备战2023英语新中考二轮复习考点精讲精练（北京专用）突破 20 阅读体裁篇议论文

一、考点总结

考点一、题型特点

议论文往往有观点，有事实，逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。

所以我们要培养根据.上下文猜词的能力，根据情境猜测作者意图的能力。议论文同其他体裁的文章-样，可以有主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题等几种出题方式。

考点二、解题技巧

1.重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨

标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括归纳的作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议

论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解的是与主题相关的哪些内容。

2.细读文章，注意文章细节理解

细节题的破解一般用寻读法， 即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，再选出正确答案。

3.理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图

英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段与段之间通常有词语连接，承上启下。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。

二、考点突破

Passage 1

Imagine you are ordering for your roommates. You remember Laura prefers banana ice cream to chocolate. It could be a fact for it was proved by observing her behavior. However, the ice cream preference could be an opinion that shows her personal choice. While it’s nice to think the world is clearly divided into matters of fact and matters of opinion, it’s not always the case.

What we think are facts — those things we think are true — can end up being wrong. Calling something a fact is not a promise of infallibility (无误). The famous writer, Asimov expressed this in his article The Relativity of Wrong. For him, the person who thinks the Earth is flat is wrong, and so is the person who thinks the Earth is a sphere. A fact is usually used to represent the best knowledge we have at a certain time.

Then again, calling something an opinion doesn't mean an escape to the fairyland of wishful thinking. If we think of an opinion as one person’s view on a subject, then many opinions can be solid. For example, it’s my opinion that science provides us with a powerful tool to help understand our place in the universe. It’s not a fact that science does so, but it works for me.

But we can be much clearer in our meaning if we divide things into matters of fact and matters of opinion. Matters of fact are limited to empirical statements (实证表达), such as what the boiling point of water is. Matters of opinion are non-empirical statements, which include questions of value and of personal preference such as whether it's better to eat more vegetables than meat.

Matters of opinion can be informed by matters of fact (for example, finding out that vegetables are rich in vitamins can change my food preference), but finally they are not answered by matters of fact (why does it matter to me that vegetables are rich in vitamins?)

Opinions are not just pale shadows (影子) of facts. They are judgements and conclusions. They can be the result of careful consideration in areas for which empirical research is not enough or ill-suited.

Facts and opinions shouldn’t be put in opposition to each other, as they can both play a necessary role in our decision-making. But that’s just my opinion, not a fact.

1．The writer mentions Asimov’s article in Paragraph 2 to show ________.

A．different opinions result in heated arguments

B．repeating facts can make others agree with us

C．what we take as facts may turn out to be wrong

D．it is difficult to predict how facts change over time

2．The word “informed” in Paragraph 5 probably means “________”.

A．influenced B．questioned C．replaced D．proved

3．The writer probably agrees that ________.

A．opinions are more important than facts

B．facts and opinions are not against each other

C．opinions can be the results of wishful thinking

D．facts play an important role in scientific research

Passage 2

On my first round-the-world trip in 2006, I planned everything out before the trip. I knew where I was going, staying for how long, and how I would get there. And then half-way through I ditched the plan and went with the flow (随大流). Over the years, how I plan my travel has changed. Now, I’m a last-minute planner and seldom travel with any plan.

Traveling without a plan gives you great flexibility (灵活性). Since nothing is booked far before the trip, you can turn to something different when you change your mind or something better comes along. I changed my plans to meet a friend on an island in Thailand and stayed for a month. I wouldn’t have had that experience if I had kept to my plan.

However, most new travelers are the opposite — they over plan their trips. They make plans for every day, sometimes even for every hour. Two days here, three hours there. I understand why people do that. When time is short, you want to see as much as possible. You don’t want to waste a single second.

But in travel, less is more. Spending more time in one place allows you to get a better feel for the rhythm (节奏) of life. You can visit more relaxedly, see more than just the interesting places, and spend your time on the happy accidents of travel.

When I first made my travel plan, I tried to include everything in it. Then I realized it was hard to make it come true, and changed my plan. I came up with a list of just one or two things I want to see each day. It’s an important lesson to learn. I think the best trip plan is to work out the general path you want to take, book the first few nights of your trip, and let your travels begin from there. This way you are never locked into a certain place if your feelings change.

4．What does the underlined word “ditched” in Paragraph 1 mean?

A．prepared B．discussed C．gave up D．thought about

5．What can we learn about the writer from the text?

A．He lives an easy life. B．He enjoys traveling freely.

C．He spends a lot of time traveling. D．He prefers to follow others when traveling.

6．What does the author suggest about traveling?

A．Working out a simple travel plan.  B．Getting prepared for the unexpected things.

C．Avoiding booking before the trip.  D．Setting a goal before making a travel plan.

7．What is the best title for the text?

A．Traveling: A Race Against The Clock B．Why It Is Great to Travel Without a Plan

C．Traveling: Play More, Pay Less D．Why I Enjoy Traveling Around

Passage 3

Some people are very careful about everything they do. On the other hand, some people are risk-takers — they do things without thinking too much about the results. Teenagers especially tend to (倾向于) take more risks than others. Why is this?

Anna Van Duijvenvoorde, a psychologist at Leiden University in the Netherlands, uses computer games to find out why some people are more impulsive (容易冲动的) than others. In one game, players are asked to click on a balloon on a computer screen. Every time they click, they gets bigger. The bigger the balloon is at the end of the test, the larger their reward will be. But if the balloon gets too big, it’ll explode (爆炸) and the player will get nothing.

Van Duijvenvoorde found that when teens played this game, a part of their brain called the striatum (纹状体) would become more active. This part of the brain controls our emotional response (情绪反应) to rewards another part of the brain, the prefrontal cortex (前额皮质) helps us control our decision-making process.

It turns out that young people have more active striatums and less active prefrontal cortexes, which affects their ability to make careful decisions. You might have already guessed that teens tended to pop more balloons during the game than adults — mainly because they are more willing (愿意的) to take risks and don’t take the time to think carefully.

“The teen brain is like a car with a very strong engine (引擎),” Van Duijvenvoorde said, “______”

8．It’s known from the text that risk-takers belong to those who ______.

A．do everything more carefully than any of the others B．do things without thinking too much about the results

C．are too careful to do everything they can D．are careful enough to do everything they can

9．In order to know why some people are more impulsive than others, Van Duijvenvoorde ______.

A．asks some players to do a computer game B．works as a psychologist at Leiden University

C．clicks on a balloon on a computer screen D．tries to make balloons explode more easily

10．What does the underlined word “they” refer to in the text?

A．players B．balloons C．adults D．teens

11．What do you think Van Duijvenvoorde would say finally?

A．But they are not good at driving. B．People might guess them easily.

C．Its brakes (刹车) just don’t work as well. D．It took them more time to think carefully.

Passage 4

It’s been said that good cooking is an art form. The truth is that it’s much more than that. It’s away to teach kids necessary 21st century skills. It invites kids to make connections to the outside world by asking, “Where does our food come from? ”and “What is the history of this recipe?”. And it allows them to apply what they are learning at school in their real life.

They also test the math skills of young chefs. Measuring ingredients (原料) is a common task in cooking or baking. Cooking also brings science ideas to life. It is a perfect chance for them to learn that oil and water don’t usually mix.

Recipe failures (失败) matter as much as the successes, as they help kids develop resilience (韧性). When Helen, 11, took her cake out of the oven, she was disappointed to find that it was flat as a board. Her father told her about how he accidentally made cookies with garlic powder instead of powdered ginger (姜) when he was twelve. Then they worked together a few times to find out what had gone wrong with her cake.

Beyond the practical skills, cooking builds character. It encourages kids to work with others. It also encourages them to be open to foods they might not have tried. Jad, 11, had never eaten quinoa (藜麦) before testing a recipe with quinoa in it. His parents reported that he was so excited about this new ingredient that he cooked it for his family the next night.

Of course, the best part of cooking with kids isn’t the skills above. It’s the memories you make together in the kitchen. This year, Oliver and his family have already done a lot of holiday baking, including their favorite chocolate-chip cookies. They both felt excited even though the kitchen was in a mess.

12．The passage mainly talks about the advantages of ________.

A．skills B．cooking C．science D．families

13．The underlined word “apply” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________.

A．teach B．finish C．use D．answer

14．The best part of cooking with children is ________.

A．to make children learn math B．to help children learn from failures

C．to improve children’s cooking skills D．to create sweet family memories

15．In the passage, the writer shows his ideas by ________.

A．asking questions B．giving examples C．listing numbers D．making up stories

Passage 5

From an early age, we were taught that if we wanted to be successful, we had to study hard and get good results at school. In fact, good students may just end up doing jobs they don’t like, and some even lead an unhappy life. Why is it like that?

In some parents’ eyes, school grades matter most for their kids. In reality, there are many things to consider besides the school subjects, for example, how to be a happy person, what to do to keep healthy, and how to get along well with others. That is to say, school is not just enough if you want to have a great life.

Doing well in school is different from doing well in life. Studies show that people who failed at school may not end up failing in life. You may have already known that some famous people, like Thomas Edison and Steve Jobs, didn’t do very well at school or even failed to finish school. In fact, there are a lot more than just the big shots who are successful in life without finishing school. They seize (抓住) every chance to learn and finally make it to the top.

Life is really a long lesson, so long that you can’t define (界定) a person’s success by just one section (部分) of it. If you have already finished school, keep learning because what you have learned at school will never be enough to live a satisfying life. If you are still studying, whether you are good or bad at school, don’t take your school results too seriously as long as you have put your heart into it. Keep learning to make the most of your talents (天赋). That’s how you can live a happy and successful life.

16．What’s the writer’s main purpose of writing Paragraph (段落) One?

A．To introduce a topic. B．To give examples. C．To provide a solution.

17．In some parents’ eyes, what’s the most important for their kids based on Paragraph Two?

A．Being happy. B．Staying healthy. C．Getting good grades.

18．What does the underlined expression “big shots” in the third paragraph mean?

A．好学生 B．神枪手 C．大人物

19．According to the passage, which sentence may agree with the writer’s idea?

A．It takes money to be successful. B．School grades aren’t everything. C．Successful people never finish school.

20．What can we infer (推断) from the text?