2023届高考二轮总复习试题 英语 （适用于新高考新教材） 专题一 阅读理解 考点分类练11　词句猜测题——代词指代类 Word版含解析

考点分类练(十一)　词句猜测题——代词指代类

A

(2022辽宁实验中学一模)

Many people think daydreaming is bad for their emotions and has negative effects on their life and those around them.It makes adapting to life very hard and brains work less effectively.

Contrary to common ideas,the brains of people who are daydreaming might not stop working,but may be working harder,new research has shown.Scientists scanned the brains of people lying inside magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) machines,as they pushed buttons or rested in turn.The scans showed that the “default (默认的) network” deep inside a human brain becomes more active during daydreaming.

In a surprise finding,the scans also showed strong activity in the executive network,the outlying region of the brain associated with complex problem-solving,says Professor Kalina Christoff,who is a co-author of the study.“People assume that when the mind wanders away,it just gets turned off—but we show the opposite.When it wanders,it is turned on,” says Christoff.

The findings,published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,suggest,“People who let themselves daydream might not think in the same focused way as when performing a goal-oriented task,but they bring in more mental and brain resources,” says Christoff.

F.Diane Barth said at Psychology Today that the more we daydream,the more our brain is able to hold onto the task when we are being bombarded(轰炸) from all sides by all kinds of noises,information input,and conflicting demands.You’re not trying to escape the task at hand;rather,you’re trying to get rid of all of the information and stimuli(刺激物) that could pose as bothers.

According to Christoff,people typically spend one third of their waking time daydreaming.“It is a big part of our lives,but it has been largely ignored by science,” she says.“The study is the first to use MRIs to study brain activity during automatic thoughts and subjective experiences.Until now the only way is to use self-reports that are not always reliable.”

1.What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A.Scientists. B.Scans.

C.MRI machines. D.Study subjects.

2.The findings by Christoff show daydreaming 　　　. 

A.may help us get relaxed

B.may be beneficial to our health

C.may use less energy than focusing

D.may help us arrive at solutions faster

3.Which of the following may Barth agree with?

A.Daydreaming provides us with many stimuli.

B.Daydreaming is actually an act of concentration.

C.Daydreaming can make us forget unhappy things.

D.Daydreaming reminds us of more useful information.

4.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A.MRIs are reliable to study brain activity.

B.People should spend more time daydreaming.

C.More studies about daydreaming need to be done.

D.People should make full use of daydreaming time.

B

(2022广东广州调研测试)

Video conferencing has been around for more than 20 years.Until the pandemic,though,you would find that many people needing to attend a meeting remotely would be calling from a real conference room full of their teammates.Today,we’re routinely holding video conferences that are 100% virtual(虚拟).And this is creating a problem that technology can’t fix.

The problem is us,specifically the fact that we haven’t evolved socially to the point where we can bear much separation.So much of our well-being and work productivity is decided on how close we are physically.The removal of that for any period of time can be severely damaging.One surprising victim of social distancing is laughter.

Normally people laugh about 18 times per day.And in 97% of that time we’re laughing with others—we are 30 times more likely to laugh with others than to laugh alone.Think about it:how often when you and your friends laugh at something;is that something actually funny?Research shows that 80% of what people laugh at is really not that funny.

So why do people laugh?They laugh in order to laugh with others.Just as everyone starts yawning (打哈欠) when just one person yawns,most people can’t help but laugh when those around them do.This is why TV comedy shows often use prerecorded laugh tracks.

Laughing in response to other people’s laughing is not just a behavioral phenomenon.When we laugh,our body produces two key chemicals:endorphin which helps relieve pain and sets off feelings of pleasure,and dopamine which can improve learning,motivation and attention.In fact,studies show that people can stand 15% more pain simply by laughing for a few minutes beforehand.Laughter is also associated with higher motivation and productivity at work.

In today’s home-alone,virtual-team world,this is exactly what you as a team leader should be doing:for your team members to stay healthy and productive,you need to get them to laugh more and stress less.

5.What is the problem mentioned at the start of the text?

A.Physical weakness.

B.Lack of technology.

C.Social distancing.

D.Reliance or virtual conference.

6.The underlined word “This” in paragraph 4 refers to the fact that 　　　. 

A.laugh tracks are popular

B.laughing is uncontrollable

C.laughing starts with yawning

D.laughing comes more easily in groups

7.What is paragraph 5 mainly about?

A.Why laughing is important to work.

B.How laughing keeps us physically healthy.

C.Whether laughing is a behavioral phenomenon.

D.What chemicals our body produces when we laugh.

8.What would the author most probably discuss next?

A.Concrete steps to produce laughter in a team.

B.Other factors that may influence a team’s health.

C.Ways to tell the real world from the virtual world.

D.The importance of maintaining work productivity.

C

(2022山东潍坊高三一模)

Gov.Kathy Hochul’s proposal to allow restaurants to sell drinks to go with reasonable limitations was met with great enthusiasm all across New York.But New York’s liquor(酒) stores have already begun a campaign of misinformation in an effort to block this.

Their basic argument is that the governor’s proposal will result in an increase in underage sales,drunken driving,or any other public health problems.However,they throw these statements around without offering any support for their claims—because there is none.

While the liquor stores frequently claim that the laws have been unchanged since the abolishment(废除) of Prohibition in 1934,in just the past 20 years the rules governing liquor stores have been changed,permitting the use of online third-party delivery services and allowing stores to open on Sunday.Restaurant advocates didn’t oppose these expanded privileges because they didn’t have a significant impact on restaurant sales.

What hasn’t changed of the law since Prohibition is the restriction on new liquor store licenses that give liquor stores a geographic territorial monopoly (垄断) to protect them from competition.Under typical circumstances,the State Liquor Authority will only issue a new liquor store license if the nearby stores report steadily increasing sales.However anti-competitive and outdated this restriction may be,it does serve as a protection against their concerns—in the very unlikely event they come to pass.

Economically,the pandemic has been a major help to the liquor store business.Before the pandemic,liquor stores sold 76% of all liquor in New York State and now they sell nearly 85%.And remember,during this period,restaurants were allowed drink-to-go sales,showing their false claims of economic collapse are not grounded in reality or experience.The sales shift from restaurants to liquor stores over the past two years demonstrates clearly that restaurants have lost sales to liquor stores—we just want to stop the bleeding.While the restaurant industry rebounded for a part of 2021,employment still remains more than 20% below pre-pandemic levels.

9.Why did liquor stores oppose the proposal according to the author?

A.Threat to public health.

B.Boost of underage sales.

C.Concerns about their sales.

D.Limitations to drinks to go.

10.What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph?

A.Liquor stores are in a dog-eat-dog world.

B.Prohibition makes liquor stores dead in the water.

C.The number of liquor stores is under control.

D.What liquor stores worry about is reasonable.

11.What does the underlined word “their” in the last paragraph refer to?

A.Restaurants.

B.Governors.

C.New Yorkers.

D.Liquor stores.

12.What is the best title for the text?

A.Let Restaurants Sell Drinks to Go

B.Defend Liquor Stores’ Privileges

C.Liquor Industry Is Losing Money

D.Restaurants Are Racing with Liquor Stores

考点分类练(十一)　词句猜测题——代词指代类

【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。人们往往认为做白日梦对情绪有害,大脑的工作效率也更低,但一项研究表明:与通常的想法相反,那些正在做白日梦的人的大脑可能不会停止工作,而是会更加努力地工作。

1.A　解析: 词义猜测题。由画线词所在句“Scientists scanned the brains of people lying inside magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines,as they pushed buttons or rested in turn.”可知,是科学家按下按钮和休息,此处they指代“Scientists”,故选A项。

2.D　解析: 推理判断题。由第三段中“In a surprise finding,the scans also showed strong activity in the executive network,the outlying region of the brain associated with complex problem-solving...”可知,克里斯托夫的发现表明做白日梦的时候大脑中与解决复杂问题相关的边远区域活动剧烈,由此推断,白日梦可以帮助人们更快地解决问题,故选D项。

3.B　解析: 推理判断题。由倒数第二段内容可知,人们被来自四面八方的各种各样的噪声、信息输入和相互冲突的需求轰炸时,人们的大脑越能够保持在任务上。你不是努力逃避手头的任务,相反,你想努力摆脱所有可能会造成困扰的信息和刺激物,即Barth认为白日梦实际上是一种保持专注的行为,故选B项。

4.C　解析: 推理判断题。由最后一段中“The study is the first to use MRIs to study brain activity during automatic thoughts and subjective experiences.Until now the only way is to use self-reports that are not always reliable.”可知,现在的研究主要使用自我报告,并非总是可靠,因此可推测“想要更好地研究白日梦,需要做更多的研究”,故选C项。

【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了笑在生活、工作、健康中的重要性以及其原理。

5.C　解析: 细节理解题。由第一段最后一句“And this is creating a problem that technology can’t fix.”和第二段首句“The problem is us,specifically the fact that we haven’t evolved socially to the point where we can bear much separation.”可知,文章开头提到的问题是“社交距离”,故选C项。

6.D　解析: 词义猜测题。由画线词所在句前一句中“most people can’t help but laugh when those around them do”可知,当周围的那些人笑时,大部分人也忍不住一起笑,由此可知,画线词代指“人们在人群中会更容易笑”这一意义,故选D项。

7.A　解析: 段落大意题。通读本段内容可知,笑和工作时的高动机和高效率有关,即说明为什么笑对工作很重要,故选A项。

8.A　解析: 推理判断题。由最后一段内容可知,作为团队领导,为了使自己的队员保持健康且高效,应该让他们多笑来减压。由此推知,下文应该介绍“在团队中产生微笑的具体步骤”,故选A项。

【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了纽约州长Kathy Hochul的一项提议,在合理的限制之下允许餐厅打包酒品外卖,但是遭到了酒类商店的抵制。

9.C　解析: 细节理解题。由第一段中“But New York’s liquor stores have already begun a campaign of misinformation in an effort to block this(但纽约的酒类商店已经开始了一场不实信息的活动,试图阻止这种情况的发生).”可知,该提议侵害了酒类商店的利益,影响他们的销售,故选C项。

10.C　解析: 推理判断题。由第四段中“What hasn’t changed of the law since Prohibition is the restriction on new liquor store licenses that give liquor stores a geographic territorial monopoly to protect them from competition(自禁酒令颁布以来,法律没有改变的是对酒类商店执照的限制,这使得酒类商店在地域上处于垄断地位).”可推知,酒类商店的数量受到限制,故选C项。

11.D　解析: 推理判断题。由第五段中“Economically,the pandemic has been a major help to the liquor store business...showing their false claims of economic collapse are not grounded in reality or experience.”可知,经济崩溃的错误说法显然是酒类商店提出的,故选D项。