． Judging frm my wn experience, I want t say a few wrds t thse wh have the same truble I have.
62． We d the same wrk they d.
63． He is such a gd by everyne likes.
64． Yesterday I came acrss the man abut yu talked last time.
65．We want t buy a bk f the theme is abut bilgy.
66．D yu knw the by t I spke just nw?
67．It can be cnfusing t cme acrss sentences in the same wrds have gt different meanings.
68．It was Friday the speech was delivered in ur schl.
69． I will never frget thse years I lived n the farm with the farmers, has a great effect n my life.
70． Tny will never frget these days she lived in China with her mther , has a great effect n her life .
71．I believe the time will sn cme there will be n wars in the wrld.
72．I will never frget such a beautiful village I spent my childhd with my grandparents.
73．Mr. Fx said he liked the atmsphere everybdy can have a free chat.
74．Let’s visit the Frbidden City, art cllectins are brught tgether in ne impressive museum.
75．D yu think English is a language sme phrases are cnfusing and difficult fr beginners?
76．There are tw main reasns I think it’s the best slutin.
77． ---- D yu knw the reasn he was late fr the meeting yesterday?
----Yes, but I dn’t think the reasn he tld me is reasnable.
78． I dn’t knw the reasn David has refused t see me .
79．I dn’t knw the reasn yu were absent frm the meeting , but I’m sure that smene will tell me the reasn yu haven’t tld me.
80．It was used fr sudden emergencies, such as the time Christine brke her arm and had t be taken t a dctr.
三、句型转换
81．My family will always remember the village. We were rescued there. (用定语从句合并)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
82．The pictures ften take him back t the years. He wrked as a resident dctr in the years. (用定语从句合并句子)
____________________________________________________________________________________________83．The cmpany was funded five years ag. I wrked fr the cmpany. (用限制性定语从句改写句子)
The cmpany .
84．There are ten gd English prgrammes. They are bradcast n TV r radi in China. (用限制性定语从句改写句子)
There are ten gd English prgrammes .
85．I have s many friends. Tw thirds f my friends are girls. (改写定语从句)
I have s many friends, .
86．My grandparents have five children. All f children are teachers nw. (改写定语从句)
My grandparents have five children, .
87．He is a warm­hearted persn. Yu can turn t him fr help.（合并定语从句）

88．They’ll reach the sales gal in tw mnths. At the beginning f the year they set the sales gal. (用定语从句合并句子)

89．The pen is brken. I d my hmewrk with it every day. （用“介词＋which”引导的定语从句合并句子）

90．I have bught tw bks recently. Neither f them interests my brther. （用“介词＋which”引导的定语从句合并句子）

目录
考点聚焦：核心考点+高考考点，有的放矢
重点速记：知识点和关键点梳理，查漏补缺
难点强化：难点内容标注与讲解，能力提升
学以致用：真题感知+提升专练，全面突破
常考考点
真题举例
关系副词where
2023· 北京卷
关系代词as
2023·全国甲卷
关系代词which/that
2023·全国乙卷
关系代词wh/that
2023·全国甲卷
关系代词whse
2023· 全国乙卷
关系副词when
2023·浙江1月卷
关系副词why
2023· 北京卷
关系代词that
2022· 全国新高考I卷
关系代词wh
2022· 全国甲卷
关系代词that/ wh
2022· 浙江1月卷
关系代词
指代
(即先行词)
在定语从句中所作的句子成分
wh
人
主语、宾语
whm
人
宾语
which
物
主语、宾语
that
人/物
主语、宾语、表语
whse
人/物
定语
关系副词
先行词
功能
when
表时间的名词
时间状语
where
表地点的名词
地点状语
why
表原因的名词
原因状语