2021届高考英语阅读理解题型精准练——主旨大意题

2021届高考英语阅读理解题型精准练——主旨大意题

Cedar,a third-generation beekeeper from the countryside of New South Wales, Australia, says that he was inspired to try and design a simpler hive(蜂箱)after his brother was stung(蜇)during one of their honey-gathering tasks.

The young guy knew that there must be a clever way to gather honey without having to wear protective suits, open the hive, and disturb the little bees. After several years, Cedar and his father Stuart finally perfected their invention-the Flow. Hive, which can save beekeepers hours of work simply by channeling all of its honey into a tap that can be turned on and off at will.

Four years after their initial success, the Flow Hive has had a big influence on honeybee populations around the world. The father and his son say that they have successfully shipped over 51,000 hives to 150 different countries. Since they introduced the hive in 2015, the number of beekeepers in the U.S. alone has increased by over 10%.

Their success is particularly significant since honeybee populations have been steadily decreasing as a result of habitat loss. That's why now Stuart and Cedar Anderson are donating their hive earnings to international honeybee advocacy groups.

"We're proud to have donated 100% of profits from the sale of our Flow Pollinator(传粉昆虫)House to nine local pollinator projects in Australia and the U.S. that are at work protecting wild habitats all around the world, "said the Andersons in a statement." Pollinators need large areas of habitat to grow healthily-the more we can do to conserve native habitats, the more opportunities these tiny environmental champions will have to do their important work."
4.What would be the best title for the text?
A.“Honey on Tap" Beehive B.The Cost of Beekeeping
C.The Growth of a Beekeeper D.True Facts About Honeybees

In order to help discover spoilage(变质)and reduce food waste for supermarkets and consumers,researchers have developed new low-cost,smart phone-linked, eco-friendly spoilage sensors for meat and fish packaging.

One in three UK consumers throw away food just because it reaches the use-by date(保存期),but 60%(4.2 million tonnes)of the £12.5 billion-worth of food we throw away each year is safe to eat.

The researchers,whose findings were published in ACS Sensors,say the sensors could also eventually replace the use-by date-a widely used indicator of being fresh and eatable.

The sensors cost two US cents each to make.Known as"paper-based electrical gas sensors(PEGS)",they detect spoilage gases like ammonia(a poisonous gas with a strong unpleasant smell)in meat and fish products.The information provided by the electronic nose is received by a smart phone,and then you can know whether the food is fresh and safe to eat.

The Imperial College London researchers who developed PEGS made the sensors by printing carbon electrodes(电极)onto a special type of paper.The materials are eco-friendly and harmless,so they don't damage the environment and are safe to use in food packaging.The sensors,combined with a tiny electronic system,then inform nearby mobile devices,which identify and understand the data about spoilage gases.

Lead author Dr Firat Guder,of Imperial's Department of Bioengineering,said, "Although they're designed to keep us safe,use-by dates can lead to eatable food being thrown away.They don't always reflect its actual freshness.In fact,people often get sick from foodborne diseases due to poor storage,even when an item is within its use-by date.

"These sensors are cheap enough so we hope to see supermarkets using them within three years.Our goal is to use PEGS in food packaging to reduce unnecessary food waste."

The authors hope that PEGS could have applications beyond food processing,like sensing chemicals in agriculture,air quality,and detecting disease markers in breath like those involved in kidney disease.

4.What does the author mainly talk about in the text?
A.The process of researching spoilage sensors.
B.A new technology in packaging to reduce food waste.
C.Use-by dates 'influence on supermarkets and consumers.
D.The application of spoilage sensors beyond food processing.

Driven by her passion for providing quality healthcare, a Latvian woman has won over the hearts of the elderly residing in the nursing home she oversees.

It is incredibly rare to find a Caucasian woman working as the director of a nursing home in Shanghai. But the fact that Anastasija Puzankova can even converse in Liantang, a Chinese dialect spoken only by residents in a small town in southwestern Shanghai, makes her one of a kind

"I had always wondered how the elderly were getting along with others, or if they were well cared for. I realized that I could better serve them and understand their concerns if I spoke their dialect." says the 35-year-old, who also speaks Russian, English, Latvian, French and Spanish.

Puzankova chose to study Sinology(汉学) out of her curiosity about China at the University of Latvia in 2003. The next year, she traveled to Shanghai as part of an exchange program and then she spent the next 10 years studying law at Fudan University, graduating with a master's degree in 2014.

Despite her qualifications, in 2018, Puzankova joined Haiyang Group, a Shanghai-based company that operates the nursing home, as an executive assistant. During that period, she performed so well in her nursing and management training that she was appointed the director of the home after just one year.

A caregiver, surnamed Cai, says the atmosphere at the home has changed since Puzankova took charge. u She makes life in the nursing home uplifting and purposeful.says Cai.

"She throws monthly birthday parties for the elderly, creates a festive mood in the home for every traditional festival and frequently organizes handicrafts classes and activities to stimulate the minds of the residents."

When family visits and group activities were delayed during the novel coronavirus outbreak, Puzankova came up with a similar idea at the home, purchasing vegetable seeds and growing them in the field near the nursing home so that the residents can observe the plants growing from their windows.

Just watching the plants grow can lift their spirits. We can also serve these organic vegetables to them. ” she explains.

Puzankova says, "I simply like communicating with people, understanding their personalities and offering help when they are in need. Making an elderly person happy, isn't hard. It just takes a little time, love and thought."
4.The best title of the passage could be "_______".
A.A foreign face with a local soul
B.A language expert with a loving heart
C.A nursing home with a woman director
D.An executive assistant with a master's degree

Increasingly, Americans are becoming their own doctors, by going online to diagnose their symptoms, order home health tests or medical devices, or even self-treat their illnesses with drugs from Internet pharmacies (药店).Some avoid doctors because of the high cost of medical care, especially if they lack health insurance. Or they may stay away because they find it embarrassing to discuss their weight, smoking, alcohol consumption or couch potato habits. Patients may also fear what they might learn about their health, or they distrust physicians because of negative experiences in the past. But playing doctor can also be a deadly game.

Every day, more than six million Americas turn to the Internet for medical answers—most of them aren't nearly skeptical enough of what they find. A 2002 survey by the Pew Internet & American life Project found that 72 percent of those surveyed believe all or most of what they read on health websites. They shouldn't look up " headache," and the chances of finding reliable and complete information, free from a motivation for commercial gain, are only one in ten, reports an April 2005 Brown Medical School study. Of the 169 websites the researchers rated, only 16 are scored as "high quality.” Recent studies have found faulty facts about all sorts of other disorders, causing one research team to warn that a large amount of incomplete, inaccurate and even dangerous information exists on the Internet.

The problem is that most people don't know the safe way to surf the Web. " They use a search engine like Google, get 18 trillion choices and start clicking. But that's risky, because almost anybody can put up a site that looks authoritative(权威的),so it's hard to know if what you’re reading is reasonable or not,” says Dr. Sarah Bass from the National Cancer Institute.
4.Which of the following is the author's main argument?
A.It's cheap to self-treat your own illness.
B.It's embarrassing to discuss your bad habits.
C.It's reasonable to look up a medical website.
D.It's dangerous to be your own doctor.

PITTSBURGH—For most people, snakes seem unpleasant or even threatening. But Howie Choset sees in their delicate movements a way to save lives.

The 37-year-old Carnegie Mellon University professor has spent years developing snake-like robots that he hopes will eventually slide through fallen buildings in search of victims trapped after natural disasters or other emergencies.

Dan Kara is president of Robotics Trends, a Northboro, Mass, -based company that publishes an online industry magazine and runs robotics trade shows. He said there are other snake-like robots being developed, mainly at universities, but didn't know of one that could climb pipes.

The Carnegie Mellon machines are designed to carry cameras and electronic sensors and can be controlled with a joystick (操纵杆).They move smoothly with the help of small electric motors, or servos, commonly used by hobbyists in model airplanes.

Built from lightweight materials, the robots are about the size of a human arm or smaller. They can sense which way is up, but are only as good as their human operators, Choset added.

Sam Stover, a search team manager with the Federal Emergency Management Agency based in Indiana, said snake - type robots would offer greater mobility than equipment currently available, such as cameras attached to extendable poles.

"It just allows us to do something we've not been able to do before," Stover said,'' We needed them yesterday. ”

He said sniffer dogs are still the best search tool for rescue workers, but that they can only be used effectively when workers have access to damaged buildings.

Stover, among the rescue workers who handled the aftermath(后果) of Hurricane Katrina, said snake robots would have helped rescuers search flooded houses in that disaster.

Choset said the robots may not be ready for use for another five to ten years, depending on funding.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.Snake-like robots used in industries.
B.Snake-like robots made to aid in rescues.
C.The development of snake-like robots.
D.The working principles of snake -like robots.

Luo Dengping has become famous as the only woman in a group of "spider men" who climb cliffs of up to 100 meters high, without ropes or safety equipment of any kind, for the entertainment of tourists in China's Guizhou Province.

Men of the Miao people, in Southwest China, have been free-climbing steep cliffs for centuries. They originally developed this skill as part of a custom, to lift coffins(棺材)of relatives up the cliffs and place them in small caves or just hang them on the cliffside, like the Tana Toraja tribe, in Indonesia.The Miao spider men continued climbing the vertical cliffs of Ziyun, in order to collect rare medicinal plants.Today,only a few members of the Miao people still practice this ancient tradition, and one of them is a woman.

Traditionally, only Miao men were considered brave and skilled enough to become spidermen, but Luo Dengping had no choice but to break social norms and take up the practice. As the daughter of a skilled spider man, and with no brothers to carry on her family's tradition, Luo began climbing the cliffs near the village of Getu he when she was just 15 years old. In the beginning, she felt scared and could barely move on the precarious cliffside, but as time went by, she perfected her skills and, eventually, making her way up the giant rocks using nothing but her hands and feet became routine.

In her late teens, Luo Dengping left the village and became a migrant worker at a construction site in Guangzhou. She returned in 2000, married a villager and had two children. To support her husband, who drives freight trucks for a living, she occasionally climbed nearby cliffs in search of medicinal plants to sell. Then, in 2015, the local government decided to promote the karst mountain as a tourist attraction, and started hiring spider men to practice their skills for entertainment purposes.

4.What can be the best title for the text?
A.China's Only"Spider Woman” B.The Promotion of Ancient Skills
C.A Hobby Makes"Spider Woman” D.Spider Men Becomes a Must-see

Red pandas are native to the high forests of Asia. They are only a little bigger than ahouse cat and considered to be endangered.

Scientists reported last month that not all red pandas belong to the same species.Thereare two different species of this animal, not just one. The scientists reported finding major differences in three genetic markers between Chinese red pandas and Himalayan red pandas. Scientists identified the markers after studying DNA from 65 of the creatures.DNA carries genetic information for the development, growth and reproduction of living things. Documenting the existence of two separate species could help guide efforts for protecting red pandas.

Chinese red pandas live in northern Myanmar, as well as southeastern Tibet, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces in China. Himalayan red pandas are native to Nepal, India, Bhutan and southern Tibet in China. Conservation biologists Yibo Hu and Fuwen Wei led the study. Their findings were published in the journal Science Advances.

"To conserve the genetic uniqueness of the two species, we should avoid their interbreeding in captivity," Hu said. "Interbreeding between species may harm the genetic adaptations already established for their local habitat environment."

Scientists had earlier suggested there were two species of red panda. But the new study was the first to provide the genetic information necessary to permit such a judgment. International experts estimate a total population of around 10,000 red pandas in the wild. The two species differ in coloration and skull shape. The Himalayan red panda is the rarer of the two. Major threats to red pandas include deforestation and habitat loss.

While they have similar names, red pandas and giant pandas are not closely related. Giant pandas are one of the world's eight bear species. Red pandas are sometimes called living fossils because they have no close living relatives. They are the only remaining member of their mammalian family.

1.What does the second paragraph mainly deal with?
A.Not all red pandas belong to the same species.
B.The major differences between the two species.
C.The difficulty in finding out genetic difference.
D.The significance for further research into pandas.
 

The gender gap in maths-related subjects is obvious. In almost all countries, far fewer women than men choose STEM(理工科) careers.

It's not that girls and women are bad at maths. In the UK in 20l9, for example, 39% of 18-year-old girls who studied maths at A-level achieved an A or A* ,compared to 42% of boys. For A-level physics, 29% of girls achieved the top two grades, compared to 28% of boys. But in both subjects, boys heavily outnumbered girls—by more than 3 : l in the case of physics. So why are so many girls turning their backs on these subjects?

A study published recently in the journal PNAS suggests that the answer may in fact lie in male-female differences in academic ability, but the ability in question is reading, not maths. Thomas Breda, at Paris School of Economics, and Clotilde Napp, at Paris Dauphine University, wondered whether this male-female difference in reading could help explain the gender gap in STEM careers. Every three years, hundreds of thousands of 15-year-olds in more than 60 countries take part in the PISA study. Students complete tests in maths, reading and science, and answer questions about their future career intentions. When Breda and Napp looked at the data from PISA 20l2 , they realised they were on to something.

"There were small gender gaps in maths performance at l5 years old, but these gaps were too small to explain the huge gender segregation( 隔离) in STEM," says Breda. But for reading, the tables were turned; the girls were much better than the boys. As a result, when a boy and a girl had similar scores in maths,the girl usually had an even better score in reading.

When Breda and Napp compared each student's scores in reading and maths, they found the greater a student's advantage in reading, the less likely they were to plan a career in maths, even when their maths score was also high. Notably, this was true for both boys and girls.

"It makes a lot of sense," says Sarah Cattan, of the Institute for Fiscal Studies. "It shows that what matters most when boys and girls choose their field of study is not how good they are in maths or in reading, but how good they are in maths relative to reading."
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Why are we drawn to STEM careers?
B.Are boys worse at reading and writing?
C.Why are girls bad at maths-related subjects?
D.Are good readers more likely to give up maths?

答案以及解析

答案： 4.A
解析： 4.题干意思是最好的标题是什么。根据文章大意:第3代养蜂人在他的哥哥被蜜蜂蛰了之后,他和爸爸一起发明了流动蜂巢,该发明可以将蜂蜜输送到一个可以随时打开的龙头里,这可以简化采集蜂蜜的过程,也避免养蜂人再次被蜜蜂蛰。结合选项,D选项的意思是关于蜂蜜的事实,C选项的意思是养蜂人的成长,A选项的意思是“龙头里的蜂蜜”蜂巢,B选项的意思是养蜂的成本,可知答案为A.

答案： 4.B
解析： 4.题干:作者在文中主要谈论什么?A.变质传感器的研究过程。B.一项减少食物浪费的包装新技术。C.保质期对超市和消费者的影响,D.变质传感器在食品加工以外的应用。阅读全文可知,本文讲述了为了帮助检测变质气体,并减少超市和消费者的食物浪费,研究人员开发了“基于纸张的电子气体传感器”(PRGS)。故选B。

答案： 4.A
解析： 4.主旨大意题。Anastasija Puzankova身为外国人,在上海的敬老院担任院长,学当地方言,融入当地,全心关爱老人,"A foreign face with a local soul"是对她的很好的概括,答案A。

答案： 4.D
解析： 4.本题考查概括主旨大意的能力。最后一段指出作者的写作目的和主要论点:健康网站参差不齐,直接找网站寻求健康信息不太可靠。

答案： 4.B
解析： 4.这是一道主旨题。文中讲到Choset研究snake-like robots是因为“he hopes will eventually slide through fallen building in search of victims trapped after natural disasters or other emergencies.”可知,Choset研究的蛇形机器人的目的是为了在自然灾害或其他紧急事故的营救中起作用。因此选B。

答案： 4.A
解析： 4.主旨大意题。文章第一段提到 Luo Dengping has become famous as the only woman in a group of “spidermen” who climb cliffs of up to 100 meters high之后文章就此展开,介绍了有关罗登平这位女蜘蛛人的人生。故A项能够概括本文中心。

答案：1.B
解析：1.主旨大意题。第二段提到:它们存在差异、科学家是如何得出结论的、这样做的好处。可知B项能够概况本段中心。

答案： 4.D
解析： 4.标题归纳题。文章通过研究表明,男女在数学相关的学科上的平均性别差异不大,但仍有更多的女孩不会在大学毕业后在数理化相关领域就业或继续深造,原因在于女性在阅读方面要优于男性,而面临职业或继续学习的选择时,男孩女孩都更看重自己的相对优势。D项做标题最能概括文意。