新高考2021届高考英语小题必练16阅读理解之主旨大意题

这是一份新高考2021届高考英语小题必练16阅读理解之主旨大意题，共12页。试卷主要包含了标题归纳题，文章大意题，段落大意题等内容，欢迎下载使用。


主旨大意题主要考查对全文内容或某一段的内容的归纳总结能力，是在对原文深刻理解基础上的高度概括能力，是高考中的难点之一。主旨大意题最关键的就是把握主题句和主题词。
1.标题归纳题
【典例】（2020·浙江卷C篇节选）
Challenging wrk that requires lts f analytical thinking, planning and ther managerial skills might help yur brain stay sharp as yu age, a study published Wednesday in the jurnal Neurlgy suggests.
Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Retired Wrkers Can Pick Up New Skills
B. Old Peple Shuld Take Challenging Jbs
C. Yur Tugh Jb Might Help Keep Yu Sharp
D. Cgnitive Functin May Decline As Yu Age
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。“Challenging wrk that requires lts f analytical thinking, planning and ther managerial skills might help yur brain stay sharp as yu age”是本文的主题句。结合全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏捷，所以C项“困难的工作可能有助于大脑保持敏捷”适合作本文标题。故选C项。
【点拨】标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面，一个好的标题应具备三大特点：概括——准确而又简短，能覆盖全文大意。针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。
2.文章大意题
【典例】（2020·全国2卷B篇）
Sme parents will buy any high-tech ty if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychlgist Susan Levine, an expert n mathematics develpment in yung children the University f Chicag, fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develp better spatial skills. Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin(认知)after cntrlling fr differences in parents’ incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed vide recrdings f 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at hme and fund children wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46 mnths f age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 mnths f age.
“The children wh played with puzzles perfrmed better than thse wh did nt, n tasks that assessed their ability t rtate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked t interact with their children as they nrmally wuld, and abut half f children in the study played with puzzles at ne time. Higher-incme parents tended t have children play with puzzles mre frequently, and bth bys and girls wh played with puzzles had better spatial skills. Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls, and the parents f bys prvided mre spatial language and were mre active during puzzle play than parents f girls.
The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science.
What is the text mainly abut?
A. A mathematical methd.B. A scientific study.
C. A wman psychlgist.D. A teaching prgram.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。
【点拨】①主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。
②主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。
③主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。
④主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。
3.段落大意题
【典例】（2020·全国1卷D篇节选）
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn,Ohi,fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther, emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。
【点拨】答段落大意题的关键是抓住段落的主题句。
①采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾;
②采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后举例子，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首，这种现象较多出现在说明文和议论文中;
③若作者采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。
④若没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。
A
Rdney Smith is a man with a task. The Bermuda native is in the midst f a trip that will take him t every state in the natin, mwing lawns（修理草坪）.
Five years ag, Smith came acrss a senir man mwing his lawn and stpped t help.“When I came acrss the elderly man, my life changed,”he said. After that, Smith went n t create the Raising Men Lawn Care Service (RMLCS) t mw lawns fr the elderly, disabled, single mms and frmer sldiers free f charge. As part f prviding free yard wrk, the rganizatin teaches children abut serving their cmmunities and lawn mwer safety.
A key cmpnent f RMLCS is its 50-yard challenge,which sets a gal fr children natinwide t mw 50 lawns fr free in their cmmunity. When a kid signs up fr the challenge, the grup sends them a white shirt with the Raising Men lg（标识），shades and ear prtectin. The participants receive a different clred shirt after every 10th lawn they mw. When they have cmpleted the task fr 50 yards,they receive a special visit frm Smith r smene with RMLCS. They give the vlunteer a new lawnmwer, free f charge, and cut ther lawns with them.
Since this challenge started in 2016,12 kids have already cmpleted the challenge. And bth bys and girls are part f it. At present they have 130 kids natinwide taking part in this challenge,including 7 in Bermuda and the U. K. and ne in Canada. S it’s spreading wrldwide. Even the Queen f England tk ntice — the gvernr f Bermuda presented Smith with an award late last year n behalf f her.
It was als last year that Smith came up with the 50 States 50 Lawns campaign. Nw, in 2020，he’s n the rad again.
1. What is the purpse f the Raising Men Lawn Care Service?
A. Educate children t wrk hard.B. Offer free lawn cutting service.
C. Make lawnmwers f high quality.D. Train prfessinal lawn mwing wrkers.
2 Why is the Queen f England mentined?
A. T praise the queen fr her care.
B. T prve Smith is respected by everyne.
C. T shw Smith’s behavir gt recgnized.
D. T intrduce where Smith’s mtivatin came frm.
3. What can be the best title fr the text?
A. Mw Lawns in Order t TravelB. Lawn Mwing — a New Trend
C. Chse Mwing Lawns t HelpD. Smith — a Man Lves Mwing Lawns
B
Adlescent chimpanzees adpt their yunger siblings (兄弟姐妹) if their mthers die. The lder siblings keep a clse watch n the yungsters and give them lts f cmfrting hugs.
The finding adds t the evidence that chimpanzees can understand when thers are suffering and can, t sme extent, help them. Similarly, a secnd study has shwn that chimpanzees have a strng emtinal respnse when they see that anther chimp r a familiar human is injured.
Rachna Reddy and Jhn Mitani at the University f Michigan were tracking a grup f abut 200 chimps in Kibale Natinal Park, Uganda, when a deadly disease struck the animals between December 2016 and February 2017. Twenty-five chimps died and 13 lst their mthers. Reddy and Mitani kept a clse watch n fur pairs f yung chimpanzee siblings, where the lder f the tw effectively adpted the yunger. The lder chimps were 10-17 years ld while the yunger siblings were 6 t 7 years ld. The pairs spent much mre time tgether after their mthers' deaths than they did befre. They als cmfrted each ther. "It was like they were bth seeking physical cntact all the time," says Reddy. "The behavir makes evlutinary sense, because by helping their siblings, the lder chimps are acting in the interest f their wn genes." We can't be sure what is ging thrugh their minds, but Reddy says the yunger siblings were clearly scared and upset and the lder siblings seemed t take the situatin seriusly. "I am hesitant t use a wrd like 'respnsibility'," says Reddy, but she says they were respnding t their siblings' suffering.
In line with this, chimps react when ne f their members is injured: they may inspect r help deal with a wund, fr instance. Yutar Sat at Kyt University in Japan and his clleagues have nw fund that chimps respnd n an emtinal level t seeing an injury. They shwed six chimps a human with whm they were familiar, and wh had a serius wund. The cameras shwed a temperature drp inside the chimps' nses, which is knwn t have links with a strng negative emtin.
4. Why did the lder chimpanzees adpt the yunger siblings?
A. Because they enjyed having playmates.
B. Because they bserved the law f jungle.
C. Because they were taught t take respnsibility.
D. Because they understd their siblings' suffering.
5. What is the purpse f paragraph 3?
A. T shw hw they cnducted the research.
B. T make an analysis f the findings.
C. T cmpare the tw researches.
D. T describe a mving stry in the research.
6. What des the underlined wrd "this" refer t?
A. Chimps' unwillingness t help.
B. Chimps' minds full f sadness.
C. Chimps' reactin t their siblings' suffering.
D. The decrease f chimps' nse temperature.
7. Which is the best title fr the text?
A. Chimps really d care
B. The mystery f chimps
C. Chimps: t be r nt t be
D. The pwer f evlutin
C
Wd has many great characteristics that make it the perfect building material. It is cheap，durable(耐用的),easily available，and mst imprtantly，envirnmentally sustainable. The ne thing it is nt,is transparent(透明的). Nw thanks t a team f scientists at Stckhlm’s KTH Ryal Institute f Technlgy，the material may even be able t add that feature t its already impressive list.
Lead researcher Dr. Lars Berglund said he was inspired t create the transparent wd after learning hw Japanese researchers had develped a see-thrugh paper fr use in flexible display screens fr electrnic devices. The team began by pulling ut the wd's lignin(木质素). The lignin-free wd was then dipped int a plymer(聚合物)and baked at a temperature f 158F fr fur hurs. The result was a hybrid prduct that was nt nly strnger and lighter than the riginal wd but als，almst transparent. The researchers were able t adjust the level f transparency by varying the amunt f the plymer injected and als by changing the thickness f the wd.
While scientists have previusly created a see-thrugh wd fr small-scale applicatins like cmputer chips, he transparent wd is the first ne being cnsidered fr large scale applicatins. The researchers, wh revealed their findings in Bimacrmlecules n April 11, picture using the transparent wd in buildings t allw fr mre natural light, r t create windws that let in the desired amunt f light withut sacrificing privacy.
Wd that allws light t pass thrugh culd lead t a brighter future fr hmes and buildings. Berglund als thinks the wd culd play a significant rle in the design f slar panels. The semi-transparent material wuld be able t keep light lnger and give it mre time t interact with the cnductr, thus resulting in better slar efficiency. Additinally, substituting the currently used glass with this new prduct wuld help slar energy manufacturers imprve their carbn ftprint and lwer the cst. They are nw experimenting with ways t scale up the manufacturing prcess s that the transparent material is cst-effective t make and easy t use.
8．What des the underlined part “that feature” in Paragraph 1 refer t?
A．Cheapness.B．Durability.C．Sustainability.D．Transparency.
9．Which f the fllwing is nt the prcess in which the transparent wd is made?
A．Dip the wd int a plymer.
B．Reduce the amunt f the plymer.
C．Make the wd lignin-free.
D．Bake the wd fr sme time.
10．Which f the fllwing is true accrding t the text?
A．Berglund gt the idea f transparent wd while making paper.
B．Varying the amunt f the plymer changes the wd's hardness.
C．The cst f making the transparent wd still needs t be cut dwn.
D．The transparent wd wuld be used nly fr hmes and buildings.
11．What is the last paragraph mainly abut？
A．The bright future f the transparent wd.
B．The wd's rle in the design f slar panels.
C．The disadvantages f the currently used glass.
D．Slar energy manufacturers' carbn ftprint.
D
Dlphins, African gray parrts and sme ther animals understand the idea f “zer,” but researchers were surprised t find that hneybees als cmprehend this abstract cncept, cnsidering the insects’ tiny brains, accrding t a new study. Hneybees have fewer than ne millin neurns (神经元), cmpared with the 86 billin neurns in humans—and yet, they grasp a cncept that humans, by sme measures, dn’t start t understand befre preschl.
The researchers set up tw cards, each f which had a set f symbls n them, like triangles r circles. Then, they trained a grup f the bees t fly t the card with the lwer number f symbls. The bees quickly learned what the humans wanted them t d t get their delicius, sweet rewards. The trained bees were then shwn a card that was empty and ne that had symbls n it. There is n need fr the bees t be trained t fly mre ften t the empty card—thus shwing that they understd that “zer” was a number less than the thers.
Althugh they flew mre ften t an empty card than t ne that had ne symbl n it, it became easier fr them t distinguish when the symbls n the card increased in number. Fr example, they mre ften flew t the zer when the ther card had fur symbls than when it had ne.
Perhaps these findings will explain the brain mechanism (机制) behind what allws us t understand the cncept f “nthing,” Adrian Dyer, a researcher said. This understanding, in turn, culd help in the develpment f artificial intelligence (AI) that als understands this cncept. “If bees can understand ‘zer’ with a brain f less than a millin neurns, it suggests there are simple, efficient ways t teach AI new tricks,” Dyer said in the statement.
12．What is a surprising finding fr the researchers?
A．Many animals als cmprehend the meaning f “zer”.
B．The number f neurns f hneybees is much smaller.
C．Hneybees can understand “zer” with their tiny brains.
D．Humans fail t recgnize abstract ideas befre preschl.
13．What can the bees d withut further training?
A．Fly directly t the card with mre symbls n it.
B．Fly less ften t the card with fewer symbls n it.
C．Fly quite slwly t the card withut anything n it.
D．Fly mre ften t the card withut any symbl n it.
14．What des Adrian Dyer say abut these findings?
A．They ffer inspiratin t the develpment f technlgy.
B．They enable peple t understand mre abstract cncepts.
C．They suggest ways t teach humans sme cmplex tricks.
D．They allw peple t set a new type f brain mechanism.
15．What is the main idea f the text?
A．Hneybees knw abut the cncept f “zer”.
B．Hneybees can understand much as humans d.
C．Hneybees will help t imprve AI in the future.
D．Hneybees can be trained t cmprehend “zer”.
答案与解析
A
【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段“Smith went n t create the Raising Men Lawn Care Service (RMLCS) t mw lawns fr the elderly, disabled, single mms and frmer sldiers free f charge.”可知，史密斯创办RMLCS是为了给老人，残疾人，单亲妈妈和退役军人免费修理草坪。故选B。
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段“Even the Queen f England tk ntice — the gvernr f Bermuda presented Smith with an award late last year n behalf f her.”可知，甚至英国女皇都知道史密斯，并派总督代表她给史密斯颁奖。故选C。
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。全篇叙述了史密斯为特定人员免费修理草坪，并且为全国孩子设立目标：为自己的家园免费修理50码的草坪。这一系列的举动，都是和修理草坪相关，是一种助人的行为。故选C。
B
【答案】D
【解析】理解题干，迅速定位到文本第二段第一句话“The finding adds t the evidence that chimpanzees can understand when thers are suffering and can, t sme extent, help them.”由此判断选D项。
【答案】A
【解析】读懂第三段主要介绍观察对象、过程和结果，即如何具体实施研究，故选A项；第四段介绍了科学家的分析，因此把干扰项B排除；文章介绍了两个实验，第三段中没有进行比较，因此选项C排除；文章是说明文体裁，没有进行故事描写，排除D项。故选A项。
【答案】C
【解析】理解第三段最后一句话中的“they were respnding t their siblings' suffering”；理解第四段第一句话“In line with this, chimps react when ne f their members is injured”，（与之一致，当猩猩看到同伴受伤时，会做出反应）；“this”就是指代第四段中的最后一句话。故选C项。
【答案】A
【解析】A选项“猩猩的确关爱”。本文通过两个实验发现猩猩在同伴或亲属痛苦受伤时表现出关爱，故选择A选项；B选项“猩猩的神秘”，表述太笼统，与本文主题不相关，故排除；C选项“猩猩，生存还是毁灭”，与本文主题不相关，故排除；D选项“进化的力量”，太笼统，与本文主题不相关，故排除。
C
【答案】D
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“It is cheap，durable(耐用的)，easily available，and mst imprtantly，envirnmentally sustainable. The ne thing it is nt，is transparent(透明的)”可知，木头便宜，耐用，容易获得，最重要的是，可持续。但是它不是透明的。而最后一句提到：由于科学家的努力，已经将“那个特点”添加到已有的特点单子里了。根据这个语境可以推知，该处应指，科学家们使得木头成为透明的了。“透明”也成为了它的一个特点。故该画线词应该指D选项：透明。
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The lignin-free wd was then dipped int a plymer(聚合物)and baked at a temperature f 158F fr fur hurs”可知，制造透明木头的过程之一是：将无木质素的木材浸泡在聚合物中，在158华氏度的温度下烘烤4小时。因此B选项提到的“减少聚合物的量”和原文不符。故B选项切题。
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“They are nw experimenting with ways t scale up the manufacturing prcess s that the transparent material is cst-effective t make and easy t use”可知，现在，他们正在尝试扩大制造工艺，使得透明材料制造起来更加合算，易于使用。由此推知，现在制造透明木头的成本仍然很高，需要降低成本。故C选项正确。
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。最后一段介绍了透明木头将来在家庭，建筑物，太阳能电池板，环保等方面的应用。由此可知，最后一段主要介绍了透明木头的光明未来。故A选项正确。
D
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“ researchers were surprised t find that hneybees als cmprehend this abstract cncept, cnsidering the insects’ tiny brains...”可知，令研究人员惊奇的是蜜蜂的脑容量小，但它们却也能理解像“零”这样的抽象概念。故C选项正确。
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的内容，尤其是最后一句可知，蜜蜂能飞向没有符号的卡片是不需要被进一步训练的。故D选项正确。
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“If bees can understand ‘zer’ with a brain f less than a millin neurns, it suggests there are simple, efficient ways t teach AI new tricks. Dyer said in the statement.”可知，Adrian Dyer认为这些发现能够为科技的发展提供一些灵感。故A选项正确。
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要是在讲蜜蜂与其他许多动物一样，能理解诸如“零”这样的抽象概念。故A选项正确。