2021届高考英语阅读理解题型精准练——主旨大意题

这是一份2021届高考英语阅读理解题型精准练——主旨大意题，共10页。


Cedar,a third-generatin beekeeper frm the cuntryside f New Suth Wales, Australia, says that he was inspired t try and design a simpler hive(蜂箱)after his brther was stung(蜇)during ne f their hney-gathering tasks.
The yung guy knew that there must be a clever way t gather hney withut having t wear prtective suits, pen the hive, and disturb the little bees. After several years, Cedar and his father Stuart finally perfected their inventin-the Flw. Hive, which can save beekeepers hurs f wrk simply by channeling all f its hney int a tap that can be turned n and ff at will.
Fur years after their initial success, the Flw Hive has had a big influence n hneybee ppulatins arund the wrld. The father and his sn say that they have successfully shipped ver 51,000 hives t 150 different cuntries. Since they intrduced the hive in 2015, the number f beekeepers in the U.S. alne has increased by ver 10%.
Their success is particularly significant since hneybee ppulatins have been steadily decreasing as a result f habitat lss. That's why nw Stuart and Cedar Andersn are dnating their hive earnings t internatinal hneybee advcacy grups.
"We're prud t have dnated 100% f prfits frm the sale f ur Flw Pllinatr(传粉昆虫)Huse t nine lcal pllinatr prjects in Australia and the U.S. that are at wrk prtecting wild habitats all arund the wrld, "said the Andersns in a statement." Pllinatrs need large areas f habitat t grw healthily-the mre we can d t cnserve native habitats, the mre pprtunities these tiny envirnmental champins will have t d their imprtant wrk."
4.What wuld be the best title fr the text?
A.“Hney n Tap" BeehiveB.The Cst f Beekeeping
C.The Grwth f a BeekeeperD.True Facts Abut Hneybees
In rder t help discver spilage(变质)and reduce fd waste fr supermarkets and cnsumers,researchers have develped new lw-cst,smart phne-linked, ec-friendly spilage sensrs fr meat and fish packaging.
One in three UK cnsumers thrw away fd just because it reaches the use-by date(保存期),but 60%(4.2 millin tnnes)f the £12.5 billin-wrth f fd we thrw away each year is safe t eat.
The researchers,whse findings were published in ACS Sensrs,say the sensrs culd als eventually replace the use-by date-a widely used indicatr f being fresh and eatable.
The sensrs cst tw US cents each t make.Knwn as"paper-based electrical gas sensrs(PEGS)",they detect spilage gases like ammnia(a pisnus gas with a strng unpleasant smell)in meat and fish prducts.The infrmatin prvided by the electrnic nse is received by a smart phne,and then yu can knw whether the fd is fresh and safe t eat.
The Imperial Cllege Lndn researchers wh develped PEGS made the sensrs by printing carbn electrdes(电极)nt a special type f paper.The materials are ec-friendly and harmless,s they dn't damage the envirnment and are safe t use in fd packaging.The sensrs,cmbined with a tiny electrnic system,then infrm nearby mbile devices,which identify and understand the data abut spilage gases.
Lead authr Dr Firat Guder,f Imperial's Department f Biengineering,said, "Althugh they're designed t keep us safe,use-by dates can lead t eatable fd being thrwn away.They dn't always reflect its actual freshness.In fact,peple ften get sick frm fdbrne diseases due t pr strage,even when an item is within its use-by date.
"These sensrs are cheap enugh s we hpe t see supermarkets using them within three years.Our gal is t use PEGS in fd packaging t reduce unnecessary fd waste."
The authrs hpe that PEGS culd have applicatins beynd fd prcessing,like sensing chemicals in agriculture,air quality,and detecting disease markers in breath like thse invlved in kidney disease.
4.What des the authr mainly talk abut in the text?
A.The prcess f researching spilage sensrs.
B.A new technlgy in packaging t reduce fd waste.
C.Use-by dates 'influence n supermarkets and cnsumers.
D.The applicatin f spilage sensrs beynd fd prcessing.
Driven by her passin fr prviding quality healthcare, a Latvian wman has wn ver the hearts f the elderly residing in the nursing hme she versees.
It is incredibly rare t find a Caucasian wman wrking as the directr f a nursing hme in Shanghai. But the fact that Anastasija Puzankva can even cnverse in Liantang, a Chinese dialect spken nly by residents in a small twn in suthwestern Shanghai, makes her ne f a kind
"I had always wndered hw the elderly were getting alng with thers, r if they were well cared fr. I realized that I culd better serve them and understand their cncerns if I spke their dialect." says the 35-year-ld, wh als speaks Russian, English, Latvian, French and Spanish.
Puzankva chse t study Sinlgy(汉学) ut f her curisity abut China at the University f Latvia in 2003. The next year, she traveled t Shanghai as part f an exchange prgram and then she spent the next 10 years studying law at Fudan University, graduating with a master's degree in 2014.
Despite her qualificatins, in 2018, Puzankva jined Haiyang Grup, a Shanghai-based cmpany that perates the nursing hme, as an executive assistant. During that perid, she perfrmed s well in her nursing and management training that she was appinted the directr f the hme after just ne year.
A caregiver, surnamed Cai, says the atmsphere at the hme has changed since Puzankva tk charge. u She makes life in the nursing hme uplifting and purpseful.says Cai.
"She thrws mnthly birthday parties fr the elderly, creates a festive md in the hme fr every traditinal festival and frequently rganizes handicrafts classes and activities t stimulate the minds f the residents."
When family visits and grup activities were delayed during the nvel crnavirus utbreak, Puzankva came up with a similar idea at the hme, purchasing vegetable seeds and grwing them in the field near the nursing hme s that the residents can bserve the plants grwing frm their windws.
Just watching the plants grw can lift their spirits. We can als serve these rganic vegetables t them. ” she explains.
Puzankva says, "I simply like cmmunicating with peple, understanding their persnalities and ffering help when they are in need. Making an elderly persn happy, isn't hard. It just takes a little time, lve and thught."
4.The best title f the passage culd be "_______".
A.A freign face with a lcal sul
B.A language expert with a lving heart
C.A nursing hme with a wman directr
D.An executive assistant with a master's degree
Increasingly, Americans are becming their wn dctrs, by ging nline t diagnse their symptms, rder hme health tests r medical devices, r even self-treat their illnesses with drugs frm Internet pharmacies (药店).Sme avid dctrs because f the high cst f medical care, especially if they lack health insurance. Or they may stay away because they find it embarrassing t discuss their weight, smking, alchl cnsumptin r cuch ptat habits. Patients may als fear what they might learn abut their health, r they distrust physicians because f negative experiences in the past. But playing dctr can als be a deadly game.
Every day, mre than six millin Americas turn t the Internet fr medical answers—mst f them aren't nearly skeptical enugh f what they find. A 2002 survey by the Pew Internet & American life Prject fund that 72 percent f thse surveyed believe all r mst f what they read n health websites. They shuldn't lk up " headache," and the chances f finding reliable and cmplete infrmatin, free frm a mtivatin fr cmmercial gain, are nly ne in ten, reprts an April 2005 Brwn Medical Schl study. Of the 169 websites the researchers rated, nly 16 are scred as "high quality.” Recent studies have fund faulty facts abut all srts f ther disrders, causing ne research team t warn that a large amunt f incmplete, inaccurate and even dangerus infrmatin exists n the Internet.
The prblem is that mst peple dn't knw the safe way t surf the Web. " They use a search engine like Ggle, get 18 trillin chices and start clicking. But that's risky, because almst anybdy can put up a site that lks authritative(权威的),s it's hard t knw if what yu’re reading is reasnable r nt,” says Dr. Sarah Bass frm the Natinal Cancer Institute.
4.Which f the fllwing is the authr's main argument?
A.It's cheap t self-treat yur wn illness.
B.It's embarrassing t discuss yur bad habits.
C.It's reasnable t lk up a medical website.
D.It's dangerus t be yur wn dctr.
PITTSBURGH—Fr mst peple, snakes seem unpleasant r even threatening. But Hwie Chset sees in their delicate mvements a way t save lives.
The 37-year-ld Carnegie Melln University prfessr has spent years develping snake-like rbts that he hpes will eventually slide thrugh fallen buildings in search f victims trapped after natural disasters r ther emergencies.
Dan Kara is president f Rbtics Trends, a Nrthbr, Mass, -based cmpany that publishes an nline industry magazine and runs rbtics trade shws. He said there are ther snake-like rbts being develped, mainly at universities, but didn't knw f ne that culd climb pipes.
The Carnegie Melln machines are designed t carry cameras and electrnic sensrs and can be cntrlled with a jystick (操纵杆).They mve smthly with the help f small electric mtrs, r servs, cmmnly used by hbbyists in mdel airplanes.
Built frm lightweight materials, the rbts are abut the size f a human arm r smaller. They can sense which way is up, but are nly as gd as their human peratrs, Chset added.
Sam Stver, a search team manager with the Federal Emergency Management Agency based in Indiana, said snake - type rbts wuld ffer greater mbility than equipment currently available, such as cameras attached t extendable ples.
"It just allws us t d smething we've nt been able t d befre," Stver said,'' We needed them yesterday. ”
He said sniffer dgs are still the best search tl fr rescue wrkers, but that they can nly be used effectively when wrkers have access t damaged buildings.
Stver, amng the rescue wrkers wh handled the aftermath(后果) f Hurricane Katrina, said snake rbts wuld have helped rescuers search flded huses in that disaster.
Chset said the rbts may nt be ready fr use fr anther five t ten years, depending n funding.
4.What is the text mainly abut?
A.Snake-like rbts used in industries.
B.Snake-like rbts made t aid in rescues.
C.The develpment f snake-like rbts.
D.The wrking principles f snake -like rbts.
Lu Dengping has becme famus as the nly wman in a grup f "spider men" wh climb cliffs f up t 100 meters high, withut rpes r safety equipment f any kind, fr the entertainment f turists in China's Guizhu Prvince.
Men f the Mia peple, in Suthwest China, have been free-climbing steep cliffs fr centuries. They riginally develped this skill as part f a custm, t lift cffins(棺材)f relatives up the cliffs and place them in small caves r just hang them n the cliffside, like the Tana Traja tribe, in Indnesia.The Mia spider men cntinued climbing the vertical cliffs f Ziyun, in rder t cllect rare medicinal plants.Tday,nly a few members f the Mia peple still practice this ancient traditin, and ne f them is a wman.
Traditinally, nly Mia men were cnsidered brave and skilled enugh t becme spidermen, but Lu Dengping had n chice but t break scial nrms and take up the practice. As the daughter f a skilled spider man, and with n brthers t carry n her family's traditin, Lu began climbing the cliffs near the village f Getu he when she was just 15 years ld. In the beginning, she felt scared and culd barely mve n the precarius cliffside, but as time went by, she perfected her skills and, eventually, making her way up the giant rcks using nthing but her hands and feet became rutine.
In her late teens, Lu Dengping left the village and became a migrant wrker at a cnstructin site in Guangzhu. She returned in 2000, married a villager and had tw children. T supprt her husband, wh drives freight trucks fr a living, she ccasinally climbed nearby cliffs in search f medicinal plants t sell. Then, in 2015, the lcal gvernment decided t prmte the karst muntain as a turist attractin, and started hiring spider men t practice their skills fr entertainment purpses.
4.What can be the best title fr the text?
A.China's Only"Spider Wman”B.The Prmtin f Ancient Skills
C.A Hbby Makes"Spider Wman”D.Spider Men Becmes a Must-see
Red pandas are native t the high frests f Asia. They are nly a little bigger than ahuse cat and cnsidered t be endangered.
Scientists reprted last mnth that nt all red pandas belng t the same species.Thereare tw different species f this animal, nt just ne. The scientists reprted finding majr differences in three genetic markers between Chinese red pandas and Himalayan red pandas. Scientists identified the markers after studying DNA frm 65 f the creatures.DNA carries genetic infrmatin fr the develpment, grwth and reprductin f living things. Dcumenting the existence f tw separate species culd help guide effrts fr prtecting red pandas.
Chinese red pandas live in nrthern Myanmar, as well as sutheastern Tibet, Sichuan, and Yunnan prvinces in China. Himalayan red pandas are native t Nepal, India, Bhutan and suthern Tibet in China. Cnservatin bilgists Yib Hu and Fuwen Wei led the study. Their findings were published in the jurnal Science Advances.
"T cnserve the genetic uniqueness f the tw species, we shuld avid their interbreeding in captivity," Hu said. "Interbreeding between species may harm the genetic adaptatins already established fr their lcal habitat envirnment."
Scientists had earlier suggested there were tw species f red panda. But the new study was the first t prvide the genetic infrmatin necessary t permit such a judgment. Internatinal experts estimate a ttal ppulatin f arund 10,000 red pandas in the wild. The tw species differ in clratin and skull shape. The Himalayan red panda is the rarer f the tw. Majr threats t red pandas include defrestatin and habitat lss.
While they have similar names, red pandas and giant pandas are nt clsely related. Giant pandas are ne f the wrld's eight bear species. Red pandas are smetimes called living fssils because they have n clse living relatives. They are the nly remaining member f their mammalian family.
1.What des the secnd paragraph mainly deal with?
A.Nt all red pandas belng t the same species.
B.The majr differences between the tw species.
C.The difficulty in finding ut genetic difference.
D.The significance fr further research int pandas.
The gender gap in maths-related subjects is bvius. In almst all cuntries, far fewer wmen than men chse STEM(理工科) careers.
It's nt that girls and wmen are bad at maths. In the UK in 20l9, fr example, 39% f 18-year-ld girls wh studied maths at A-level achieved an A r A* ,cmpared t 42% f bys. Fr A-level physics, 29% f girls achieved the tp tw grades, cmpared t 28% f bys. But in bth subjects, bys heavily utnumbered girls—by mre than 3 : l in the case f physics. S why are s many girls turning their backs n these subjects?
A study published recently in the jurnal PNAS suggests that the answer may in fact lie in male-female differences in academic ability, but the ability in questin is reading, nt maths. Thmas Breda, at Paris Schl f Ecnmics, and Cltilde Napp, at Paris Dauphine University, wndered whether this male-female difference in reading culd help explain the gender gap in STEM careers. Every three years, hundreds f thusands f 15-year-lds in mre than 60 cuntries take part in the PISA study. Students cmplete tests in maths, reading and science, and answer questins abut their future career intentins. When Breda and Napp lked at the data frm PISA 20l2 , they realised they were n t smething.
"There were small gender gaps in maths perfrmance at l5 years ld, but these gaps were t small t explain the huge gender segregatin( 隔离) in STEM," says Breda. But fr reading, the tables were turned; the girls were much better than the bys. As a result, when a by and a girl had similar scres in maths,the girl usually had an even better scre in reading.
When Breda and Napp cmpared each student's scres in reading and maths, they fund the greater a student's advantage in reading, the less likely they were t plan a career in maths, even when their maths scre was als high. Ntably, this was true fr bth bys and girls.
"It makes a lt f sense," says Sarah Cattan, f the Institute fr Fiscal Studies. "It shws that what matters mst when bys and girls chse their field f study is nt hw gd they are in maths r in reading, but hw gd they are in maths relative t reading."
4.What is the best title fr the text?
A.Why are we drawn t STEM careers?
B.Are bys wrse at reading and writing?
C.Why are girls bad at maths-related subjects?
D.Are gd readers mre likely t give up maths?
答案以及解析
答案： 4.A
解析： 4.题干意思是最好的标题是什么。根据文章大意:第3代养蜂人在他的哥哥被蜜蜂蛰了之后,他和爸爸一起发明了流动蜂巢,该发明可以将蜂蜜输送到一个可以随时打开的龙头里,这可以简化采集蜂蜜的过程,也避免养蜂人再次被蜜蜂蛰。结合选项,D选项的意思是关于蜂蜜的事实,C选项的意思是养蜂人的成长,A选项的意思是“龙头里的蜂蜜”蜂巢,B选项的意思是养蜂的成本,可知答案为A.
答案： 4.B
解析： 4.题干:作者在文中主要谈论什么?A.变质传感器的研究过程。B.一项减少食物浪费的包装新技术。C.保质期对超市和消费者的影响,D.变质传感器在食品加工以外的应用。阅读全文可知,本文讲述了为了帮助检测变质气体,并减少超市和消费者的食物浪费,研究人员开发了“基于纸张的电子气体传感器”(PRGS)。故选B。
答案： 4.A
解析： 4.主旨大意题。Anastasija Puzankva身为外国人,在上海的敬老院担任院长,学当地方言,融入当地,全心关爱老人,"A freign face with a lcal sul"是对她的很好的概括,答案A。
答案： 4.D
解析： 4.本题考查概括主旨大意的能力。最后一段指出作者的写作目的和主要论点:健康网站参差不齐,直接找网站寻求健康信息不太可靠。
答案： 4.B
解析： 4.这是一道主旨题。文中讲到Chset研究snake-like rbts是因为“he hpes will eventually slide thrugh fallen building in search f victims trapped after natural disasters r ther emergencies.”可知,Chset研究的蛇形机器人的目的是为了在自然灾害或其他紧急事故的营救中起作用。因此选B。
答案： 4.A
解析： 4.主旨大意题。文章第一段提到 Lu Dengping has becme famus as the nly wman in a grup f “spidermen” wh climb cliffs f up t 100 meters high之后文章就此展开,介绍了有关罗登平这位女蜘蛛人的人生。故A项能够概括本文中心。
答案：1.B
解析：1.主旨大意题。第二段提到:它们存在差异、科学家是如何得出结论的、这样做的好处。可知B项能够概况本段中心。

答案： 4.D
解析： 4.标题归纳题。文章通过研究表明,男女在数学相关的学科上的平均性别差异不大,但仍有更多的女孩不会在大学毕业后在数理化相关领域就业或继续深造,原因在于女性在阅读方面要优于男性,而面临职业或继续学习的选择时,男孩女孩都更看重自己的相对优势。D项做标题最能概括文意。