高中英语高考 2021届小题必练16 阅读理解之主旨大意题 学生版

    2021届好教育小题必练

主旨大意题主要考查对全文内容或某一段的内容的归纳总结能力，是在对原文深刻理解基础上的高度概括能力，是高考中的难点之一。主旨大意题最关键的就是把握主题句和主题词。

1.标题归纳题

【典例】（2020·浙江卷C篇节选）

Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.

Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A. Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills

B. Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs

C. Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp

D. Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age

【答案】C

【解析】主旨大意题。“Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age” 是本文的主题句。结合全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏捷，所以C项“困难的工作可能有助于大脑保持敏捷”适合作本文标题。故选C项。

【点拨】标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面，一个好的标题应具备三大特点：概括——准确而又简短，能覆盖全文大意。针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。

2.文章大意题

【典例】（2020·全国2卷B篇）

Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.

Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知)after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.

The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.

“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.

The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.

The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.

What is the text mainly about?

A. A mathematical method.   B. A scientific study.

C. A woman psychologist.   D. A teaching program.

【答案】B

【解析】主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。B. A scientific study (一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。

【点拨】①主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。

②主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。

③主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。

④主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。

3.段落大意题

【典例】（2020·全国1卷D篇节选）

The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.

What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A. A new study of different plants.

B. A big fall in crime rates.

C. Employees from various workplaces.

D. Benefits from green plants.

【答案】D

【解析】主旨大意题。在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。

【点拨】答段落大意题的关键是抓住段落的主题句。

①采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾;

②采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后举例子，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首，这种现象较多出现在说明文和议论文中;

③若作者采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。

④若没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。

A

Rodney Smith is a man with a task. The Bermuda native is in the midst of a trip that will take him to every state in the nation, mowing lawns（修理草坪）.

Five years ago, Smith came across a senior man mowing his lawn and stopped to help. “When I came across the elderly man, my life changed,” he said. After that, Smith went on to create the Raising Men Lawn Care Service (RMLCS) to mow lawns for the elderly, disabled, single moms and former soldiers free of charge. As part of providing free yard work, the organization teaches children about serving their communities and lawn mower safety.

A key component of RMLCS is its 50-yard challenge, which sets a goal for children nationwide to mow 50 lawns for free in their community. When a kid signs up for the challenge, the group sends them a white shirt with the Raising Men logo（标识），shades and ear protection. The participants receive a different colored shirt after every 10th lawn they mow. When they have completed the task for 50 yards, they receive a special visit from Smith or someone with RMLCS. They give the volunteer a new lawnmower, free of charge, and cut other lawns with them.

Since this challenge started in 2016, 12 kids have already completed the challenge. And both boys and girls are part of it. At present they have 130 kids nationwide taking part in this challenge, including 7 in Bermuda and the U. K. and one in Canada. So it’s spreading worldwide. Even the Queen of England took notice — the governor of Bermuda presented Smith with an award late last year on behalf of her.

It was also last year that Smith came up with the 50 States 50 Lawns campaign. Now, in 2020，he’s on the road again.

1. What is the purpose of the Raising Men Lawn Care Service?

A. Educate children to work hard.    B. Offer free lawn cutting service.

C. Make lawnmowers of high quality.   D. Train professional lawn mowing workers.

2 Why is the Queen of England mentioned?

A. To praise the queen for her care.   

B. To prove Smith is respected by everyone.

C. To show Smith’s behavior got recognized. 

D. To introduce where Smith’s motivation came from.

3. What can be the best title for the text?

A. Mow Lawns in Order to Travel    B. Lawn Mowing — a New Trend

C. Choose Mowing Lawns to Help    D. Smith — a Man Loves Mowing Lawns

B

Adolescent chimpanzees adopt their younger siblings (兄弟姐妹) if their mothers die. The older siblings keep a close watch on the youngsters and give them lots of comforting hugs.

The finding adds to the evidence that chimpanzees can understand when others are suffering and can, to some extent, help them. Similarly, a second study has shown that chimpanzees have a strong emotional response when they see that another chimp or a familiar human is injured.

Rachna Reddy and John Mitani at the University of Michigan were tracking a group of about 200 chimps in Kibale National Park, Uganda, when a deadly disease struck the animals between December 2016 and February 2017. Twenty-five chimps died and 13 lost their mothers. Reddy and Mitani kept a close watch on four pairs of young chimpanzee siblings, where the older of the two effectively adopted the younger. The older chimps were 10-17 years old while the younger siblings were 6 to 7 years old. The pairs spent much more time together after their mothers' deaths than they did before. They also comforted each other. "It was like they were both seeking physical contact all the time," says Reddy. "The behavior makes evolutionary sense, because by helping their siblings, the older chimps are acting in the interest of their own genes." We can't be sure what is going through their minds, but Reddy says the younger siblings were clearly scared and upset and the older siblings seemed to take the situation seriously. "I am hesitant to use a word like 'responsibility'," says Reddy, but she says they were responding to their siblings' suffering.

In line with this, chimps react when one of their members is injured: they may inspect or help deal with a wound, for instance. Yutaro Sato at Kyoto University in Japan and his colleagues have now found that chimps respond on an emotional level to seeing an injury. They showed six chimps a human with whom they were familiar, and who had a serious wound. The cameras showed a temperature drop inside the chimps' noses, which is known to have links with a strong negative emotion.

4. Why did the older chimpanzees adopt the younger siblings?

A. Because they enjoyed having playmates.

B. Because they observed the law of jungle.

C. Because they were taught to take responsibility.

D. Because they understood their siblings' suffering.

5. What is the purpose of paragraph 3?

A. To show how they conducted the research.

B. To make an analysis of the findings.

C. To compare the two researches.

D. To describe a moving story in the research.

6. What does the underlined word "this" refer to?

A. Chimps' unwillingness to help.

B. Chimps' minds full of sadness.

C. Chimps' reaction to their siblings' suffering.

D. The decrease of chimps' nose temperature.

7. Which is the best title for the text?

A. Chimps really do care

B. The mystery of chimps

C. Chimps: to be or not to be

D. The power of evolution

C

Wood has many great characteristics that make it the perfect building material. It is cheap，durable(耐用的),easily available，and most importantly，environmentally sustainable. The one thing it is not, is transparent(透明的). Now thanks to a team of scientists at Stockholm’s KTH Royal Institute of Technology，the material may even be able to add that feature to its already impressive list.

Lead researcher Dr. Lars Berglund said he was inspired to create the transparent wood after learning how Japanese researchers had developed a see-through paper for use in flexible display screens for electronic devices. The team began by pulling out the wood's lignin(木质素). The lignin-free wood was then dipped into a polymer(聚合物)and baked at a temperature of 158F for four hours. The result was a hybrid product that was not only stronger and lighter than the original wood but also，almost transparent. The researchers were able to adjust the level of transparency by varying the amount of the polymer injected and also by changing the thickness of the wood.

While scientists have previously created a see-through wood for small-scale applications like computer chips, he transparent wood is the first one being considered for large scale applications. The researchers, who revealed their findings in Biomacromolecules on April 11, picture using the transparent wood in buildings to allow for more natural light, or to create windows that let in the desired amount of light without sacrificing privacy.

Wood that allows light to pass through could lead to a brighter future for homes and buildings. Berglund also thinks the wood could play a significant role in the design of solar panels. The semi-transparent material would be able to keep light longer and give it more time to interact with the conductor, thus resulting in better solar efficiency. Additionally, substituting the currently used glass with this new product would help solar energy manufacturers improve their carbon footprint and lower the cost. They are now experimenting with ways to scale up the manufacturing process so that the transparent material is cost-effective to make and easy to use.

8．What does the underlined part “that feature” in Paragraph 1 refer to?

A．Cheapness. B．Durability. C．Sustainability. D．Transparency.

9．Which of the following is not the process in which the transparent wood is made?

A．Dip the wood into a polymer.

B．Reduce the amount of the polymer.

C．Make the wood lignin-free.

D．Bake the wood for some time.

10．Which of the following is true according to the text?

A．Berglund got the idea of transparent wood while making paper.

B．Varying the amount of the polymer changes the wood's hardness.

C．The cost of making the transparent wood still needs to be cut down.

D．The transparent wood would be used only for homes and buildings.

11．What is the last paragraph mainly about？

A．The bright future of the transparent wood.

B．The wood's role in the design of solar panels.

C．The disadvantages of the currently used glass.

D．Solar energy manufacturers' carbon footprint.

D

Dolphins, African gray parrots and some other animals understand the idea of “zero,” but researchers were surprised to find that honeybees also comprehend this abstract concept, considering the insects’ tiny brains, according to a new study. Honeybees have fewer than one million neurons (神经元), compared with the 86 billion neurons in humans—and yet, they grasp a concept that humans, by some measures, don’t start to understand before preschool.

The researchers set up two cards, each of which had a set of symbols on them, like triangles or circles. Then, they trained a group of the bees to fly to the card with the lower number of symbols. The bees quickly learned what the humans wanted them to do to get their delicious, sweet rewards. The trained bees were then shown a card that was empty and one that had symbols on it. There is no need for the bees to be trained to fly more often to the empty card—thus showing that they understood that “zero” was a number less than the others.

Although they flew more often to an empty card than to one that had one symbol on it, it became easier for them to distinguish when the symbols on the card increased in number. For example, they more often flew to the zero when the other card had four symbols than when it had one.

Perhaps these findings will explain the brain mechanism (机制) behind what allows us to understand the concept of “nothing,” Adrian Dyer, a researcher said. This understanding, in turn, could help in the development of artificial intelligence (AI) that also understands this concept. “If bees can understand ‘zero’ with a brain of less than a million neurons, it suggests there are simple, efficient ways to teach AI new tricks,” Dyer said in the statement.

12．What is a surprising finding for the researchers?

A．Many animals also comprehend the meaning of “zero”.

B．The number of neurons of honeybees is much smaller.

C．Honeybees can understand “zero” with their tiny brains.

D．Humans fail to recognize abstract ideas before preschool.

13．What can the bees do without further training?

A．Fly directly to the card with more symbols on it.

B．Fly less often to the card with fewer symbols on it.

C．Fly quite slowly to the card without anything on it.

D．Fly more often to the card without any symbol on it.

14．What does Adrian Dyer say about these findings?

A．They offer inspiration to the development of technology.

B．They enable people to understand more abstract concepts.

C．They suggest ways to teach humans some complex tricks.

D．They allow people to set a new type of brain mechanism.

15．What is the main idea of the text?

A．Honeybees know about the concept of “zero”.

B．Honeybees can understand much as humans do.

C．Honeybees will help to improve AI in the future.

D．Honeybees can be trained to comprehend “zero”.

A

【答案】B

【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段“Smith went on to create the Raising Men Lawn Care Service (RMLCS) to mow lawns for the elderly, disabled, single moms and former soldiers free of charge.”可知，史密斯创办RMLCS是为了给老人，残疾人，单亲妈妈和退役军人免费修理草坪。故选B。

【答案】C

【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段“Even the Queen of England took notice — the governor of Bermuda presented Smith with an award late last year on behalf of her.”可知，甚至英国女皇都知道史密斯，并派总督代表她给史密斯颁奖。故选C。

【答案】C

【解析】主旨大意题。全篇叙述了史密斯为特定人员免费修理草坪，并且为全国孩子设立目标：为自己的家园免费修理50码的草坪。这一系列的举动，都是和修理草坪相关，是一种助人的行为。故选C。

B

【答案】D

【解析】理解题干，迅速定位到文本第二段第一句话“The finding adds to the evidence that chimpanzees can understand when others are suffering and can, to some extent, help them.”由此判断选D项。

【答案】A

【解析】读懂第三段主要介绍观察对象、过程和结果，即如何具体实施研究，故选A项；第四段介绍了科学家的分析，因此把干扰项B排除；文章介绍了两个实验，第三段中没有进行比较，因此选项C排除；文章是说明文体裁，没有进行故事描写，排除D项。故选A项。

【答案】C

【解析】理解第三段最后一句话中的“they were responding to their siblings' suffering”；理解第四段第一句话“In line with this, chimps react when one of their members is injured”，（与之一致，当猩猩看到同伴受伤时，会做出反应）；“this”就是指代第四段中的最后一句话。故选C项。

【答案】A

【解析】A选项“猩猩的确关爱”。本文通过两个实验发现猩猩在同伴或亲属痛苦受伤时表现出关爱，故选择A选项；B选项“猩猩的神秘”，表述太笼统，与本文主题不相关，故排除；C选项“猩猩，生存还是毁灭”，与本文主题不相关，故排除；D选项“进化的力量”，太笼统，与本文主题不相关，故排除。

C

【答案】D

【解析】词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“It is cheap，durable(耐用的)，easily available，and most importantly，environmentally sustainable. The one thing it is not，is transparent(透明的)”可知，木头便宜，耐用，容易获得，最重要的是，可持续。但是它不是透明的。而最后一句提到：由于科学家的努力，已经将“那个特点”添加到已有的特点单子里了。根据这个语境可以推知，该处应指，科学家们使得木头成为透明的了。“透明”也成为了它的一个特点。故该画线词应该指D选项：透明。

【答案】B

【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The lignin-free wood was then dipped into a polymer(聚合物)and baked at a temperature of 158F for four hours”可知，制造透明木头的过程之一是：将无木质素的木材浸泡在聚合物中，在158华氏度的温度下烘烤4小时。因此B选项提到的“减少聚合物的量”和原文不符。故B选项切题。

【答案】C

【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“They are now experimenting with ways to scale up the manufacturing process so that the transparent material is cost-effective to make and easy to use”可知，现在，他们正在尝试扩大制造工艺，使得透明材料制造起来更加合算，易于使用。由此推知，现在制造透明木头的成本仍然很高，需要降低成本。故C选项正确。

【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意题。最后一段介绍了透明木头将来在家庭，建筑物，太阳能电池板，环保等方面的应用。由此可知，最后一段主要介绍了透明木头的光明未来。故A选项正确。

D

【答案】C

【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“...but researchers were surprised to find that honeybees also comprehend this abstract concept, considering the insects’ tiny brains...”可知，令研究人员惊奇的是蜜蜂的脑容量小，但它们却也能理解像“零”这样的抽象概念。故C选项正确。

【答案】D

【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的内容，尤其是最后一句可知，蜜蜂能飞向没有符号的卡片是不需要被进一步训练的。故D选项正确。

【答案】A

【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“If bees can understand ‘zero’ with a brain of less than a million neurons, it suggests there are simple, efficient ways to teach AI new tricks. Dyer said in the statement.”可知，Adrian Dyer认为这些发现能够为科技的发展提供一些灵感。故A选项正确。

【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要是在讲蜜蜂与其他许多动物一样，能理解诸如“零”这样的抽象概念。故A选项正确。

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