专题16 阅读理解之主旨大意题讲解与练习-2023年高考英语一轮复习小题多维练（通用版）

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主旨大意题有一个明显的特点：要求学生通读全文，从四个选项中选出最佳标题或能够说明文章或段落大意的选项。考查对象分为三大类：即篇标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落主旨大意题。篇章主旨是针对全文主题进行提问，而段落主旨是针对某一段落或几个段落的主题进行提问。主旨大意题考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，所以在阅读理解中难度较大。
选项特征
正确选项特征
涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
干扰选项特征
过于笼统，不知所云
所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
以偏概全，主次不分
所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
移花接木，偷换概念
所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
无中生有，生搬硬套
所给选项的关键词虽然文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
主旨大意类题目常见的设问方式如下：
The main idea/key pint f this passage is that _____.
The passage is mainly abut_____.
The best title/headline fr this passage is ______.
The tpic/subject discussed in this passage is ______.
Frm the passage we can learn/cnclude that_____.
The last paragraph is chiefly cncerned with ______.
Which f the fllwing statements best expresses the main idea f the passage?
Which f the fllwing best states the theme f the passage?
Part 2 方法指导
明确一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
概括性——准确而有简短；
针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
文章大意题解题方法
掌握寻找主题句，快速确定文章大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的，理解全文的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心思想的基础上的。主题句有两个功能：一是介绍段落的主题；二是阐述控制概念，控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。
主题句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句，偶尔在段落中间。在非故事性文章中，主题句尤为明显。有的文章无明显的主题句，二是把主题隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。
用浏览法，快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题句。一下是找主题句的四个窍门。
主题句位于段首
寻找主题句
有些段落明显的引出细节的信息词，常见的信息词有fr example, an example f, the mst imprtant example, first, secnd, next, then, last, finally, t begin with, als, besides that等。
在阅读中应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从段落中的fr example可以断定前一句是主题句。如果没有明显的信息词，可先假设第一句为主题句，在第二句前面添加一个fr example，看看第二句是否可以支撑第一句话，如果第二句不能支撑第一菊花，便在其他地方找出主题句。
选择答案
先彻底弄懂主题句的句意，然后阅读A、B、C、D四个选项，选择与主题句句意相吻合的答案，如主题句的再现，主题句意的复述或推论等，排除与主题句句意无关的答案，如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。
主题句位于段末
主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实，后作结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。
主题句位于段落的中间
段落中出现表示转折的词语，如hwever，but，in fact，actually等时，该句很可能就是主题句。
表示总结的或结论的句子常包含therefre，thus，in shrt，cnclude，cnclusin等词。
典题例证（2018.全国卷I阅读C）
Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging. When the the wrld was still ppulated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (联系)grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther.Sme language experts believe that 10,000 years ag, when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade,industrialisatin. the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin. Especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades,all have caused many Languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English．Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
At present, the wrld has abut 6 800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages. Often spken by many peple while ht. wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers.Eurpe has nly arund 200 Languages: the Americas abut 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位数)f speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the wrlds languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
Already well ver 400 f the ttal f, 6,800 languages are clse t extinctin(消亡), with nly a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at randm, Busuu in Camern (eight remaining speakers),Chiapanec in Mexic(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(tw r three)r Wadjigu in Australia (ne, with a questin-mark): nne f these seems t have much chance f survival.
31. What is the min idea f the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B Peples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human develpment results in fewer languages
Hunter—getherers
D. Gegraphy determines language evlutin.
Farmers:
第一步： 读文章，理清结构perhaps 12,000languages
Reasns: trade,
industrialisatin,
glbalisatin and better
cmmunicatin etc.
Fewer in number
many t disappear
Languages

Many languages will be clse t extinctin
At present
Abut 68,000 languages
第二步：细揣摩，概括文意
第三步: 分析选项，斟酌判断
段落大意题解题方法
方法1：概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段落的行文逻辑结构。如该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句在这段话的中间；如果对比个事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，二是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要读者充分发挥想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
典题例证（2017.全国卷II阅读C节选）
Terrafugia Inc. said Mnday that its new flying car has cmpleted its first flight, bringing the cmpany clser t its gal f selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle-named the Transitin – has tw seats， fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and bums 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. The basic data f the Transitin. B. The advantages f flying cars.
C. The ptential market fr flying cars. C. The designers f the Transitin.
第一步揣摩，概括段意
根据本段中的“The vehicle-named the Transitin – has tw seats， fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and bums 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.”可知，该断详细介绍了这款飞行汽车：两个座位、四个轮子、上个月在1400英尺的高空飞行了8分钟、速度是大约每小时70英里、空中速度115英里以及油耗。所以本段主要介绍了这款飞行汽车的基本资料。
第二步：分析选项，斟酌判断
Part 3阅读理解仿真组合练
A
Mre primary care dctrs in a cmmunity (社区）appear t lead t imprved life expectancy fr peple living there，thugh a lack f such physicians acrss U.S. culd be a cause f cncern fr verall ppulatin health in years t cme.
Fr the study, researchers lked at physician cunts per 100,000 peple in a range cvering 2005 t 2015 in the U. S.，alng with life expectancy and specific causes f death. They fund that an increase f 10 primary care physicians per 100,000 ppulatin was assciated with a 51. 5-day increase in life expectancy, while an increase f 10 specialty physicians per 100, 000 ppulatin increased life expectancy by 19. 2 days. An increase in primary care physicians als was assciated with reductins f many deaths including heart diseases and cancers.
Alng with thse findings, thugh, the study said many cmmunities did nt have primary care physicians in 2015，with the decline in supply mre prminent in rural areas than their urban areas. Many believe that a well-functining health care system requires a slid fundatin f primary care, hwever, payment difference between primary care and technical specialties cntinue t dispirit the U. S. primary care physician wrkfrce.
“Higher pay and lifestyle preferences lead mst students t chse nn-primary care fields, even when their hearts say primary care,” the study said. “We must turn this trend arund with practical changes in physician payment plicy； n amunt f superb primary care training r creative practice refrm will prevent further declines in primary care physician, which will lead t wrsening health fr the United States. ”
The study’s researchers cnclude that future research shuld fcus n the “quality and cver f primary care，types f primary care physician training and service fferings, and effective access rather than just supply”.
1.What des the authr intend t d in Paragraph 2?
A. Prvide sme data fr the readers.
B.Offer sme tips n life expectancy.
C. Add sme backgrund infrmatin.
D.Stress the imprtance f primary care.
2.Which f the fllwing best explains “prminent ” underlined in Paragraph 3?
A.Adequate.B. Cnsiderate. C.Obvius.D. Reasnable.
3. What discurages yung peple frm taking up the primary care?
A.Primary care is badly paid.
B.They have t wrk in rural areas,
C.They need t face fierce cmpetitin.
D.Primary care lacks superb training
4. What is the main idea f the text?
A. Primary care can lengthen life.
B. Primary care needs imprving.
C. Primary care physicians are decreasing.
D. Higher pay attracts mre primary care physicians.
B
It's nt a new phenmenn, but have yu nticed hw many nuns are being used as verbs? We all use them, ften withut nticing what we're ding.
I was arranging t meet smene fr dinner last week, and I said “I’ll pencil it in my diary”, and my friend said “Yu can ink it in”, meaning that it was a firm arrangement nt a tentative ne!
Many f these new verbs are linked t new technlgy. An bvius example is the wrd fax. We all gt used t sending and receiving faxes, and then sn started talking abut faxing smething and prmising we'd fax it immediately. Then alng came email, and we were sn all emailing each ther madly. Hw did we d withut it? I can hardly imagine life withut my daily emails.
Email reminds me, f curse, f my cmputer and its sftware, which has prduced anther cuple f new verbs. On my cmputer I can bkmark thse pages frm the Wrld Wide Web that I think I'll want t lk at again, thus saving all the effrt f remembering their addresses and calling them up frm scratch. I can d the same thing n my PC, but there I dn't bkmark; I favrite—cming frm “favrite pages”, s the verb cmes frm an adjective nt a nun.
Nw my children bught me a mbile phne, knwn simply as a mbile and I had t learn yet mre new verbs. I can message smene, that is, I can leave a message fr them n their phne. Or I can text them, write a few wrds suggesting when and where t meet, fr example. Hw lng will it be befre I can mbile them, that is, phne them using my mbile? I haven’t heard that verb yet, but I’m sure I will sn. Perhaps I’ll start using it myself!
5. “I’ll pencil it in my diary” in the secnd paragraph prbably means .
A. it was a firm arrangement
B. he prefers a pencil t a pen
C. the arrangement shuld be written as a diary
D. it was an uncertain arrangement
6. A website address can be easily fund if it has been______.
A. favritedB. messagedC. emailedD. texted
7. Which f the fllwing has nt been used as a verb yet?
A. messageB. mbileC. emailD. page
8. The best title fr this passage is____.
A. Technlgy and Language.
B. Develpment f the English language
C. New Technlgy and New wrds
D. New Verbs frm Nuns
C
Debates ver the benefits f recycling started in 1996 when a writer called Jhn Tierney said “recycling is garbage”. Accrding t him, “Recycling prgrams ffer mainly shrt-term benefits t a few related grups while diverting mney frm real scial and envirnmental prblems. It dubles energy cnsumptin and pllutin while csting taxpayers mre mney than dealing with ld garbage. Recycling may be the mst wasteful activity in mdern America.”
Envirnmental grups were quick t respnd t Tierney by issuing reprts detailing the benefits f recycling and shwing hw municipal (市政的) recycling prgrams reduce pllutin and the use f resurces while decreasing the amunt f garbage and the need fr landfill space — all fr less, nt mre, than the cst f regular garbage cllectin and dispsal(处置).
But in 2002, New Yrk City, an early municipal recycling pineer, fund that its much-praised recycling prgram was lsing mney, s it eliminated glass and plastic recycling. Accrding t the Mayr, the benefits f recycling plastic and glass were utweighed by the price—-recycling cst twice as much as dispsal. Meanwhile, lw demand fr the materials meant that much f it was ending up in landfills anyway. NYC clsed its last landfill and brught in a mre efficient system, with mre famus service prviders than it had used previusly.
The lessns learned by New Yrk are applicable everywhere. Sme early recycling prgrams waste resurces and lead t new trash. But the situatin has imprved as cities have gained experience. If managed crrectly, recycling prgrams shuld cst cities and taxpayers less than garbage dispsal fr any given amunt f material. Even thugh the benefits f recycling ver dispsal are varius, individuals shuld keep in mind that it better serves the envirnment t reduce and reuse materials befre recycling even becmes an ptin.
9. Jhn Tierney thught that recycling ___________.
A. is a waste f mney
B. leads t a lack f emplyers
C. is beneficial t the envirnment
D. will becme ppular in the future
10. What’s the meaning f the underlined wrd “eliminated” in Paragraph 3?
A. Required.B. Frgt.
C. Encuraged.D. Cancelled.
11.What des the last paragraph imply?
A. We shuld make recycling an ptin.
B. Public recycling prgrams are in a bad situatin.
C. We shuld develp the awareness f resurce saving.
D. Cst-saving shuld be cnsidered first in recycling wrk.
12. What can be the best title fr this passage?
A. The harm f recycling
B. Is recycling really beneficial?
C. The recycling wrk in New Yrk City
D. Is envirnmental prtectin making prgress?
D
Experts nte that an unhealthy lifestyle can put yu at great risk f heart disease and strke. S dctrs urge us t eat healthy fds, get exercise, stp smking and limit ur alchl intake. But there is smething else yu can d. And it is free and easy. Smile!
Dr. Chckalingam, a heart disease specialist in Clumbia, advises his patients t smile. He says a smile may be ne way t help yur heart. “When we smile, the brain wiring changes. The chemicals that are released are mre psitive.” He says smiling is the first step in fighting physical and emtinal stress and its smetimes harmful effects n human health. This is nt just New Age advice. Several studies supprt his pinin.
When yu feel stressed r under pressure, yur bdy releases many natural hrmnes (荷尔蒙) including adrenaline and crtisl. Adrenaline increases yur heart rate and bld pressure. Crtisl is the bdy’s main stress hrmne. It increases sugar in the bldstream. If yu are truly in danger, these hrmnes can help yu. They are part f what we call ur fight-r-flight respnse.
Hwever, when we are stressed fr a lng perid, these stress hrmnes are ever-present in ur bdies. And that, medical researchers warn, may lead t health prblems.
Researchers say the cnnectin between stress and heart disease is still unclear. Hwever, they claim that when peple are stressed fr lng perids f time, they may have an unhealthy lifestyle, which can lead t health prblems.
Dr. Chckalingam says a smile may be ne way t help. He tells his patients t smile 20 times an hur. T sme, that might seem like a lt f smiling. Or sme might even feel flish smiling fr seemingly n reasn. But a smile des nt invlve drugs. It is nt invasive like a surgical peratin. It is free and it has n bad side effects.
“Once peple smile, they are relaxing. This relaxatin directly lwers bld pressure, imprves sugar levels in the bld. If we are smiling, we are breaking that link between stress and health.” And it just may prvide a little extra prtectin t everyne’s heart health.
13. Which f the fllwing agrees with Dr. Chckalingam’s pinin?
A. Smile has the same effects as laughter.
B. Smile can be used t take the place f medicine.
C. Smile is better than any healthy lifestyle t health.
D. Smile can make ur bdy prduce beneficial chemicals.
14. What can we knw abut the mentined stress hrmnes?
A. They can lwer ur bld pressure.
B. They will surely lead t heart diseases.
C. They can benefit us when we are in danger.
D. They will make us live an unhealthy lifestyle.
15. Why des Dr. Chckalingam think smiling is helpful t ur health?
A. It can make us relax.B. It increases sugar levels.
C. It has little bad side effects.D. It can happen fr n reasn.
16. What can be the best title fr the text?
A. A Thrugh Analysis f the Causes f Heart Diseases
B. One Thing Yu Can D Right Nw t Help Yur Heart
C. One Thing That Is Clsely Cnnected with Stress Hrmnes
D. The Clear Cnnectin Between Unhealthy Lifestyles and Heart Diseases
段落大意
文意
第一段
在猎人聚集的时代，语言是很多的
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。
第二段
随着人类的定居，语言变得少了一些
第三段
目前，全球大约有6800种语言，其中分布及其不均匀
第四段
一些语言使用的很少，正面临消亡的威胁
A
将会创造新语言。
文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。
无中生有，生搬硬套
B
人们的生活方式在语言中得以反映。
这种说法过于宽泛。
过于笼统，不知所云
C
人类的发展导致语言的减少。
文章介绍了语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
D
地理决定语言的演变。
文中提到了地理位置对语言分布的影响，但没有说地理决定语言的演变。
以偏概全，主次不分
A
the transitin的基本数据。
A项是对本段内容的精炼总结和概括。
涵盖性强，覆盖全段
B
飞行汽车的优点。
本段最后三句只是列举了这款飞行汽车在路上和在空中行驶时的一些数据对比，并没有提及其优势。
移花接木，偷换概念
C
这种飞行汽车的潜在市场。
这段没有提及这款飞行汽车的潜在市场。
无中生有，生搬硬套
D
the Transitin的设计者。
本段没有提到the Transitin的设计者。
无中生有，生搬硬套